The document discusses sensor-based structural health monitoring (SHM) and its components. SHM involves observing a structure over time using sensor data to detect damage. It has four main parts: operational evaluation to define the monitoring goals, data acquisition and processing, feature extraction to identify damage indicators, and statistical modeling to determine structural condition. Key SHM components are sensors to measure the structure, data acquisition systems to collect and manage sensor readings, and data interpretation systems to identify damage from extracted features. Wireless monitoring using low-cost MEMS sensors could significantly reduce the cost of long-term SHM for structures like bridges.
Smart Sensors for Infrastructure and Structural Health MonitoringJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how smart sensors are becoming more economically feasible and more widely used in infrastructure. This is enabling greater monitoring and self-healing of structures. Twenty years ago, it was improvements in MEMS, piezo-electric ceramics, and ultrasonic sensors that was enabling structural health monitoring. More recently, it has been improvements in fiber optic sensors, wireless sensors and RFID tags that are enabling this monitoring. Today, it is the falling cost of these components and their combination with more recently available ones such as ionomers (a type of polymer), carbon nano-tubes, and energy harvesters. Improvements in these sensors have enabled the absolute cost of sensors and their percentage of costs in for example bridges to fall over the last 20 years to fall. These trends are expected to continue and become applicable to a broader number of structures including buildings and vehicles.
Structural health monitoring refers to the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for engineering structures such as bridges and buildings.
Smart Sensors for Infrastructure and Structural Health MonitoringJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how smart sensors are becoming more economically feasible and more widely used in infrastructure. This is enabling greater monitoring and self-healing of structures. Twenty years ago, it was improvements in MEMS, piezo-electric ceramics, and ultrasonic sensors that was enabling structural health monitoring. More recently, it has been improvements in fiber optic sensors, wireless sensors and RFID tags that are enabling this monitoring. Today, it is the falling cost of these components and their combination with more recently available ones such as ionomers (a type of polymer), carbon nano-tubes, and energy harvesters. Improvements in these sensors have enabled the absolute cost of sensors and their percentage of costs in for example bridges to fall over the last 20 years to fall. These trends are expected to continue and become applicable to a broader number of structures including buildings and vehicles.
Structural health monitoring refers to the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for engineering structures such as bridges and buildings.
analysis and design of mutistoried residential building by using staad pro
we considered g+4 residential building
ANYLYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BY USING ETABS
copy below Link to view presentation
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-high-rise-building-by-using-etabs
vamsiila@gmail.com
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
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Rebound hammer method
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Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
what is a ribbon bridge
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Techniques for various structural repairUdayram Patil
Structural damage is crucial to safety. Proper remedial measures should always taken to avoid measure loss. This presentation provided various measure to repair structural damage.
analysis and design of mutistoried residential building by using staad pro
we considered g+4 residential building
ANYLYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BY USING ETABS
copy below Link to view presentation
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-high-rise-building-by-using-etabs
vamsiila@gmail.com
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
non destructive concrete testing equipment
non destructive concrete testing methods
non destructive test Penetration method
Rebound hammer method
Pull out test method
Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
Radioactive methods
methods of testing concrete
concrete strength testing methods
types of non destructive testing
non destructive concrete testing equipment
concrete tests pdf
destructive and non destructive testing
concrete testing procedures
non destructive test for concrete
destructive and non destructive testing
non destructive testing pdf
types of non destructive testing
non destructive testing methods
non destructive testing methods ppt
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
what is a ribbon bridge
stress ribbon pedestrian bridges
cancer symbols and colors
bridge materials for sale
materials used to build bridges
used bridge
material used in construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
Techniques for various structural repairUdayram Patil
Structural damage is crucial to safety. Proper remedial measures should always taken to avoid measure loss. This presentation provided various measure to repair structural damage.
Real Time Systems,Issues of real time system,Notations, state oriented Petrinets,Milestones, Walkthroughs, Inspections, Test plans,Functional test,Performance test,Stress test,Structural test
Concept of systemThe word “system” has a very wide connotation. B.pdfsutharbharat59
Concept of system:
The word “system” has a very wide connotation. Broadly speaking, we have a wide variety of
systems around us. Several of them have been created by man to satisfy his needs while others
exist in nature. Natural systems are those that came into existence through natural processes
whereas man-made systems are those in which human beings intervene through components,
attributes, or relationships. Examples of man-made systems are highways, railways, waterways,
marine and air transport, space projects, chemical plants, nuclear plants, electrical power
generation, distribution and utilization, housing and office complexes, mining and oil extraction,
etc
Systems engineering:
Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management
that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles. At its core
systems engineering utilizes systems thinking principles to organize this body of knowledge.
