muscle energy technique with post-isometric contraction and reciprocal inhibition, isotonic and isokinetic contraction. with all variants and techniques described.
Muscle energy techniques are manual techniques involving the muscles own energy to lengthen the muscle fibres and remove the sustained contractions that cause the Trigger points.
•Two aspects of MET are-
i.their ability to relax an overactive muscle.
ii.their ability to enhance stretch of a shortened muscle or its associated fascia when connective tissue or viscoelastic changes have occurred.
There are 2 forms of MET:
1. Autogenic inhibition
Post isometric relaxation
Post facilitation stretching
2. Reciprocal inhibition
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Muscle energy is a direct and active technique; meaning it engages a restrictive barrier and requires the patient’s participation for maximal effect.
•A restrictive barrier describes the limit in the range of motion that prevents the patient from being able to reach the baseline limit in his range of motion. As the patient performs an isometric contraction, the following physiologic changes occur:-
i.Golgi tendon organ activation results in direct inhibition of the agonist’s muscles.
ii.A reflexive reciprocal inhibition occurs at the antagonistic muscles.
iii.As the patient relaxes, agonist and antagonist muscles remain inhibited allowing the joint to be moved further into the restricted range of motion.
BENEFITS OF MET:
•Restoring normal tone in hypertonic muscles
•Strengthening weak muscles
•Preparing muscle for subsequent stretching
•Improved joint mobility
INDICATIONS
•Movement restriction due to muscle tightness.
•Muscle hyperactivity.
•Myofascial restrictions.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
•Fracture
•Severe sprain
•Severe strain
•Open wounds
•Severe osteoporosis
•Avulsion injury
•Metabolic bone
•Unconscious patient
•Non cooperative patient
Muscle Energy Technique (MET) uses controlled, patient-initiated muscle contractions to improve musculoskeletal function and reduce pain. Developed in 1948, MET employs isometric contractions to induce autogenic or reciprocal inhibition, relaxing muscles and increasing range of motion. There are three main types of MET: post-isometric relaxation, post-facilitation stretching using autogenic inhibition; and reciprocal inhibition MET involving agonist/antagonist muscle pairs. MET is used to treat muscle tightness, pain and limited joint mobility from various musculoskeletal conditions.
-MET is a type of osteopathic manipulative treatement used in osteopathic therapy, physical therapy, massage therapy and occupational therapy.
- A form of diagnosis and treatment in which the patient's muscles are actively used on request, from a precisely controlled position, in a specific direction, and against a distinctly executed physician counterforce. 1.Dr. TJ Ruddy:
first osteopathic doctor to use muscle energy in the
1940’s and 1950’s, he referred to it as resistive duction,
which he defined as a series of muscle contractions against
resistance; used techniques mainly in the C‐spine.2.Dr. Fred Mitchell, Sr.: has been titled the Father of
muscle energy.
-He took Dr. Ruddy’s principles and incorporated them into manual medicine to any body region/ articulation.
-He believed that pelvis was the key to musculoskeletal system.
Muscle energy techniques (MET) use a muscle's own energy through gentle isometric contractions to relax muscles and lengthen them. There are two main types of MET - autogenic inhibition which contracts and stretches the same muscle, and reciprocal inhibition which contracts one muscle while stretching its opposite. The contractions activate Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles, inhibiting muscle tone and allowing further stretching. MET involves positioning a restricted muscle and having the patient contract it isometrically before relaxing into a further stretch. It can help release muscle spasm and increase range of motion.
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
The document defines various terms related to resistance exercise such as resisted exercise, strength, power, endurance, isometric muscle work, isotonic muscle work, and types of muscle contractions. It describes the principles of resistance exercise including overload, SAID, reversibility, and individual variability. It discusses ranges of muscle work, group actions of muscles, and indications for resistance exercise. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts in resistance training.
This document discusses muscle energy technique (MET), a manual therapy procedure that involves voluntary muscle contraction against resistance applied by a therapist. It describes the types of muscle contractions involved - isotonic, eccentric, concentric, and isometric. MET uses post-isometric relaxation and reciprocal inhibition to facilitate muscle lengthening. Indications for MET include acute muscle spasm and restricted joints, while contraindications are acute injuries and unstable joints. Benefits of MET include restoring normal muscle tone, strengthening weak muscles, and improved joint mobility. Guidelines are provided for safely applying light contractions over multiple repetitions.
This document discusses muscle energy technique (MET), a manual therapy that uses precisely controlled voluntary muscle contractions against resistance applied by a therapist. It describes the types of muscle contractions used in MET, including isotonic, eccentric, concentric, and isometric contractions. MET can utilize post-isometric relaxation or reciprocal inhibition to lengthen or relax muscles. The document provides examples of procedures and discusses indications like acute muscle spasm or restricted joints, as well as contraindications like fractures or unstable joints. Potential benefits of MET include restoring normal muscle tone, strengthening weak muscles, and improving joint mobility.
Muscle energy techniques are manual techniques involving the muscles own energy to lengthen the muscle fibres and remove the sustained contractions that cause the Trigger points.
•Two aspects of MET are-
i.their ability to relax an overactive muscle.
ii.their ability to enhance stretch of a shortened muscle or its associated fascia when connective tissue or viscoelastic changes have occurred.
There are 2 forms of MET:
1. Autogenic inhibition
Post isometric relaxation
Post facilitation stretching
2. Reciprocal inhibition
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Muscle energy is a direct and active technique; meaning it engages a restrictive barrier and requires the patient’s participation for maximal effect.
•A restrictive barrier describes the limit in the range of motion that prevents the patient from being able to reach the baseline limit in his range of motion. As the patient performs an isometric contraction, the following physiologic changes occur:-
i.Golgi tendon organ activation results in direct inhibition of the agonist’s muscles.
ii.A reflexive reciprocal inhibition occurs at the antagonistic muscles.
iii.As the patient relaxes, agonist and antagonist muscles remain inhibited allowing the joint to be moved further into the restricted range of motion.
