Early re education
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This document discusses methods for initiating muscle contraction during early rehabilitation following a lesion. It outlines 5 main methods: 1) applying warmth to increase blood flow and circulation, 2) stabilizing joints around the affected muscle, 3) using manual contact or grip to direct effort, 4) applying controlled stretching to stimulate muscle spindles, and 5) using resistance from opposite or synergist muscles to encourage contraction. The document explains how each method can stimulate motor neurons and facilitate the passage of impulses to initiate muscle twitches and eventual sustained contractions during rehabilitation.
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ACTIVE MOVEMENTS.ppt
This ppt is all about active movements of human body
Indications and contraindications are mentioned for the same
Active movements
This document discusses different types of voluntary movements used in physical therapy exercises. It classifies exercises as free, assisted, assisted-resisted, or resisted based on whether they involve gravity, external assistance, or resistance. Free exercises work against gravity alone and are used to improve relaxation, muscle tone, coordination, and confidence. They can help cure or rehabilitate patients, though some patients may be unable to perform them. The document outlines techniques for free exercises and their effects, including improved relaxation, joint mobility, muscle power, neuromuscular coordination, and confidence. It also describes circulatory and respiratory changes that occur with exercise like increased heart rate, blood flow, and respiration to meet tissue needs and regulate functions.
Active movement - Assisted exercises
Active movement refers to voluntary movement performed with one's own strength or energy. Assisted exercise involves applying an external force to help compensate for muscle deficiencies and ensure maximum effort from the weakened muscles. The principles of assisted exercise include applying assistance in the direction of muscle action, starting from a position of minimal tension in antagonistic muscles, and decreasing assistance as muscle power increases. The goal is for the patient to achieve controlled active movement without assistance over time through strengthening and retraining coordination.
suspension therapy and usage
This document discusses different methods of suspension used to support parts of the body during movement or exercise. It describes various types of fixed points, ropes, slings, and clips that can be used. Key methods discussed include vertical fixation to limit movement around a central point and axial fixation to allow pure angular movements around a joint by attaching all ropes to a single point directly above the joint. Examples are provided of suspending the lower extremity to isolate hip abduction and adduction movements.
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This document discusses different types of exercises used in physiotherapy, including free exercises, assisted exercises, assisted-resisted exercises, and resisted exercises. It defines each type and describes techniques, effects, and uses. Free exercises use only voluntary muscle action and can be localised or general. Assisted exercises involve a therapist providing support and assistance during a movement. Assisted-resisted exercises combine assistance and resistance. Resisted exercises use forces like weights or elastic bands to oppose muscle movement. The document also covers types of resistance like weights, pulleys, springs, and water. It describes progression of resistance exercises by increasing weight, leverage, speed, or duration. Finally, it discusses reflex movements and specific reflexes like the stretch reflex
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ACTIVE MOVEMENTS.ppt
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Indications and contraindications are mentioned for the same
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This document discusses different types of voluntary movements used in physical therapy exercises. It classifies exercises as free, assisted, assisted-resisted, or resisted based on whether they involve gravity, external assistance, or resistance. Free exercises work against gravity alone and are used to improve relaxation, muscle tone, coordination, and confidence. They can help cure or rehabilitate patients, though some patients may be unable to perform them. The document outlines techniques for free exercises and their effects, including improved relaxation, joint mobility, muscle power, neuromuscular coordination, and confidence. It also describes circulatory and respiratory changes that occur with exercise like increased heart rate, blood flow, and respiration to meet tissue needs and regulate functions.
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2. There are two main types of passive movement - relaxed passive movements and passive manual mobilization techniques. Relaxed passive movements are smooth movements done by a therapist through a patient's full available range, while manual techniques include joint mobilization, manipulation, and controlled stretching.
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Muscles
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The document discusses Margaret Rood's approach to neurorehabilitation, which uses controlled sensory input to facilitate motor control. Rood believed motor functions develop from primitive reflexes through stimulation of appropriate sensory receptors. Her approach uses techniques like light touch, brushing, icing, stretching, resistance, tapping, and vestibular stimulation to activate cutaneous and proprioceptive receptors. While Rood's theory aimed to improve motor function, some aspects are outdated and more research is needed to evaluate the physiological effects of her techniques.
Tmt protocol
Treadmill testing principles and protocols are discussed. The document outlines the objectives, indications, contraindications, and preparations for treadmill testing. It describes various treadmill testing protocols including the Bruce, Balke, Naughton, and Cornell protocols. Key points about metabolic equivalents, Borg scale, and complications are provided. Exercise testing is used to detect cardiovascular disease, reproduce symptoms, screen for exercise programs, and monitor therapeutic responses.