Issues such as requirements engineering, reliability, logistics, coordination of different teams,
testing and evaluation, maintainability and many other disciplines necessary for successful
system development, design, implementation, and ultimate decommission become more difficult
when dealing with large or complex projects. Systems engineering deals with work-processes,
optimization methods, and risk management tools in such projects. It overlaps technical and
human-centred disciplines such as industrial engineering, mechanical engineering,
manufacturing engineering, control engineering, software engineering, electrical engineering,
cybernetics, organizational studies, engineering management and project management. Systems
engineering ensures that all likely aspects of a project or system are considered, and integrated
into a whole.
The systems engineering process is a discovery process that is quite unlike a manufacturing
process. A manufacturing process is focused on repetitive activities that achieve high quality
outputs with minimum cost and time. The systems engineering process must begin by
discovering the real problems that need to be resolved, and identify the most probable or highest
impact failures that can occur – systems engineering involves finding elegant solutions to these
problems. That’s why Systems engineering is sometimes called process engineering.
Systems engineering over-all systems design:
The need for systems engineering arose with the increase in complexity of systems and projects
in turn exponentially increasing the possibility of component friction, and therefore the
unreliability of the design. When speaking in this context, complexity incorporates not only
engineering systems, but also the logical human organization of data. At the same time, a system
can become more complex due to an increase in size as well as with an increase in the amount of
data, variables, or the number of fields that are involved in the design. The International Space
Station is an exa.
Adaptive Real Time Data Mining Methodology for Wireless Body Area Network Bas...acijjournal
Since the population is growing, the need for high quality and efficient healthcare, both at home and in hospital, is becoming more important. This paper presents the innovative wireless sensor network based Mobile Real-time Health care Monitoring (WMRHM) framework which has the capacity of giving health predictions online based on continuously monitored real time vital body signals. Developments in sensors, miniaturization of low-power microelectronics, and wireless networks are becoming a
significant opportunity for improving the quality of health care services. Physiological signals like ECG, EEG, SpO2, BP etc. can be monitor through wireless sensor networks and analyzed with the help of data mining techniques. These real-time signals are continuous in nature and abruptly changing hence there is a need to apply an efficient and concept adapting real-time data stream mining techniques for taking intelligent health care decisions online. Because of the high speed and huge volume data set in data streams, the traditional classification technologies are no longer applicable. The most important criteria are to solve the real-time data streams mining problem with ‘concept drift’ efficiently. This paper presents the state-of-the art in this field with growing vitality and introduces the methods for detecting
concept drift in data stream, then gives a significant summary of existing approaches to the problem of concept drift. The work is focused on applying these real time stream mining algorithms on vital signals of human body in Wireless Body Area Network( WBAN) based health care environment.
BEARINGS PROGNOSTIC USING MIXTURE OF GAUSSIANS HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL AND SUPPOR...IJNSA Journal
Prognostic of future health state relies on the estimation of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of physical
systems or components based on their current health state. RUL can be estimated by using three main
approaches: model-based, experience-based and data-driven approaches. This paper deals with a datadriven
prognostics method which is based on the transformation of the data provided by the sensors into
models that are able to characterize the behavior of the degradation of bearings.
For this purpose, we used Support Vector Machine (SVM) as modeling tool. The experiments on the
recently published data base taken from the platform PRONOSTIA clearly show the superiority of the
proposed approach compared to well established method in literature like Mixture of Gaussian Hidden
Markov Models (MoG-HMMs).
BEARINGS PROGNOSTIC USING MIXTURE OF GAUSSIANS HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL AND SUPPOR...IJNSA Journal
Prognostic of future health state relies on the estimation of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of physical systems or components based on their current health state. RUL can be estimated by using three main approaches: model-based, experience-based and data-driven approaches. This paper deals with a data driven prognostics method which is based on the transformation of the data provided by the sensors into
models that are able to characterize the behavior of the degradation of bearings.