BENEFITS OF MET:
•Restoring normal tone in hypertonic muscles
•Strengthening weak muscles
•Preparing muscle for subsequent stretching
•Improved joint mobility
INDICATIONS
•Movement restriction due to muscle tightness.
•Muscle hyperactivity.
•Myofascial restrictions.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
•Fracture
•Severe sprain
•Severe strain
•Open wounds
•Severe osteoporosis
•Avulsion injury
•Metabolic bone
•Unconscious patient
•Non cooperative patient
Muscle Energy Technique (MET) uses controlled, patient-initiated muscle contractions to improve musculoskeletal function and reduce pain. Developed in 1948, MET employs isometric contractions to induce autogenic or reciprocal inhibition, relaxing muscles and increasing range of motion. There are three main types of MET: post-isometric relaxation, post-facilitation stretching using autogenic inhibition; and reciprocal inhibition MET involving agonist/antagonist muscle pairs. MET is used to treat muscle tightness, pain and limited joint mobility from various musculoskeletal conditions.
-MET is a type of osteopathic manipulative treatement used in osteopathic therapy, physical therapy, massage therapy and occupational therapy.
- A form of diagnosis and treatment in which the patient's muscles are actively used on request, from a precisely controlled position, in a specific direction, and against a distinctly executed physician counterforce. 1.Dr. TJ Ruddy:
first osteopathic doctor to use muscle energy in the
1940’s and 1950’s, he referred to it as resistive duction,
which he defined as a series of muscle contractions against
resistance; used techniques mainly in the C‐spine.2.Dr. Fred Mitchell, Sr.: has been titled the Father of
muscle energy.
-He took Dr. Ruddy’s principles and incorporated them into manual medicine to any body region/ articulation.
-He believed that pelvis was the key to musculoskeletal system.
Muscle energy techniques (MET) use a muscle's own energy through gentle isometric contractions to relax muscles and lengthen them. There are two main types of MET - autogenic inhibition which contracts and stretches the same muscle, and reciprocal inhibition which contracts one muscle while stretching its opposite. The contractions activate Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles, inhibiting muscle tone and allowing further stretching. MET involves positioning a restricted muscle and having the patient contract it isometrically before relaxing into a further stretch. It can help release muscle spasm and increase range of motion.
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
The document defines various terms related to resistance exercise such as resisted exercise, strength, power, endurance, isometric muscle work, isotonic muscle work, and types of muscle contractions. It describes the principles of resistance exercise including overload, SAID, reversibility, and individual variability. It discusses ranges of muscle work, group actions of muscles, and indications for resistance exercise. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts in resistance training.
This document discusses muscle energy technique (MET), a manual therapy procedure that involves voluntary muscle contraction against resistance applied by a therapist. It describes the types of muscle contractions involved - isotonic, eccentric, concentric, and isometric. MET uses post-isometric relaxation and reciprocal inhibition to facilitate muscle lengthening. Indications for MET include acute muscle spasm and restricted joints, while contraindications are acute injuries and unstable joints. Benefits of MET include restoring normal muscle tone, strengthening weak muscles, and improved joint mobility. Guidelines are provided for safely applying light contractions over multiple repetitions.
This document discusses muscle energy technique (MET), a manual therapy that uses precisely controlled voluntary muscle contractions against resistance applied by a therapist. It describes the types of muscle contractions used in MET, including isotonic, eccentric, concentric, and isometric contractions. MET can utilize post-isometric relaxation or reciprocal inhibition to lengthen or relax muscles. The document provides examples of procedures and discusses indications like acute muscle spasm or restricted joints, as well as contraindications like fractures or unstable joints. Potential benefits of MET include restoring normal muscle tone, strengthening weak muscles, and improving joint mobility.
The document defines and describes various aspects of resistance exercises. It discusses types of muscle contractions like isotonic, isometric and eccentric. It explains principles of resistance training like overload and specificity. It describes adaptations to resistance training including neural, muscular and bone changes. Determinants of resistance training programs are outlined including intensity, time, volume and periodization. Guidelines for progressive resistance exercises and precautions are provided.
Flexibility training techniques aim to increase range of motion and prevent injury. Static stretching, both passive and active, involves holding a stretched position for 20 seconds and can aid recovery. Dynamic stretching uses controlled movements to warm up. PNF stretching combines isometric contractions and relaxations to further increase range of motion beyond what static stretching allows. Examples of PNF techniques are contract-relax and contract-relax-antagonist-contract.
Integrated Neuromuscular Inhibition technique is Manual Physiotherapy Technique used for Acute and Chronic Pain, Sports Condition, Spasm, for Trigger Point and Tender point release, for weaker muscle, to strengthen muscle, to realease tightness of muscle, . this includes Muscle energy technique, Positional Release Technique/ srain-counterstrain and Ischemic Contraction.
Mobility and Flexibility of soft tissues (muscles, tendons, fascia, joint capsule, and skins) surrounding the joint along with adequate joint mobility, are necessary for normal ROM.
Mobility: is the ability of segments of the body to move through range of motion for functional activities.
Flexibility: is the ability to move a single joint or series of joints smoothly and easily through an unrestricted, pain –free ROM.
Muscle energy techniques (MET) involve voluntary contractions of a patient's muscles in a controlled direction at varying intensities. MET can be used to lengthen shortened muscles, strengthen weakened muscles, reduce edema, and improve joint mobility. The document outlines the basic concepts and types of MET, including isometric and isotonic techniques. It discusses the muscle makeup, applications, indications, precautions, and variations of MET. Studies have found MET to be effective at decreasing pain and increasing range of motion for neck and back pain conditions.
1. There are three types of muscle contractions: isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic. Isometric contractions occur at a fixed length, isotonic contractions involve shortening against a fixed load, and isokinetic contractions shorten at a constant speed.
2. A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. Motor units vary in size depending on the muscle's function. During forceful contractions, more motor units and larger motor units are recruited in a principle known as the size principle.