Sc joint
The sternoclavicular (SC) joint is a synovial joint that connects the upper extremity to the trunk. It has three ligaments and a fibrocartilage disk that separates it into two compartments. The disk attaches to the clavicle and manubrium and increases joint congruence. The SC joint allows for rotational and translational movements of the clavicle and is supported by strong ligaments due to the forces exerted on it during shoulder mobility.
Influence of exercise on respiratory system
Exercise has both short-term and long-term effects on the respiratory system. In the short-term, exercise increases respiratory rate, tidal volume, and the rate of gas exchange. In the long-term, it strengthens respiratory muscles, increases respiratory volume, improves lung efficiency, and makes gas exchange more efficient. Regular exercise helps the lungs work harder to increase oxygen intake and remove carbon dioxide, ultimately improving pulmonary function.
Transfemoral protheses
This document discusses transfemoral prostheses. It begins with an introduction to transfemoral amputation, which is the amputation of the leg between the knee and hip. It then covers the rehabilitation process for individuals with a transfemoral amputation, including exercises and management of the residual limb. Finally, it describes the components of transfemoral prostheses, including different socket designs, suspension methods, knee and foot options. The goal of rehabilitation and prosthetic training is to help individuals regain mobility and independence.
Factors influencing training
There are various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence athlete training. Intrinsic factors include the athlete's physical and psychological attributes, proper nutrition, supplements/doping, sleep patterns, footwear and clothing. Extrinsic factors are environmental considerations like the competition venue, geographical area, crowd support, lighting, climate and humidity. Understanding how these factors affect training helps athletes optimize their performance with the appropriate training methods.
Anerobic threshold
This document discusses the anaerobic threshold and factors that influence threshold training. The anaerobic threshold is defined as the point at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in the muscles, around 85-90% of maximum heart rate. Anaerobic threshold testing involves gradually increasing effort over a 20-30 minute run, swim, or bike while monitoring heart rate to identify the threshold point where heart rate levels off. Factors like VO2 max, muscle fiber type, and lactate removal ability influence an individual's threshold. The threshold can be measured during a 30 minute long distance run using heart rate monitoring equipment.
Quadriceps inhibition
This document discusses quadriceps inhibition, including its causes and treatment using electrotherapy. It begins with an overview of quadriceps anatomy. Common causes of quadriceps inhibition include fractures of the femur, meniscal injuries, traumatic knee synovitis, and soft tissue injuries around the knee. The treatment procedure involves examining and preparing the patient, setting up the electrotherapy apparatus, placing electrodes on the thigh, and administering a current to contract the quadriceps muscle and reduce inhibition. The treatment is administered with the patient in a half-lying position with the knee flexed at 15 degrees.
Hf uvr
The document discusses different types of ultraviolet generators used to produce ultraviolet radiation, including high pressure mercury vapor lamps, Kromayer lamps, fluorescent tubes, Theraktin tunnels, and PUVA apparatus. It provides information on the structure and functioning of these various lamps and devices used for generating ultraviolet radiation.
End feel
This document discusses end feel and range of motion measurements. It defines end feel as the quality of movement perceived by the practitioner at the end of available range of motion, which can provide information about joint structures. End feel is classified as soft, firm, or hard. The document then provides examples of normal end feel for various joints and describes techniques for measuring range of motion for major joints, including goniometer positioning and patient positioning.
Integrated child development services
The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) program was initiated in 1975 to provide integrated health, nutrition, and education services to children aged 0-6 years and mothers in India. The objectives of ICDS include improving nutritional status, health status, psychological development, and reducing mortality, morbidity, and malnutrition. Key services provided include nutritional and health education, growth monitoring, and iron-folate supplements. ICDS also sets nutritional and feeding norms for children of different ages. It is linked to other national programs focused on health, nutrition, employment, and food security.
Biomechanics gait
This document discusses the phases of the human gait cycle. It is divided into two main phases - the stance phase, when the foot is in contact with the ground, and the swing phase, when the foot is not in contact with the ground. The stance phase makes up 60% of the gait cycle and can be further divided into initial contact, foot flat, midstance, heel rise, and toe off. The swing phase makes up the remaining 40% and includes acceleration, midswing, and deceleration. Key gait parameters like stride length, cadence, and walking velocity are also defined.
Digestive system seminar
The document discusses the key parts and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs that make up the alimentary canal, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It explains how food is ingested, tasted, broken down mechanically and chemically by teeth and saliva in the mouth. It is then swallowed and passes through the esophagus into the stomach where further digestion occurs, before entering the small intestine where most absorption takes place and nutrients pass into the bloodstream. Undigested waste then moves into the large intestine to be eliminated from the body. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder produce enzymes and bile to aid in digestion.