For this purpose, we used Support Vector Machine (SVM) as modeling tool. The experiments on the recently published data base taken from the platform PRONOSTIA clearly show the superiority of the proposed approach compared to well established method in literature like Mixture of Gaussian Hidden Markov Models (MoG-HMMs).
Muravin The fundamentals of Structural Health Monitoring using Acoustic Emis...mboria
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an emerging field of modern engineering that deals with diagnosis and monitoring of structures during their operation. Increasing requirements for safety, development of tools and criteria for condition based maintenance (CBM), cost reduction are all driving development of SHM methods in different industries. The primary goal of SHM is detection, identification, assessment and monitoring of flaws or faults/conditions that affect or may affect in a future safety or performance of structures. SHM combines elements of non-destructive testing and evaluation, condition/process monitoring, statistical pattern recognition and physical modeling. Acoustic emission method uniquely fits to the concept of SHM due to its capabilities to examine, monitor structures and assess structural integrity during their normal operation.
In this work, the fundamental definitions and principles of application of Acoustic Emission as a method of SHM are elaborated. This includes:
• Recommended terminology and definitions of SHM by the AE method.
• Outline of recommended process of AE SHM.
• Fundamental assumptions and principals regarding development of new SHM procedures, selection of equipment and methods of data acquisition and analysis, diagnosis, monitoring and prediction by AE SHM.
The developed principals provide an outline for systematic and standard development of new SHM applications based on Acoustic Emission method.
A robust algorithm based on a failure sensitive matrix for fault diagnosis of...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
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At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdf
Structural Health Monitoring
1. SENSOR BASED HEALTH
MONITORING OF STRUCTURES
By,
M. Mayur,
Siddharth Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Puttur.
Abstract:
Structure is an element composing of many
components such as beams, columns, roofs,
slabs, foundations and basements. Without
beams and columns, no structure is able to
stand on ground. But these structures also
damage due to temperature conditions they
expose, mismanagement during construction
and lack of quality of control in
construction. The damage is defined as
changes to the material or geometric
properties of a structural system, including
changes to the boundary conditions and
system connectivity, which adversely affect
the system’s performance. The SHM process
involves the observation of a system over
time using periodically sampled dynamic
response measurements from an array of
sensors, the extraction of damage-sensitive
features from these measurements, and the
statistical analysis of these features to Introduction:
determine the current state of system health.
After extreme events, such as earthquakes or The process of implementing a damage
blast loading, SHM is used for rapid detection and characterization strategy for
condition screening and aims to provide, in engineering structures is referred to as
near real time, reliable information Structural Health Monitoring (SHM).
regarding the integrity of the structure.
Qualitative and non-continuous methods
have long been used to evaluate structures
for their capacity to serve their intended
purpose. Since the beginning of the 19th
century, railroad wheel-tappers have used
the sound of a hammer striking the train
wheel to evaluate if damage was present. In
2. rotating machinery, vibration monitoring has Operational Evaluation
been used for decades as a performance
evaluation technique. In the last ten to Operational evaluation attempts to answer
fifteen years, SHM technologies have four questions regarding the implementation
emerged creating an exciting new field of a damage identification capability:
within various branches of engineering.
Academic conferences and scientific What are the life-safety and/or
journals have been established during this economic justification for
time that specifically focuses on SHM. performing the SHM?
These technologies are currently becoming How is damage defined for the
increasingly common. system being investigated and, for
multiple damage possibilities, which
cases are of the most concern?
What are the conditions, both
operational and environmental, under
which the system to be monitored
functions?
What are the limitations on acquiring
data in the operational environment?
Data Acquisition, Normalization and
Paradigm approach in SHM: Cleansing
The paradigm approach of an SHM is The data acquisition portion of the SHM
mainly divided in to four parts namely: process involves selecting the excitation
methods, the sensor types, number and
Operational Evaluation, locations, and the data
Data Acquisition and Cleansing, acquisition/storage/transmittal hardware.