3. Force summation occurs through multiple fiber summation, recruiting more motor units simultaneously, and frequency summation, where contractions occur rapidly in tetanization. This allows graded muscle force through recruitment patterns
The document discusses fundamentals of exercise therapy, specifically muscle energy techniques (MET). MET uses isometric or isotonic contractions to lengthen tight muscles, strengthen weak muscles, mobilize joints, and relieve tissue congestion. MET incorporates precisely directed, patient-initiated muscle contractions designed to improve function and reduce pain. The techniques work based on principles of post-isometric relaxation and reciprocal inhibition to treat musculoskeletal dysfunction in a gentle but effective manner.
This document discusses different types of active resisted exercise for rehabilitation programs. It defines resistance exercise as any exercise where a muscle contraction is overloaded by an external force. The types of resisted exercise discussed include isometric, dynamic/isotonic, and isokinetic exercise. Factors that determine appropriate resistance training are also outlined.
This document discusses muscle strength testing. It defines muscle strength as the maximal force a muscle can exert during contraction. Various methods are described to test muscle strength, including using devices like a cable tensiometer, strain gauge, or dynamometer, as well as manual muscle testing. The most common manual muscle testing scale ranges from 0 to 5, where 0 is no contraction and 5 is normal strength against maximum resistance. Resisted isometric contractions can also be performed to evaluate the degree of pain and strength during maximum effort without movement.
Introduction to muscle energy techniques (METs)Fared Alkordi
The use of Muscle Energy Techniques (METs) to reduce muscle pain and improve muscle length. Types, physiological mechanisms and practical techniques in clinical settings.
Stretching is a therapeutic maneuver to increase flexibility by elongating shortened soft tissues. Several factors can contribute to hypomobility including immobilization, poor posture, and injury. Stretching protocols should involve proper alignment, stabilization, low intensity stretches held for 20-30 seconds repeated 3-5 times per week. Common stretching types include static, PNF, and ballistic stretching. Stretching is contraindicated for acute injuries, infections, or joint instability.
A basic stretching to perform also needs perfect guidance because of presence of various types of stretching techniques. It is very important treatment or preventive measure also performed as warm up or cool down before any game.
section 5, chapter 9: types of muscle contractionsMichael Walls
1. A muscle contraction occurs when a muscle fiber receives a stimulus from a motor neuron. The contraction is recorded using a myograph, which senses changes in muscle fiber length.
2. A muscle fiber will contract fully in response to any stimulus above a threshold level, but a stronger stimulus does not produce a stronger contraction. Additional force is generated by recruiting more motor units.
3. Muscle fibers are categorized as either fast-twitch or slow-twitch based on their contraction speed and whether they primarily generate energy aerobically or anaerobically. Slow-twitch fibers are suited for endurance while fast-twitch fibers are suited for rapid bursts of force.
The document describes various techniques used in physical therapy for neuromuscular re-education and facilitation including proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, neurodevelopmental technique, sensory integration, Brunnstrom movement therapy, and Rood's technique. It provides details on how each technique is applied and the receptors and responses targeted through different stimuli like stretching, traction, touch, and movement.
This document provides information about mobility training. It defines mobility training as techniques used to improve range of motion for functional activities. These include muscle energy techniques, stretching, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching. Contraindications for mobility training are discussed. The document outlines the rationale, prerequisites, and step-by-step protocols for muscle energy techniques and PNF stretching techniques. It explains the neurophysiological principles of autogenic inhibition and reciprocal inhibition that underlie PNF stretching.
How to use Muscle Energy Techniques.pptxSyedaMunazza2
this PPT describes the fundamental principles of Muscle Energy Techniques used in physical rehabilitation of individuals with spasms, contractures, hypotonicity and weakness. Physiotherapy an do wonders when applied corretly.
PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) is a technique that uses stimulation of proprioceptors to facilitate muscle response and increase range of motion. The hold-relax technique is a key part of PNF. It involves isometric contraction of the hypertonic muscle or its antagonist, holding for 15 seconds then relaxing. This lengthens the hypertonic muscle and increases range of motion.
To treat right torticollis, the therapist stands behind the patient in sitting and cups one hand under the chin while the other applies resistance to side flexion and rotation to the right.
Poor posture is caused by insufficient and unnecessary muscle effort. To re-educate posture, relaxation, mobility,
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
The document defines and describes various aspects of resistance exercises. It discusses types of muscle contractions like isotonic, isometric and eccentric. It explains principles of resistance training like overload and specificity. It describes adaptations to resistance training including neural, muscular and bone changes. Determinants of resistance training programs are outlined including intensity, time, volume and periodization. Guidelines for progressive resistance exercises and precautions are provided.
Flexibility training techniques aim to increase range of motion and prevent injury. Static stretching, both passive and active, involves holding a stretched position for 20 seconds and can aid recovery. Dynamic stretching uses controlled movements to warm up. PNF stretching combines isometric contractions and relaxations to further increase range of motion beyond what static stretching allows. Examples of PNF techniques are contract-relax and contract-relax-antagonist-contract.
Integrated Neuromuscular Inhibition technique is Manual Physiotherapy Technique used for Acute and Chronic Pain, Sports Condition, Spasm, for Trigger Point and Tender point release, for weaker muscle, to strengthen muscle, to realease tightness of muscle, . this includes Muscle energy technique, Positional Release Technique/ srain-counterstrain and Ischemic Contraction.
Mobility and Flexibility of soft tissues (muscles, tendons, fascia, joint capsule, and skins) surrounding the joint along with adequate joint mobility, are necessary for normal ROM.
Mobility: is the ability of segments of the body to move through range of motion for functional activities.
Flexibility: is the ability to move a single joint or series of joints smoothly and easily through an unrestricted, pain –free ROM.
Muscle energy techniques (MET) involve voluntary contractions of a patient's muscles in a controlled direction at varying intensities. MET can be used to lengthen shortened muscles, strengthen weakened muscles, reduce edema, and improve joint mobility. The document outlines the basic concepts and types of MET, including isometric and isotonic techniques. It discusses the muscle makeup, applications, indications, precautions, and variations of MET. Studies have found MET to be effective at decreasing pain and increasing range of motion for neck and back pain conditions.
1. There are three types of muscle contractions: isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic. Isometric contractions occur at a fixed length, isotonic contractions involve shortening against a fixed load, and isokinetic contractions shorten at a constant speed.
