Earthquake resisting techniques

1. PRESENTATION ON TECHNICAL SEMINAR
Vivekananda College of Engineering & Technology
[A Unit of Vivekananda Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Puttur ®]
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Recognized by Govt of Karnataka
Presented by:
KARTHIK K A
4VP20CV004
Under the guidance of :
Dr SOWMYA N J
( Professor, Department of Civil Engineering)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINNEERING
2023-2024
EARTHQUKE RESISTING
TECHNIQUES

2. CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 EARTHQUAKE
 CONVENTIONAL METHODS
 TECHNIQUES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE
 CASE STUDIE
 IS CODES
 SEISMIC ZONES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
Some centuries back, landmark structures used to
have:
 heavy masonry cladding
 wall curtains
 strong bracings
The Todaiji Temple in Japan has log house construction
that has resisted earthquakes thousands of years (most number any structure has survived).
As need for taller buildings grew, advanced innovative devices
were introduced in structures.

4. EARTHQUAKE
 They are natural disasters of a generally unpredictable nature.
 It is the shaking of the earth due to the movement of earth’s
crust.
Terms:
Fault plane
Hypocenter
Epicentre

5. EARTHQUAKE
 Earthquakes have long been a formidable force, shaking the very foundations of
human existence. They stem from fault movements or volcanic activity, striking
unpredictably and causing widespread devastation. Yet, through scientific
advancements, we've gained insights into forecasting these events to some
extent.
 However, the key lies in protecting structures against such seismic threats. This
necessitates employing innovative seismic design techniques, ranging from
traditional methods to cutting-edge technologies. By doing so, we aim to
minimize damage and safeguard both lives and property.
 As earthquakes continue to pose a persistent threat, understanding and
implementing these techniques are paramount for fostering a resilient future.

6. IRANIAN CITY,
BAM
MAGNITUDE :
6.6 RICHTER
SCALE
KILLED : 40,000
LOMA PRIETA
MAGNITUDE :
7.1 RICHTER
SCALE
KILLED : 62

7. CONVENTIONAL METHODS
 The concept is to strengthen the building.
 Have stiffness and inelastic deformation capacity.

8. CONVENTIONAL METHODS
Some of the general design concepts:
Follow current earthquake standards and codes.
Provide strong foundation.
Use best quality materials.
Avoid irregular shaped structures and framing system.
Maintain integrity by providing seismic bands:
At the plinth level of the building.
At the levels of lintels of doors and windows.
Vertical reinforcing bars at all wall junctions.
Introduce shear walls to transfer seismic loads down to the
bottom of foundation.

9. TECHNIQUES FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANCE
 Avoiding Ground Floor Columns
 Avoiding ground floor columns enhances earthquake
safety in homes.
 Smart solutions like transfer beams and special slabs
replace ground floor columns.
 These replacements strengthen buildings and increase
usability.
 Building codes in earthquake-prone regions may
prohibit ground floor columns for improved safety.

10.  Shock Absorbers
 Shock absorbers absorb shaking during earthquakes,
ensuring stability.
 They safeguard occupants and prevent damage to
buildings.
 Easily installable, they come in various types to suit
different needs.
 Their effectiveness is proven globally in maintaining
building safety.

11.  Shear Walls
 Shear walls stabilize buildings by directing lateral
forces to the foundation.
 They withstand compression and tension, reducing
damage and shaking.
 Designed with various materials for optimal
performance.
 Building codes enforce safety standards for shear
walls in earthquake-prone regions.

12.  Pendulum Systems
 Dynamic Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) stabilize buildings
during earthquakes, especially in pendulum systems.
 They move in the opposite direction of the building's sway,
absorbing energy to minimize damage.
 Buildings equipped with TMDs are safer and more
comfortable for occupants.
 Each TMD is customized for optimal performance.
 Regular checks ensure TMDs remain effective and cost-
efficient.
 Research confirms TMDs effectively control building
motion during earthquakes

13.  Diaphragms
 Diaphragms in buildings spread loads evenly to maintain
stability and safety.
 They stiffen structures, minimizing movement during
earthquakes and absorbing energy to prevent damage.
 Various types cater to different needs, but proper
connection to vertical elements is essential for support.
 Building codes mandate strong diaphragms to enhance
earthquake safety, highlighting their importance in ensuring
sturdy buildings.

14.  Lead-Rubber Bearings
 Lead-rubber bearings are essential for earthquake safety,
isolating buildings from ground shaking.
 They absorb energy with steel plates for strength and
rubber layers for flexibility, protecting structures.
 These bearings permit controlled movement during
earthquakes, minimizing damage and ensuring safety.
 Customized designs adapt them to various projects, and
they're globally proven to prevent earthquake damage
effectively.