Feature Extraction and Data Again, this process will be application
Compression, and specific. Economic considerations will play
Statistical Model Development for a major role in making these decisions. The
Feature Discrimination. intervals at which data should be collected is
another consideration that must be
When one attempts to apply this addressed.
paradigm to data from real world
structures, it quickly becomes apparent Because data can be measured under varying
that the ability to cleanse, compress, conditions, the ability to normalize the data
normalize and fuse data to account for becomes very important to the damage
operational and environmental identification process. As it applies to SHM,
variability is a key implementation issue. data normalization is the process of
These processes can be implemented separating changes in sensor reading caused
through hardware or software and, in by damage from those caused by varying
general, some combination of these two operational and environmental conditions.
approaches will be used. One of the most common procedures is to
3. normalize the measured responses by the features identified from the undamaged and
measured inputs. When environmental or damaged system. The use of analytical tools
operational variability is an issue, the need such as experimentally-validated finite
can arise to normalize the data in some element models can be a great asset in this
temporal fashion to facilitate the comparison process. In many cases the analytical tools
of data measured at similar times of an are used to perform numerical experiments
environmental or operational cycle. Sources where the flaws are introduced through
of variability in the data acquisition process computer simulation. Damage accumulation
and with the system being monitored need to testing, during which significant structural
be identified and minimized to the extent components of the system under study are
possible. In general, not all sources of degraded by subjecting them to realistic
variability can be eliminated. Therefore, it is loading conditions, can also be used to
necessary to make the appropriate identify appropriate features. This process
measurements such that these sources can be may involve induced-damage testing,
statistically quantified. Variability can arise fatigue testing, corrosion growth, or
from changing environmental and test temperature cycling to accumulate certain
conditions, changes in the data reduction types of damage in an accelerated fashion.
process, and unit-to-unit inconsistencies. Insight into the appropriate features can be
gained from several types of analytical and
Feature Extraction and Data experimental studies as described above and
Compression is usually the result of information obtained
from some combination of these studies.
The area of the SHM process that receives
the most attention in the technical literature Statistical Model Development
is the identification of data features that
allows one to distinguish between the The portion of the SHM process that has
undamaged and damaged structure. Inherent received the least attention in the technical
in this feature selection process is the literature is the development of statistical
condensation of the data. The best features models for discrimination between features
for damage identification are, again, from the undamaged and damaged
application specific. structures. Statistical model development is
concerned with the implementation of the
One of the most common feature extraction algorithms that operate on the extracted
methods is based on correlating measured features to quantify the damage state of the
system response quantities, such a vibration structure. The algorithms used in statistical
amplitude or frequency, with the first-hand model development usually fall into three
observations of the degrading system. categories. When data are available from
Another method of developing features for both the undamaged and damaged structure,
damage identification is to apply engineered the statistical pattern recognition algorithms
flaws, similar to ones expected in actual fall into the general classification referred to
operating conditions, to systems and develop as supervised learning. Group classification
an initial understanding of the parameters and regression analysis are categories of
that are sensitive to the expected damage. supervised learning algorithms.
The flawed system can also be used to Unsupervised learning refers to algorithms
validate that the diagnostic measurements that are applied to data not containing
are sensitive enough to distinguish between examples from the damaged structure.
4. Outlier or novelty detection is the primary • Principle IV (a): Sensors cannot
class of algorithms applied in unsupervised measure damage. Feature extraction
learning applications. All of the algorithms through signal processing and
analyze statistical distributions of the statistical classification is necessary
measured or derived features to enhance the to convert sensor data into damage
damage identification process. information;
• Principle IV (b): Without intelligent
In total, feature extraction, the more sensitive
a measurement is to damage, the
Operation evaluation gives the conditions of more sensitive it is to changing
SHM, operational and environmental
conditions;
Data Acquisition gives the number and types • Principle V: The length- and time-
of sensors to be introduced in buildings, scales associated with damage
initiation and evolutions dictate the
Feature extraction gives the technical required properties of the SHM
literature to distinguish between damaged sensing system;
and non damaged items of buildings, • Principle VI: There is a trade-off
between the sensitivity to damage of
Statistical Model Development is used for an algorithm and its noise rejection
determining damaged and undamaged capability;
structures. • Principle VII: The size of damage
that can be detected from changes in
Principles of SHM: system dynamics is inversely
proportional to the frequency range
Based on the extensive literature that has of excitation.
developed on SHM over the last 20 years, it
can be argued that this field has matured to So far, we have known about SHM.
the point where several fundamental
Principles, or general principles, have Let us know about it in a deep
emerged. manner something about
Components of SHM.