2. A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. Motor units vary in size depending on the muscle's function. During forceful contractions, more motor units and larger motor units are recruited in a principle known as the size principle.
3. Force summation occurs through multiple fiber summation, recruiting more motor units simultaneously, and frequency summation, where contractions occur rapidly in tetanization. This allows graded muscle force through recruitment patterns
The document discusses fundamentals of exercise therapy, specifically muscle energy techniques (MET). MET uses isometric or isotonic contractions to lengthen tight muscles, strengthen weak muscles, mobilize joints, and relieve tissue congestion. MET incorporates precisely directed, patient-initiated muscle contractions designed to improve function and reduce pain. The techniques work based on principles of post-isometric relaxation and reciprocal inhibition to treat musculoskeletal dysfunction in a gentle but effective manner.
This document discusses different types of active resisted exercise for rehabilitation programs. It defines resistance exercise as any exercise where a muscle contraction is overloaded by an external force. The types of resisted exercise discussed include isometric, dynamic/isotonic, and isokinetic exercise. Factors that determine appropriate resistance training are also outlined.
This document discusses muscle strength testing. It defines muscle strength as the maximal force a muscle can exert during contraction. Various methods are described to test muscle strength, including using devices like a cable tensiometer, strain gauge, or dynamometer, as well as manual muscle testing. The most common manual muscle testing scale ranges from 0 to 5, where 0 is no contraction and 5 is normal strength against maximum resistance. Resisted isometric contractions can also be performed to evaluate the degree of pain and strength during maximum effort without movement.
Introduction to muscle energy techniques (METs)Fared Alkordi
The use of Muscle Energy Techniques (METs) to reduce muscle pain and improve muscle length. Types, physiological mechanisms and practical techniques in clinical settings.
Stretching is a therapeutic maneuver to increase flexibility by elongating shortened soft tissues. Several factors can contribute to hypomobility including immobilization, poor posture, and injury. Stretching protocols should involve proper alignment, stabilization, low intensity stretches held for 20-30 seconds repeated 3-5 times per week. Common stretching types include static, PNF, and ballistic stretching. Stretching is contraindicated for acute injuries, infections, or joint instability.
A basic stretching to perform also needs perfect guidance because of presence of various types of stretching techniques. It is very important treatment or preventive measure also performed as warm up or cool down before any game.
section 5, chapter 9: types of muscle contractionsMichael Walls
1. A muscle contraction occurs when a muscle fiber receives a stimulus from a motor neuron. The contraction is recorded using a myograph, which senses changes in muscle fiber length.
2. A muscle fiber will contract fully in response to any stimulus above a threshold level, but a stronger stimulus does not produce a stronger contraction. Additional force is generated by recruiting more motor units.
3. Muscle fibers are categorized as either fast-twitch or slow-twitch based on their contraction speed and whether they primarily generate energy aerobically or anaerobically. Slow-twitch fibers are suited for endurance while fast-twitch fibers are suited for rapid bursts of force.
The document describes various techniques used in physical therapy for neuromuscular re-education and facilitation including proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, neurodevelopmental technique, sensory integration, Brunnstrom movement therapy, and Rood's technique. It provides details on how each technique is applied and the receptors and responses targeted through different stimuli like stretching, traction, touch, and movement.
This document provides information about mobility training. It defines mobility training as techniques used to improve range of motion for functional activities. These include muscle energy techniques, stretching, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching. Contraindications for mobility training are discussed. The document outlines the rationale, prerequisites, and step-by-step protocols for muscle energy techniques and PNF stretching techniques. It explains the neurophysiological principles of autogenic inhibition and reciprocal inhibition that underlie PNF stretching.
How to use Muscle Energy Techniques.pptxSyedaMunazza2
this PPT describes the fundamental principles of Muscle Energy Techniques used in physical rehabilitation of individuals with spasms, contractures, hypotonicity and weakness. Physiotherapy an do wonders when applied corretly.
PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) is a technique that uses stimulation of proprioceptors to facilitate muscle response and increase range of motion. The hold-relax technique is a key part of PNF. It involves isometric contraction of the hypertonic muscle or its antagonist, holding for 15 seconds then relaxing. This lengthens the hypertonic muscle and increases range of motion.
To treat right torticollis, the therapist stands behind the patient in sitting and cups one hand under the chin while the other applies resistance to side flexion and rotation to the right.
Poor posture is caused by insufficient and unnecessary muscle effort. To re-educate posture, relaxation, mobility,
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
2. History
Father of MET- Fred L. Mitchel
Dr. TJ Ruddy was the first osteopathic
doctor to use muscle energy in the
1940’s and 1950’s, he referred to it as
resistive duction, which he defined as a
series of muscle contractions against
resistance.
Dr.Phillip Greenman believed that any
articulation which can be moved by
voluntary muscle action can be
influenced by muscle energy techniques
(MET); MET can be used for lengthening
strengthening, decreasing local edema.
Dr. Sandra Yale stated that MET was
safe enough for use with fragile and
severely ill, or on a spasm from fall
3. Muscle Energy
Tchnique
Muscle energy techniques are soft
tissue manipulation methods that
incorporate precisely directed and
controlled, patient initiated,
isometric and or isotonic
contraction, designed to improve
musculoskeletal function and
reduce pain
4. Uses Indication Contraindication Precaution
Lengthen shortened,
contracted or
spastic muscles
Strengthen a
physiological
weakened muscle or
group of muscles
Reduce local
oedema
Relieve passive
congestion
To mobilize
articulation with
restricted mobility
Shortened,
contracted or
spastic muscles
Weaknedmuscle or
groupof muscle
Malpositioning of
bony element
Restoration of joint
motion associated
with articular
dysfunction
Acute
musculoskeletal
injuries
Unstable or fused
joints
Unsetor unstable
fractures
Unknown
pathology
Stress fractures
Strains, infections
or diseases causing
musculoskeletal
pain
Osteoporosis or
tumors in the area
of treatment
01 02 03 04
5. TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Generate force without changing
the length of the muscle
ISOMETRIC
Change in length of the muscles
resulting in a movement without a
change in the muscle tension
ISOTONIC
Muscle contracts and shortens at a
constant speed, or constant angular speed.
