The document discusses earthquake resistant building designs. It describes two common methods: base isolation devices and seismic dampers. Base isolation involves separating the building structure from the ground using rubber bearings or spherical sliding isolation, which allows the building to move independently during an earthquake and avoids transmitting ground motions. Seismic dampers help dissipate seismic energy. The document also discusses how earthquakes are measured using seismology, and how cross bracing, shear walls, and cores can further strengthen buildings to resist earthquake forces in multiple directions.

1. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGNS
By,
M. Mayur,
Siddharth Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Puttur.
Abstract:
Earthquakes are very serious problems since they affect human life in various ways.
The Earthquakes are mainly prevented by two methods namely Base Isolation Methods and
Seismic Dampers. The present paper deals with Base Isolation and Seismic Damper Methods in
brief manner. This paper explains the main theme of the above methods and their preventive
methods about Earthquakes. The present paper deals with structures which resist Earthquakes. It
explains the frames which help in resisting Earthquakes. In total, this present paper deals with
Methods of resisting Earthquakes and Frames resisting them and also the prominent techniques
followed to resist Earthquakes.
Email id: mittal.mayur91@gmail.com
Contact number: +91 9985967108

2. Abstract: layers namely Crust, Mantle and Core.
Earthquakes are very serious
problems since they affect human life in
various ways. The Earthquakes are mainly
prevented by two methods namely Base
Isolation Methods and Seismic Dampers.
The present paper deals with Base Isolation
and Seismic Damper Methods in brief
manner. This paper explains the main theme
of the above methods and there preventive
methods about Earthquakes. The present
paper deals with structures which resist
Earthquakes. It explains the frames which The above diagram mainly shows the
help in resisting Earthquakes. In total, this structure of Earth in a diagrammatic manner.
present paper deals with Methods of
resisting Earthquakes and Frames resisting What are Earthquakes?
them.
 Earthquakes are sudden movements
Introduction: over the surface of Earth.
The two common methods which are used in  It may also be defined as sudden
constructing Earthquake Resistant Designs shift of rock over the Fracture of
are Base Isolation Devices and Seismic Earth.
Dampers. This present scenario deals with
the above two methods in a brief manner.  When such quakes happen,
This present paper also deals with enormous amounts of energy is
preventive measures taken by them in released, which is far greater than
resisting Earthquakes. big nuclear bomb.
Structure of Earth: Earthquakes are not only related to surface
of earth, they are interrelated to Tsunami in
Let us know about the structure of Earth. oceans also.
The Mother Earth mainly consists of three
Earthquakes and Tsunami:
Earthquakes and Tsunami are interrelated in
deep way as they show in below diagram.

3.  The damaging behavior of RCC
buildings is explained in
diagrammatic manner.
The above diagram shows the interrelation
between Earthquakes and Tsunami.
Hypocenter is the point where Earthquakes
generate and Epicenter is point where
energy of Earthquakes reach surface of
Earth. When an Earthquake occurs under The above diagram shows the behavior of
sea, it causes Tsunami. RCC structures when an EQ happens.
Origin of Earthquakes: The Tension and Compression in members’
 An earthquake mainly occurs in reverses due to EQ loads, and the buildings
Mantle part of Earth. fails to resist and it collapses.
 Most of earthquakes mainly occur by How Earthquakes are measured?
sudden slippage of fault. The EQ’s are measured by process called
 Alfred Wegener is the person who Seismology.
developed theory of Plate Tectonic During an EQ, waves travel in surface of
Forces which clearly explains Earth, which carry the load of EQ to surface
Earthquakes. and then from surface to Structure to
Why study of Earthquakes is necessary? damage it.
 When an earthquake happens, not The waves which travel in surface of Earth
only surface of earth, or masonry and transfer to load of EQ are called
buildings collapse, but also Earthquake waves or Seismic Waves.
Reinforced Concrete Structures also Study of such waves is called Seismology.
damages.
Based on Seismology, Seismometer is
designed which gives the effect of EQ in
graph manner.