• Principle I: All materials have
inherent laws or defects; Components of SHM:
• Principle II: The assessment of
damage requires a comparison Structure
between two system states; Sensors
• Principle III: Identifying the Data acquisition systems
existence and location of damage Data management
can be done in an unsupervised Data transfer
learning mode, but identifying the Data interpretation and diagnosis.
type of damage present and the
damage severity can generally only
be done in a supervised learning
mode; Data Interpretation and Diagnosis systems
consist of:
5. 1. System Identification, measured. Examples of this include
2. Structural model update, temperature, light intensity, gas pressure,
3. Structural condition assessment, fluid flow, and force.
4. Prediction of remaining service life.
Data management:
Sensors:
Data management comprises all the
Sensors are a device that measures a disciplines related to managing data as a
physical quantity and converts it in to a valuable resource. The official definition
signal that can be measured by an provided by DAMA International, the
instrument or by an observer. A sensor is a professional organization for those in the
device which receives and responds to a data management profession, is: "Data
signal. A good sensor obeys the following Resource Management is the development
rules: and execution of architectures, policies,
practices and procedures that properly
• Is sensitive to the measured property manage the full data lifecycle needs of an
• Is insensitive to any other property enterprise."
likely to be encountered in its
application Data transfer systems are used to transfer the
• Does not influence the measured data to systems which help in predicting the
property. failures of structures.
Data Acquisition Systems: Structure
Data acquisition is the process of sampling Conceptually, an accelerometer behaves as a
signals that measure real world physical damped mass on a spring. When the
conditions and converting the resulting accelerometer experiences acceleration, the
samples into digital numeric values that can mass is displaced to the point that the spring
be manipulated by a computer. is able to accelerate the mass at the same
rate as the casing. The displacement is then
This includes: measured to give the acceleration.
• Sensors that convert physical In commercial devices, piezoelectric,
parameters to electrical signals. piezoresistive and capacitive components
• Signal conditioning circuitry to are commonly used to convert the
convert sensor signals into a form mechanical motion into an electrical signal.
that can be converted to digital Piezoelectric accelerometers rely on
values. piezoceramics (e.g. lead zirconate titanate)
• Analog-to-digital converters, which or single crystals (e.g. quartz, tourmaline).
convert conditioned sensor signals to They are unmatched in terms of their upper
digital values. frequency range, low packaged weight and
high temperature range. Piezoresistive
accelerometers are preferred in high shock
applications. Capacitive accelerometers
Data acquisition begins with the physical typically use a silicon micro-machined
phenomenon or physical property to be sensing element. Their performance is
6. superior in the low frequency range and they of the die. By integrating two devices
can be operated in servo mode to achieve perpendicularly on a single die a two-axis
high stability and linearity. accelerometer can be made. By adding an
additional out-of-plane device three axes can
Modern accelerometers are often small be measured. Such a combination always
micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), has a much lower misalignment error than
and are indeed the simplest MEMS devices three discrete models combined after
possible, consisting of little more than a packaging.
cantilever beam with a proof mass (also
known as seismic mass). Damping results Micromechanical accelerometers are
from the residual gas sealed in the device. available in a wide variety of measuring
As long as the Q-factor is not too low, ranges, reaching up to thousands of g's. The
damping does not result in a lower designer must make a compromise between
sensitivity. sensitivity and the maximum acceleration
that can be measured.
Under the influence of external accelerations
the proof mass deflects from its neutral Building and structural monitoring
position. This deflection is measured in an
analog or digital manner. Most commonly, Accelerometers are used to measure the
the capacitance between a set of fixed beams motion and vibration of a structure that is
and a set of beams attached to the proof exposed to dynamic loads.[22] Dynamic loads
mass is measured. This method is simple, originate from a variety of sources
reliable, and inexpensive. Integrating including:
piezoresistors in the springs to detect spring
deformation, and thus deflection, is a good • Human activities - walking, running,
alternative, although a few more process dancing or skipping
steps are needed during the fabrication • Working machines - inside a
sequence. For very high sensitivities building or in the surrounding area
quantum tunneling is also used; this requires • Construction work - driving piles,
a dedicated process making it very demolition, drilling and excavating
expensive. Optical measurement has been • Moving loads on bridges
demonstrated on laboratory scale. • Vehicle collisions
• Impact loads - falling debris
Another, far less common, type of MEMS- • Concussion loads - internal and
based accelerometer contains a small heater external explosions
at the bottom of a very small dome, which • Collapse of structural elements
heats the air inside the dome to cause it to • Wind loads and wind gusts
rise. A thermocouple on the dome • Air blast pressure
determines where the heated air reaches the • Loss of support because of ground
dome and the deflection off the center is a failure
measure of the acceleration applied to the • Earthquakes and aftershocks
sensor.