To perform Isokinetic muscle contractions
requires specialist equipment – known as an
Isokinetic Dynamometer.
This increases the load when it senses the
muscle is speeding up, ensuring that the
speed of movement is held constant
throughout.
ISOKINETIC
7. POST ISOMETRIC
RELAXATION
It is assumed effect of reduced tone
experienced by a muscle or group of
muscle after brief periods of
following an isometric contraction.
Isometric contraction of muscle
Inhibition of antagonist and induced
intrafibral stretch of agonist
Reduced muscle tone of both agonist as
well as antagonist
Thus; shortened agonist muscle on
isometric contraction achieves a degree
of ease due to intrafibral stretch
induced by isometric contraction along
with an additional
8. RECIPROCAL
INHIBITION
When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its
antagonist will be inhibited, and will
demonstrate reduced tone immediately
following this.
Thus, the antagonist of a shortened muscle, or
group of muscles, may be isometrically
contracted in order to achieve a degree of
ease and additional movement potential in the
shortened tissues.
Isometric contraction of a muscle
Stimulates the same muscle by alpha motor
neurons where as inhibits its antagonist by
gamma motor neuron locally.
This is known as antagonist relaxation due to
agonist firing which happens locally due to a
neurological loop involving Golgi tendon Organs.
Thus, Reducing muscle tone of antagonist
9. A. Fundamentals Principles of MET are:
1. Post isometric relaxation/ Post contraction inhibition technique:
automatic relaxation of a muscle after isometric contraction of it.
2. Reciprocal Inhibition: automatic relaxation of a agonist muscle
when antagonist muscle is isometrically contracted.
By: Liebenson
Liebenson suggests that there is evidence that the receptors
responsible for PIR lie within the muscle and not in the skin or
associated joints .
Principle of MET
10. B Key points of MET:
1. The operator's force may exactly match the effort of the patient (isometric
contraction) allowing no movement to occur and producing as a result a
physiological neurological response (via the Golgi tendon organs) involving a
combination of:
reciprocal inhibition of the antagonist of the muscle being contracted, as well as
post isometric relaxation of the antagonist of the muscle which are being
contracted.
2. The operator's force may overcome the effort of the patient, thus moving the
area or joint in the direction opposite to that in which the patient is attempting to
move it (eccentric contraction).
3. The operator may partially match the effort of the patient, thus allowing,
although slightly retarding, the patient's effort (concentric contraction).
Principle of MET
11. C Requirements of MET: By Greenman
He suggested that the lesion should be control, balance and localisation.
A patient/active muscle contraction, which
Commences from a controlled position
Is in a specific direction (towards or away from a restriction barrier)
The operator applies distinct counterforce (to meet, not meet, or to overcome
the patient's force)
The degree of effort is controlled (sufficient to obtain an effect but not great
enough to induce trauma or difficulty in controlling the effort).
Principle of MET
12. 1. Stretch the Muscle: Move the tight muscle to the point where it just starts to
hurt or you feel resistance.
2. Contract the Muscle: The patient gently tightens the muscle against the
therapist's resistance for 5-10 seconds.
3. Relax the Muscle: The patient then relaxes the muscle.
4. Move to New Position: After relaxation, the therapist gently moves the
muscle a little further, removing all slack but not stretching it.
5. Repeat: This process is repeated 2-3 times.
For the hamstrings specifically:
- The patient uses 10-20% of their effort when tightening the muscle.
1. Lewit's Postisometric
relaxation technique
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13. 1.Minimal Force Contraction:
- When using minimal force to resist (isometric contraction), only a few muscle fibers are
active while the others are inhibited.
2.Gentle Movement Without Stretching:
- During relaxation, the muscle is gently moved to its new limit without stretching, which
avoids triggering the stretch reflex.
- The stretch reflex can be triggered even by a gentle, non-painful stretch.
3. Connection Between Tension and Pain:
- This method shows that there is a close link between muscle tension and pain.
- It also shows a link between muscle relaxation and pain relief (analgesia).
Mechanism of PIC
14. 1. Midrange Position:
- Position the shortened muscle halfway between fully stretched and fully relaxed.
2. Isometric Contraction:
- The patient contracts the muscle as hard as they can for 5-10 seconds, while the effort is
fully resisted.
3. Release and Stretch:
- After releasing the effort, quickly stretch the muscle to its new limit without bouncing and
hold for 10 seconds.
4. Relaxation:
- The patient relaxes for 20 seconds.
5. Repeat:
- Repeat this procedure 3-5 times.
2. Janda's Postfacilitation stretch
method
15. 1. Isometric Contraction:**
- When a muscle contracts isometrically, it activates the same muscle through alpha motor
neurons.
2. Inhibition of Antagonist Muscle:**
- This contraction also inhibits the opposing muscle (antagonist) through gamma motor
neurons.
3. Neurological Loop:
- This process, called antagonist relaxation due to agonist firing, involves a local neurological
loop with the Golgi tendon organs.
4. Reciprocal Inhibition:
- For example, when the hamstrings contract, their antagonist muscles are inhibited, reducing
their muscle tone.
This process helps reduce the muscle tone of the antagonist muscle, aiding in relaxation and
movement.
3. Reciprocal Inhibition technique
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16. 4. Strengthening Variation
1.this is like Isokinetic Contraction (Progressive Resisted Exercise):
- The patient starts with a weak effort and quickly progresses to a maximal
contraction of the affected muscles.
- The therapist provides resistance as the joint or area moves through a full
range of motion.
2. Limited Range with Good Muscle Tone:
- A limited range of motion with good muscle tone is often preferable to a
normal range with limited power.
- Strengthening weak muscles in areas with permanent mobility limitations
is important.
17. 4. Strengthening Variation
3. Benefits of Isokinetic Contractions:
- Strengthen muscle fibers.
- Improve coordination of muscle fibers.