Sports related injuries of lumbopelvic region
This document discusses sports-related injuries of the lumbopelvic region. It begins by outlining the objectives and introduction. Specific sports like American football, ice hockey, basketball, baseball, soccer, dance, gymnastics, and skiing/snowboarding are then analyzed in terms of common low back injuries seen. For many sports, repetitive stresses are thought to contribute to injuries like disc herniations, spondylolysis, and compression fractures over time. Prevention and treatment strategies are also briefly touched on.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditioning
The document discusses aerobic and anaerobic conditioning. It defines aerobic conditioning as cardiovascular exercise performed at a sustained pace, using oxygen for energy, like swimming, running or cycling. Anaerobic conditioning involves quick bursts of high intensity exercise without oxygen, like sprinting or heavy weightlifting. The document outlines the principles of conditioning, including specificity, progression, overload, reversibility and individual traits. It also describes the adaptations the body undergoes from aerobic training, like increased mitochondria and enzymes for metabolizing carbohydrates and fat, and from anaerobic training, like increased storage of fuels and enzymes for glycolysis.
On & off field sports evaluation
The document discusses sports injury evaluation and management on and off the field. It describes conducting a thorough subjective and objective injury assessment, including observation, palpation, and range of motion testing. For on-field management, it recommends following an ABCDE approach to assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure/environment. It emphasizes the importance of stabilizing any life-threatening injuries before transporting an athlete for further medical care. Musculoskeletal injuries are common in sports and may require splinting or referral for risks like fractures, dislocations, or neurovascular compromise.
Musculoskeletal examination
This document discusses musculoskeletal examination techniques used by physical therapists. It covers screening examinations to identify red flags and impairments, as well as detailed examinations of mobility, muscle performance, joints, gait, and pain. Techniques include observation, palpation of bones, muscles, and joints, range of motion and strength testing, and functional assessments. The goal is to comprehensively evaluate patients and guide diagnosis, treatment planning, and outcomes.
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Early re education
- 1. EARLY RE- EDUCATION Soundararajan k K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 1
- 2. OBJECTIVE Initiation of muscle contraction Measure used 1. Warmth 2. Stabilisation 3. Grip or manual contact 4. Stretch 5. Irradiation K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 2
- 3. The initiation of muscular contraction Lesion cause paralysis & inactivity which follows both increase threshold of excitability of AHC In acute phase of lesion motor unit reactivation is possible except permanent damage Example: death of cell or lack of continuity of axon K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 3
- 4. The initiation of muscular contraction (continue…) AHC is more difficult to stimulate when its threshold is increased fail to react to normal stimulus which is patient maximal voluntary effort of contraction This demand is supplied by stimulation of sensory receptor i.e. proprioceptors exteroceptors With lower threshold AHC is stimulated & facilitate passage of impulse in nervous pathway K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 4
- 5. The initiation of muscular contraction (continue…) When stimulated AHC discharge impulse to muscle fibres which respond by contraction A single discharge of impulse results in muscle twitch But discharge repeated sufficiently frequently lead to summation and a sustained contraction K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 5
- 6. Measure used to obtain initiation of contraction 1. Warmth 2. Stabilisation 3. Grip or manual contact 4. Stretch 5. Irradiation K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 6
- 7. 1. Warmth Area affected must be warm, as moderate warmth improve quality of contraction Any method designed to improve circulation in area is effectively Active exercise of affected muscle against strong resistance is the method of choice K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 7
- 8. 2. Stabilisation Stabilize bone origin of affected muscle, of joint distal, over which muscle work, improve their efficiency Whenever possible isometric contraction of synergist working against maximal resistance as their effort re-inforces Example: initiating elbow flexors shoulder & wrist are stabilized by their flexor working against resistance of K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 8
- 9. 3. Grip or Manual Contact The Physiotherapist hand’s give pressure only in the direction of movement , to direct the patient’s effort and give sensory stimulation K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 9
- 10. 4. Stretch Stimulation of muscle spindle elicits reflex of that muscle provided reflex arc is intact Sharp but controlled stretch of affected muscle at limit of extended range Prolong stretch or failure to allow muscle shortens inhibits contraction Command for voluntary effort must be brief forceful timed to coincide withK. Soundararajan, SRIHER 10
- 11. 5. Irradiation 1. Use of resistance to functional movement of opposite limb which normally produce fixator action on other side assist initiation of contraction in affected muscle 2. The use of resistance to strong group which normally work with the affected muscle also encourage contraction of that muscle K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 11
- 12. Reference The principles of exercise therapy, 4th edition, Dena Gardiner, Page no:178- 179 K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 12
- 13. Discussion … K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 13
- 14. K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 14
- 15. K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 15