Measuring and recording how a structure
Most micromechanical accelerometers responds to these inputs is critical for
operate in-plane, that is, they are designed to assessing the safety and viability of a
be sensitive only to a direction in the plane
7. structure. This type of monitoring is called information of the structural behavior of
Dynamic Monitoring. bridges obtained from the monitoring
system, maintenance costs could also be
WIRELESS MONITORING reduced, since inspection methods
TECHNIQUES BASED ON MEMS (addressed i.e. in the following chapter) can
be applied more efficiently. Only after
Existing monitoring systems use traditional certain changes in the structural behavior
wired sensor technologies and several other have been identified, an inspection (either
devices that are time consuming to install by means of non-destructive testing or visual
and relatively expensive (compared to the methods) is necessary and proper repair
value of the structure). They are using large could be done right after the occurrence of
number of sensors (i. e. more than ten) are the defect. This reduces the risk of further
expensive and will therefore be installed damage.
only on a few bridges. A wireless
monitoring system with MEMS (Micro- The analysis of measured data and the
Electro-Mechanical-Systems) sensors could knowledge of continuous changes of
reduce these costs significantly. MEMS are structural behavior will also improve the life
small integrated devices or systems that time prognosis of civil structures reducing
combine electrical and mechanical the overall maintenance costs of buildings
components that could be produced for less and transport networks. Data has to be
than 50 € each. The principle of such a continuously transmitted (e.g. using the
system is shown in the scheme given in Fig. internet) to the supervisor. Each sensor
1. device (mote), which is itself a complete,
small measurement and communication
system, has to be power and cost optimized.
Using multi-hop techniques, the data of the
sensor network has to be transmitted over
short distances of some 10 m to a base
station on site. There the data items are
collected and stored in a data base for
subsequent analysis. This data can then be
accessed by a remote user. If the central unit
detects a hazardous condition by analyzing
the data, it has to raise an alarm message.
The central unit also allows for wireless
Currently, a wireless sensor node with such administration, calibration and
a MEMS sensor could be fabricated at a reprogramming of the sensor nodes in order
price varying from 100 to about 400 € and to keep the whole system flexible. Each
future developments show the potential for mote is composed of one or more sensors, a
prices of only a few Euro. Monitoring data acquisition and processing unit, a
systems equipped with MEMS sensors and wireless transceiver and a battery as power
wireless communication can reduce the supply (Fig. 2, right) [3, 4]. The acquisition
costs to a small percentage of a conventional and processing unit usually is equipped with
monitoring system and therefore will a low power microcontroller offering an
increase its application not only in integrated analogue to digital converter
monitoring bridges. Due to the detailed (ADC) and sufficient data memory (RAM)
8. to store the measurements. This unit also
incorporates signal conditioning circuitry
interfacing the sensors to the ADC. In the
following sections, some components are
mentioned, but a more detailed description
is given elsewhere.
An example of Micro machined Silicon
sensor.
A typical example of hybrid sensor system
for wireless MEMS and DMS sensor data.
An example showing monitoring of dams.
A diagram showing sensors in structures.
An example showing sensors in beams.
9. It is a typical example showing electrical
generator and a sensor for health monitoring
A type of forest based sensor for trees.
of systems.
An example of sensor based health An example of dam’s health in China.
monitoring of structures.
10. A perfect Silicon Sensor for Structural
Health Monitoring.
Conclusion:
The inspection of building structures and
especially of bridges is mainly done visually
nowadays. Therefore, the condition of the
structure is examined from the surface and
the interpretation and assessment is based on
the level of experience of the engineers. An
approach to continuous structural health
monitoring techniques based on wireless
sensor networks were presented, which
provide data from the inside of a structure to
better understand its structural performance
and to predict its durability and remaining
life time. Using this technique, monitoring
of large structures in civil engineering
becomes very efficient. . Essential is that the
new system provides a more reliable impact
generation.