- Result in progressively stronger muscular efforts due to neuromuscular
recruitment.
4. Execution of Isokinetic Contractions:
- Each contraction should last no more than 4 seconds to maximize benefits
and minimize fatigue.
- Avoid prolonged contractions.
5. Application:
- Best used on small joints, such as those in the extremities.
- More challenging to apply to spinal joints during full muscular resistance.
18. 5. Isolytic MET
Isotonic Contractions:
The patient uses isotonic contractions where the muscle changes length while under tension
during resistance from the therapist.
Stretching and Breaking Down Fibrotic Tissue:
The technique involves stretching the muscle and sometimes breaking down fibrotic tissues.
The therapist applies slightly more force than the patient to reduce adhesions in the muscle.
Gradual Increase in Effort:
The patient starts with about 20% of their possible strength for the first contraction, which
lasts 3-4 seconds.
The therapist resists and overcomes this effort.
Progressive Effort Increase:
If the first effort is painless, the patient increases the effort for the next contraction.
This process continues, with the patient using more force each time, aiming for maximum
contraction effort.
Aim:
The goal is to progressively increase the force of the muscle contractions while the therapist
overcomes these efforts to improve muscle function and reduce adhesions.
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19. 6. Ruddy's Pulsed MET
1940s and 50s, osteopathic physician T. J. Ruddy developed a method
which utilised a series of rapid pulsating contractions against
resistance, which he termed 'rapid resistive duction'.
Ruddy's method (Ruddy 1962) called for a series of muscle
contractions against resistance, at a rhythm a little faster than the
pulse rate. This approach can be applied in all areas where isometric
contractions are suitable, and is particularly
useful for self-treatment following instruction from a skilled
practitioner.
Ruddy used these techniques in the cervical spine and around the
orbit in his
practice as an ophthalmologist-otorhinolaryngologist.'.
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20. 6. Ruddy's Pulsed MET
The introduction of a pulsating muscle energy procedure such
as Ruddy's, involving these weak antagonists, therefore offers
the opportunity for:
1. Proprioceptive re-education
2. Strengthening facilitation of the weak antagonists
3. Further inhibition of tense agonists
4. Enhanced local circulation and drainage
5. In Liebenson's words, 'reeducation of movement patterns
on a reflex, subcortical basis' (Liebenson 1996).
21. 7. Isokinetic MET
Isokinetic Contraction (Progressive Resisted Exercise):
The patient starts with a weak effort and quickly progresses
to a maximal contraction of the affected muscles.
Resistance is introduced to the practitioner’s effort to move a
joint or area through a full range of motion.
Counterforce Adjustment:
The counterforce is increased during the contraction to match
the muscle’s increasing force as it shortens.
Benefits:
Improves efficient and coordinated use of muscles.
Enhances the tonus (resting tension) of the muscle.
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22. 8. Joints and MET
Joint and Muscle Connection:
The methods have a significant impact on joints because
joints cannot be considered separately from the muscles that
support and move them.
Importance of Muscle Function:
Proper muscle function is crucial for joint health and
movement.
23. 9. Self MET
Self-Treatment (Autotherapy):
Patients can learn to apply this treatment to themselves at home.
Passive Stretching:
They use their hand to passively stretch the tight muscle.
Counter Pressure:
The hand provides counter pressure during the muscle's voluntary
contraction (while inhaling).
Preventing Muscle Shortening:
During relaxation, the hand holds the muscle to prevent it from
shortening.
Increasing Range of Motion:
During exhalation, the hand takes up any slack to increase the range of
motion.
24. Patient active muscle contraction:
1. From controlled motion
2. In a specific direction
3. Met by practitioner applied distinct counterforce
4. Involving a controlled intensity of contraction
ELEMENTS
25. COMMON ERRORS
PATIENT ERROR
Strong contraction, in
wrong direction
Contraction is not
sustained, not
relaxed, starting and
finishing
PRACTITIONER ERROR
Inaccurate control of
joint, counterforce,
direction, moving
Instruction, fails to
maintain stretch
26. BARRIER
Soft tissue
Fluid restriction
Hypertonicity
Fibrotic tissue
Bony tissue
Pain
Breath & MET
Inhale as slowly build up an isometric
contraction
Hold 7-10 seconds
Release breadth as they slowly cease
contraction
Inhale and exhale fully once more, following
cessation of all efforts
27. Application
Isometric Contraction:
1.
The therapist's force matches the patient's effort, resulting in
no movement. This can lead to reciprocal inhibition and post-
isometric relaxation.
Isotonic Eccentric (Isolytic) Contraction:
2.
The therapist's force overcomes the patient's effort, moving
the area or joint in the opposite direction of the patient's
movement. This is an isotonic eccentric contraction, also called
isolytic when performed rapidly.
Isotonic Concentric (Isokinetic) Contraction:
3.
The therapist partially matches the patient's effort, allowing
movement. This results in an isotonic concentric or isokinetic
contraction.
28. Key Factors:
Effort Level: Patients exert around 20% of their strength or
adjust as needed.
Duration: Effort is held for 7-10 seconds or adjusted based
on need.
Repetitions: Three repetitions are considered optimal.
Resistance: Resistance can be provided by the operator,
gravity, the patient, or an immovable object.
30. 1. Isometric contraction- using RI(without
stretch):
A. Indications: Relaxing acute muscular spasm or contraction
Mobilising restricted joints Preparing joint for manipulation.
B. Contraction starting point: at easy restriction barrier
C. Mode: Antagonist is used in contraction thus treating
affected muscle via reciprocal inhibition method.
D. Force: subject's effort; initially: 20% and gradually increase
to 50%.
E. Duration of contraction: initially: 7-10sec
F. Action following contraction: Rest interval followed by the
area taken to a new barrier without stretch and repeated.
G. Repetitions: 3-5times until no further gain in ROM
31. 2. Isometric contraction- using PIR(without
stretch):
A. Indications: Relaxing acute muscular spasm or contraction
Mobilising restricted joints Preparing joint for manipulation.
B. Contraction starting point: at restriction barrier
C. Mode: Agonist is used in the isometric contraction thus
treating affected muscle.