4.  The above methods are widely used
and commonly used in different
constructions to resist EQ loads.
Evolution of Techniques:
 Earthquakes mainly happen in
surface of Earth, so if we separate
the structure from surface, then we
can build EQ resistant Designs.
 The main thought behind Base
Isolation Devices is to separate
buildings from surface of Earth.
The above diagram shows the Seismometer
and graph given by such meter during EQ’s.
Seismic Performance is structure’s ability to
perform its due functions such as safety and
serviceability during exposure to an
earthquake.
Process of finding out seismic performance
of a particular structure is called Seismic
Analysis.
The above diagram shows the Base Isolation
Devices in a diagrammatic manner.
Earthquake Resistant Designs: In the above diagram, we can see how the
structure is separated with help of rubber
 Design is nothing but calculation of bearings from surface of Earth, and it
loads on to structure and to make became an EQ resistant Buildings.
structure to resist them.
 If such design is to make such that it
resists EQ, then such design is called
Earthquake Resistant Designs.
Popular Earthquake Resistant Designs:
 The most popular EQ resistant
Designs are :
 Base Isolation Devices
 Seismic Dampers.

5. The above diagram shows the movement of
buildings separated by BID, during an EQ.
If the ground motion is in left horizontal
direction, the buildings separated by In the above diagram, it not only resists
bearings moves in backward direction, Earthquakes by means of BID, but also it
which resists earthquakes. resists by Cross Bracings, Shear Walls and
Shear Cores which resists EQ’s.
In above cases, the foundation is in Earth,
but the structure is separated by Bearings. The cross bracings resist the movement of
columns due to EQ, and it resists damage of
structure in Vertical Direction.
Shear Walls and Shear cores are used to
resist structure during Earthquake in
Horizontal Direction.
This is most efficient technique and it is
advancement in Base Isolation Devices.
Even Earthquake happens in this case, the
Base Isolation Devices help in resisting the
Earthquake, Cross Bracings are provided for
In this case, the foundation pier of entire is each and every floor and on both sides of
structure is separated by means of Spherical Structure to not only resist columns, beams,
Sliding Isolation Bearing and there is no slabs, but also to resist structural members
medium by which waves of EQ reaches the against Earthquake.
Structure. So, it becomes purely EQ resistant
Designs. Shear walls are mainly provided to resist
any shear motion in structure during
If EQ happens even inside Surface of Earth, Earthquake and Shear Cores are provided to
then even the structure is remained resist Shear walls and structure.
undamaged by EQ.

6. In the above diagram, it explains three cases.
• If the structure is stiffened,
• If the structure is Bolted,
• If the structure is unbolted.
If the structure is stiffened, the shock by
waves reaches and buildings damage.
If the structure is bolted, stresses travel
through cabinet frames.
If the structure is unbolted, then the reaction
of structure is shown in dotted line manner
in diagram.
The main thought behind Base Isolation
Devices, is to separate building from surface
of Earth by means of some devices namely
Base Isolation Devices.
If the structure is bolted, the members of
structure may be damaged.
If it is unbolted, the structure can be
collapsed.
The above diagram shows all the affects by
EQ when buildings are fixed base, when
buildings are Base Isolated and when they
are Hypothetical in condition.
• When buildings are fixed bases, then
building will shake violently.
• When buildings are Base Isolated,
then building will shake less.
• When buildings are rested on rollers
on friction bearings, then they will
absorb EQ, and resist Buildings.

7. Seismic Dampers:
Seismic Dampers are the devices introduced
in buildings, which absorb the EQ loads, and
resist the buildings.
The above diagram shows the typical
diagram of Seismic Damper in a structure. The above diagram shows the movement of
building during an Earthquake with and
The world’s variety construction Taipei 101 without Seismic Dampers.
consists of Seismic Dampers.
With SD’s, the buildings have less sway that
it less shaking is seen.
Without Seismic Dampers, heavy sway is
observed.
Frames Resisting Earthquakes:
A shaped Frame:
The above diagram shows the SD’s in
Taipei 101.

8. T shaped Frames:
Bay shaped Frames:
Hipend “ t ” Frames:
L shaped Frames:
Hip end 1 unit Frames:
H shaped Frames:
Hip end 2 unit Frames
U shaped Frames:
Hip end “U” shaped Frames:

9. Popular EQ Resistant Designs:

10. Conclusion:
As we are Civil Engineers, we are only
hopes of TOMORROW’S WONDERFUL
CONSTRUCTIONS.
BID are best and also SD’s are most costly
procedures in preventing Earthquakes.