15.  Flexible Foundations
 Flexible foundations are crucial for earthquake safety,
isolating buildings from ground shaking.
 They absorb energy through movement, reducing damage
and maintaining structural stability during earthquakes.
 Customized designs ensure effectiveness for diverse
projects.
 Flexible foundations have a proven track record globally in
preventing earthquake damage effectively.

16.  Reinforced Concrete Structures
 In earthquake-prone areas, concrete buildings should
be designed to flex during shaking to absorb energy.
 Adhering to design rules and details is crucial for
ensuring building strength.
 Concrete structures have demonstrated resilience to
earthquakes globally by absorbing energy and
remaining intact.
 Their strength and flexibility allow for various design
approaches to suit different earthquake requirements.

17.  Wood Frame Constructions
 Strong connections between walls and foundations are
crucial in wooden houses to prevent collapse.
 These connections resist forces such as uplift and
sliding, maintaining stability.
 They also aid in absorbing earthquake energy,
minimizing damage.
 Following building codes for connections is essential for
earthquake safety.
 Good construction practices, including proper
installation and maintenance, ensure the effectiveness of
these connections.

18.  Rocking Core-Wall Technology
 Rocking Core-Wall Technology employs a flexible
reinforced concrete core to absorb seismic energy
through controlled rocking.
 This technology enhances building resilience by
reducing structural response and isolating it from
ground shaking.
 With stability, strength, and flexibility, it's
customized for each project to provide optimized
seismic performance.
 It has been proven effective in protecting
structures from earthquake damage, showcasing its
potential for enhancing seismic resilience.

19.  Elastomeric Bearings
 Elastomeric bearings, made of steel plates and rubber, combine
flexibility and strength.
 They reduce stiffness sideways but keep the building stable
vertically.
 By separating the structure from ground movement, they
minimize damage during earthquakes.
 These bearings absorb seismic energy and can be tailored for
different projects.
 Research confirms their effectiveness in earthquake-resistant
construction, especially for base-isolated reinforced concrete
buildings.

20. CASE STUDIE
 Afghanistan, a country characterized by rapid urbanization
and seismic activity, faces significant challenges in ensuring
the safety and resilience of its construction sector. With over
30 million housing units, the majority located in rural areas,
Afghanistan's vulnerability to earthquakes underscores the
critical need for robust seismic design practices in
construction.
 Past earthquakes in Afghanistan, such as those in Bamyan in
2002 and Badakhshan in 2015, have highlighted the
vulnerability of both traditional and modern structures to
seismic events. The absence of seismic design considerations
in modern buildings exacerbates the risk, particularly in
densely populated urban areas like Kabul.

21. IS CODES FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN
 IS 1893 (Part 1), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures (5th revision).
 IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design and
Construction of Buildings (2nd revision).
 IS 13827, 1993, Indian StandardGuidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistant
of Earthen Buildings.
 IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistant of Low
Strength Masonry Buildings.
 IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces.

22. SEISMIC ZONES IN INDIA

23. CONCLUSION
 Importance: Earthquake-resistant structures are vital for minimizing the catastrophic
consequences of seismic events on human lives and infrastructure.
 Innovative Techniques: Incorporating advanced engineering methods like base
isolation, damping systems, and reinforced structures enhances the ability of buildings
to endure earthquake forces.
 Risk Reduction: These techniques significantly decrease casualties and property
damage during earthquakes by increasing the structural resilience of buildings.
 Stringent Building Codes: Implementation of rigorous building codes is essential to
ensure that structures are designed and constructed to withstand seismic activity
effectively.
 Continuous Research: Ongoing research and development are crucial for refining
earthquake-resistant design strategies, keeping pace with evolving seismic hazards, and
further enhancing the safety and resilience of communities in earthquake-prone
regions.

24. REFERENCES
1. Ahmad Shoaib Mirzad. “Recent advances in construction of earthquake resistant
structures” in Global scientific journals,2020, pp.11-18.
2. Sanjivan Mahadik, S. R. Bhagat. “Earthquake resisting elements and techniques in
high rise buildings” in international journal of innovative technology and exploring
engineering (IJITEE),2020, pp.2928-2932.
3. Veer Singh Dahiya, Ravinder Panwar, Refaz ur Rehman. “A review on earthquake
resistant construction techniques” in international journal of progressive research in
engineering management and science (IJPREMS),2023, pp.150-155.

25. THANK YOU