D. Force: subject's effort; initially: 20% and gradually increase
to 50%.
E. Duration of contraction: initially: 7-10sec and gradually
increase to 20sec
F. Action following contraction: Rest interval followed by the
area taken to a new barrier without stretch and repeated.
G. Repetitions: 3-5times until no further gain in ROM
32. 3. Isometric contraction- using PIR with stretch:
A. Indications: Relaxing acute muscular spasm or contraction Mobilising
restricted joints Preparing joint for manipulation.
B. Contraction starting point: at easy restriction barrier
C. Mode: Agonist is used in isometric contraction thus treating affected
muscle via PIR allowing an easier stretch to be performed.
D. Force: subject's effort; initially: 20%
E. Duration of contraction: initially: 7-10sec and gradually increase to
20sec
F. Action following contraction: Rest interval of 5 sec followed by stretch
held for 10-30sec (painless) without stretch and relaxation followed by
repetition Stretching chronic or subacute restricted, fibrotic, contracted
soft tissues (fascia, muscle) or tissues housing active myofascial trigger
points..
G. Repetitions: 3-5times until no further gain in ROM
33. 4. Isometric contraction- using RI with stretch:
A. Indications: Stretching chronic or subacute restricted, fibrotic, contracted
soft tissues (fascia, muscle) or tissues housing active myofascial trigger
points This approach is chosen if contraction of the agonist is
contraindicated because of pain.
B. Contraction starting point: A little Short of restriction barrier
C. Mode: Antagonist is used in isometric contraction thus treating affected
muscle via RI allowing an easier stretch to be performed.
D. Force: subject's effort; initially: 30% and gradually increase to 50%.
E. Duration of contraction: initially: 7-10sec .
F. Action following contraction: Rest interval of 5 sec followed by stretch
held for 10-30sec (painless) without stretch and relaxation followed by
repetition Stretching chronic or subacute restricted, fibrotic, contracted
soft tissues (fascia, muscle) or tissues housing active myofascial trigger
points..
G. Repetitions: 3-5times until no further gain in ROM
34. 5. Isotonic concentric contraction (for toning rehab):
A. Indications:
Tonic weakened musculature
B. Contraction starting point: In a mid-range easy
position
C. Mode: Contracting muscle is allowed to do so
against some resistance applied by the therapist
D. Force: subject's effort: greater than therapists
resistance
E. Duration of contraction: 3-4 seconds
F. Repetitions: 5-7 times
35. 6. Isotonic eccentric contraction (for reducing
fibrotic changes in the muscle):
A. Indications:
Stretching tight fibrotic musculature
B. Contraction starting point: At restriction barrier
C. Mode: Muscle to be stretched is contracted and is rapidly
prevented by doing so by therapist, so that the contraction is
overcome and reversed so that contracting muscle is stretched.
D. Force: therapist's effort: greater than subject
E. Duration of contraction: 2-4 seconds
F. Repetitions: 3-5 times
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36. 7.Isotonic eccentric contraction (isolytic, for
strengthening weak postural muscles):
A. Indications:
Strengthening weakened postural muscles
B. Contraction starting point: At restriction barrier
C. Mode: Muscle to be stretched is contracted and is rapidly
prevented by doing so by therapist, so that the contraction is
slowly overcome and reversed so that contracting muscle is
stretched.
D. Force: therapist's effort: greater than subject
E. Duration of contraction: 5-7 seconds
F. Repetitions: 3-5 times
37. 8. Isokinetic (combined isotonic and isometric
contractions):
A. Indications: Toning weakened musculature Building strength
in all muscles involved in particular joint function Training and
balancing effect on muscle fibres.
B. Contraction starting point: Easy mid range position
C. Mode: Patient resists with moderate and variable effort at first,
progressing to maximal effort subsequently, as practitioner/
therapist puts joint rapidly through as full a range of movements
as possible.
D. Force: therapist's effort: greater than subject
E. Duration of contraction: up to4 seconds
F. Repetitions: 2-4 times
41. Neck extensor
PRI
Positioning: The patient is typically positioned lying down or sitting
comfortably.
1.
Isometric Contraction: The patient contracts the neck extensors by gently
pushing the head backward against resistance provided by the therapist's
hand.
2.
Intensity: The patient exerts around 20-30% of their maximum effort during
the contraction.
3.
Duration: The contraction is held for about 7-10 seconds.
4.
Relaxation: After the contraction, the patient relaxes the neck muscles
completely.
5.
Stretching: The therapist then applies a gentle stretch to the neck extensors,
taking the muscle into a slightly deeper stretch.
6.
Hold: The stretch is held for about 10-20 seconds to allow the muscles to relax
further.
7.
Repetition: This process may be repeated 2-3 times to maximize the
effectiveness of the post-isometric relaxation technique.
8.
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42. shoulder flexion range
is decreased
Positioning:
The patient is positioned comfortably, typically in a seated or lying position, with the
shoulder in a neutral or slightly extended position.
Isometric Contraction:
The therapist guides the patient to perform an isometric contraction of the shoulder
extensor muscles by pushing against the therapist's resistance for about 5-10 seconds.
Relaxation:
After the contraction, the patient relaxes the shoulder muscles completely.
Stretching:
The therapist then applies a gentle stretch to the shoulder extensor muscles, taking care not
to cause discomfort or pain.
Hold and Repeat:
The stretch is held for about 10-30 seconds, allowing for post-isometric relaxation to occur.
This process may be repeated for 2-3 times to maximize the effectiveness of the technique.
Benefits:
Post-isometric relaxation helps to increase flexibility and range of motion in the shoulder
extensor muscles.
It can also help alleviate muscle tension and reduce the risk of injury
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43. Positioning:
1.
The patient is typically positioned lying on their side or supine, depending on the
therapist's preference and the specific needs of the patient.
Isometric Contraction:
2.
The therapist guides the patient to perform an isometric contraction of the quadratus
lumborum muscle by pushing against the therapist's resistance for about 5-10 seconds.
Relaxation:
3.
After the contraction, the patient relaxes the quadratus lumborum muscle completely.
Stretching:
4.
The therapist then applies a gentle stretch to the quadratus lumborum muscle, usually
by side-bending the trunk away from the contracted side or by performing a passive
stretch in a seated position.
Hold and Repeat:
5.
The stretch is held for about 10-30 seconds, allowing for post-isometric relaxation to
occur and for the muscle to lengthen.
This process may be repeated for 2-3 times to maximize the effectiveness of the
technique.
Benefits:
6.
Post-isometric relaxation helps to increase flexibility and range of motion in the
quadratus lumborum muscle, which can help alleviate lower back pain and improve
overall movement patterns.
quadratus
lumborum
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44. Positioning:
The patient is positioned comfortably, usually lying on their stomach or standing,
with the arms extended overhead or by their sides.
Isometric Contraction:
The therapist guides the patient to push against their resistance for around 5-10
seconds, engaging the latissimus dorsi muscles.
Relaxation:
After the contraction, the patient completely relaxes the latissimus dorsi muscles.
Stretching:
The therapist then gently stretches the latissimus dorsi muscle, usually by
extending the arm or bending the trunk to the side, ensuring there's no pain.
Hold and Repeat:
The stretch is held for about 10-30 seconds, allowing the muscle to relax and
lengthen further.
The process can be repeated for 2-3 times to enhance flexibility and reduce
muscle tension.
Benefits:
Post-isometric relaxation helps improve the flexibility and range of motion of the
latissimus dorsi muscles.
It can also relieve muscle tightness and discomfort in the back and shoulder area.
latissimus dorsi
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45. Positioning:
The patient is positioned comfortably, usually lying on their stomach or standing,
with the arms extended overhead or by their sides.
Isometric Contraction:
The therapist guides the patient to push against their resistance for around 5-10
seconds, engaging the latissimus dorsi muscles.
Relaxation:
After the contraction, the patient completely relaxes the latissimus dorsi muscles.
Stretching:
The therapist then gently stretches the latissimus dorsi muscle, usually by
extending the arm or bending the trunk to the side, ensuring there's no pain.
Hold and Repeat:
The stretch is held for about 10-30 seconds, allowing the muscle to relax and
lengthen further.
The process can be repeated for 2-3 times to enhance flexibility and reduce
muscle tension.
Benefits:
Post-isometric relaxation helps improve the flexibility and range of motion of the
latissimus dorsi muscles.
It can also relieve muscle tightness and discomfort in the back and shoulder area.
quadriceps
https://drive.google.com/file/d/16PCMdoeAtcRghsSBiWLdWQ
5VYKTX7CJe/view?usp=drive_link
46. Positioning:
1.
The patient lies on their back or sits comfortably with the leg extended.
Isometric Contraction:
2.
The therapist guides the patient to contract the rectus femoris muscle by pushing
the thigh downwards against the therapist's resistance for about 5-10 seconds.
Relaxation:
3.
After the contraction, the patient relaxes the muscle completely.
Stretching:
4.
The therapist then gently stretches the rectus femoris muscle by flexing the hip
joint, bringing the knee towards the chest while keeping the opposite leg flat on
the surface.
Hold and Repeat:
5.
The stretch is held for about 10-30 seconds, allowing for post-isometric relaxation
to occur.
This process may be repeated for 2-3 times to enhance flexibility and reduce
muscle tension.
Benefits:
6.
Post-isometric relaxation helps increase the flexibility and range of motion in the
rectus femoris muscle.
It can also alleviate tightness and discomfort in the muscle, promoting better
movement and function.
rectus femoris
https://drive.google.com/file/d/16anuS9bXQ0fLFwbPtkpgmMy
o4fLiH538/view?usp=drive_link
47. shoulder horizontal abductors-
Middle Trapezius., Lower Trapezius, Rhomboid Major., Rhomboid Minor.
Positioning:
1.
The patient is positioned comfortably, typically in a seated or lying position, with the arm
at the side and the shoulder in a neutral position.
Isometric Contraction:
2.
The therapist guides the patient to perform an isometric contraction of the shoulder
horizontal abductors by pushing against the therapist's resistance for about 5-10
seconds.
Relaxation:
3.
After the contraction, the patient relaxes the shoulder muscles completely.
Stretching:
4.
The therapist then applies a gentle stretch to the shoulder horizontal abductor muscles,
moving the arm away from the body, taking care not to cause discomfort or pain.
Hold and Repeat:
5.
The stretch is held for about 10-30 seconds, allowing for post-isometric relaxation to
occur.
This process may be repeated for 2-3 times to maximize the effectiveness of the
technique.
Benefits:
6.
Post-isometric relaxation helps to increase flexibility and range of motion in the shoulder
horizontal abductor muscles.
It can also help alleviate muscle tension and improve overall shoulder function.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qZfZ8DaSiKxVj4gp6c3aTdQxp
1sxksYS/view?usp=drive_link
48. Positioning:
The patient is typically positioned lying on their back with both knees bent and one leg is on
other knee.
Isometric Contraction:
The therapist guides the patient to perform an isometric contraction of the piriformis muscle
by pushing the knee of the affected side against the therapist's resistance for about 5-10
seconds.
Relaxation:
After the contraction, the patient relaxes the piriformis muscle completely.
Stretching:
The therapist then applies a gentle stretch to the piriformis muscle by externally rotating
and abducting the hip of the affected side, while keeping the knee bent.
Hold and Repeat:
The stretch is held for about 10-30 seconds, allowing for post-isometric relaxation to occur.
This process may be repeated for 2-3 times to maximize the effectiveness of the technique.
Benefits:
Post-isometric relaxation helps to increase flexibility and reduce tension in the piriformis
muscle.
It can also alleviate symptoms associated with piriformis syndrome, such as sciatica and hip
pain.
piriformis
https://drive.google.com/file/d/15yl6cuHW9D65d5qn8-
jz_XACnYgEu3bm/view?usp=drive_link
https://drive.google.com/file/d/15xzjB9wTxCEbtQM
_srAhxa9BhRwKm1Uf/view?usp=drive_link