Digestive system seminar

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
BY,
K.SOUNDARARAJAN
K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 1

ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

ORGANS

Digestive System
• The digestive system, also known as the
gastrointestinal system, is responsible for the
physical and chemical breakdown of food
• Breakdown is necessary so food can be taken into
bloodstream and used by body cells and tissues
• System consists of alimentary canal and accessory
organs

Food Breakdown
• Ingestion
– Taking of food into the body
• Peristalsis
– Physical movement along the tract
• Digestion
– Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
• Absorption
– Passage of food from digestive tract into body
• Defecation
– Elimination of indigestible substances from body

Alimentary Canal
• A long, muscular tube that begins at the
mouth and includes the mouth (oral cavity),
pharynx, Oesophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, and anus
Accessory Organs
• Accessory organs are the salivary glands,
tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Basic structure of alimentary
canal
 Four layer of tissue
 Adventitia or
secosa
(peritoneum)
 Muscle layer
 Sub mucosa
 Mucosa lining

canal
 Peritoneum
abdominal wall –parital
organ- visceral
 Muscle layer
circular muscle layer
longitudinal muscle
layer
contraction ,relaxation
movement of bolus by
peristalsis

canal
 Sub mucosa
collagen, elastic
fibers
 Mucosa
3 layers of tissue
Mucous membrane
protect , secret,
absorb
Lamina propria
protect
muscularis mucosa
Villi, gastric gland K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 11

BASIC STRUCTURE OF
ALIMENTARY CANAL

QUADRANTS

REGION OF ABDOMINAL
CAVITY
hypochondria
c
lumbar
Iliac fossa
epigastric
umbilical
hypo gastric

Time for recap

MOUTH
MOUTH

MOUTH OR ORAL CAVITY
Boundaries
 Anterior - lips
 Posterior - oropharynx
 Laterally - muscle of cheek
 Superiorly - bony hard palate,
muscular soft palate.
 Inferiorly - muscular tongue ,
soft tissue of floor of
mouth K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 17

Parts of the Alimentary Canal
• The mouth, also called the buccal cavity,
receives food as it enters body
• While food is in mouth, it is
– Tasted
– Broken down physically by teeth
– Lubricated and partially digested by saliva
– And swallowed

 Mouth = oral cavity
 Lips- orbicularis
oris muscle
 Cheeks –
buccinators muscle
19
The Mouth
K. Soundararajan, SRIHER

 VESTIBULE
part between cheek &
gum
 PALATE
anterior hard palate
posterior soft palate
 UVULA
curved fold of muscle
hanging from middle
border of soft palate
20
OPEN MOUTH

 ARCHES
anterior fold-
palatoglossal arch
posterior fold-
palatopharyngeal arch
 PALATINE TONSIL
each side of arches
collection of lymphoid
tissue
21
OPEN MOUTH

• The hard palate is the bony structure that forms the
roof of the mouth and separates the mouth from the
nasal cavities
• Behind the hard palate is the soft palate, which
separates the mouth from the nasopharynx
• The uvula, a cone-shaped muscular structure, hangs
from the middle of the soft palate and prevents food
from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing

Tongue
 Mostly muscles
 Grip and reposition food
 Forms “bolus” of food (lump)
 Help in swallowing
 Speech – help form some consonants
 Taste buds contained by circumvallate and fungiform papillae
 Lingual tonsil – back of tongue
23K. Soundararajan, SRIHER

Tongue
 Voluntary muscular
structure
 Base – hyoid bone
 Floor – frenulum
 Superior surface-
papillae for sense
of taste

Tongue
 Blood supply
Artery-
lingual artery (B)- external carotid
artery
Vein-
lingual vein (J)- internal jugular vein

Tongue
 Nerve supply
hypoglossal nerve
lingual (B) of mandibular nerve
fasical & glossopharyngeal nerve
 Lymphatic's
drain in to upper deep cervical
retropharyngeal lymph node

Teeth
 Called “dentition” (like dentist)
 Teeth live in sockets (alveoli) in the
gum-covered margins of the mandible
and maxilla
 Chewing: raising and lowering the
mandible and moving it from side to
side while tongue positions food
between teeth

Teeth
Two sets
 Primary or deciduous
 “Baby” teeth
 Start at 6 months
 20 are out by about 2 years
 Fall out between 2-6 years
 Permanent: 32 total
these 32 teeth complete by
21st year

Teeth
 Incisors
 Canine
 Premolar
 Molar
Cutting
Grinding or chewing

Teeth are classified according to
shape and function
 Incisors: chisel-shaped for
chopping off pieces
 Canines: cone shaped to
tear and pierce
 Premolars (bicuspids) and
 Molars - broad crowns
with 4-5 rounded cusps for
grinding
30
incisor
canine
premolar
molar

Tooth structure
 Two main regions
A. Crown (exposed)
B. Root (in socket)
C. Meet at neck
 Enamel
 99% calcium crystals
 Hardest substance in
body
 Dentin – bulk of the
tooth (bone-like but
harder than bone, with
collagen and mineral)
 Pulp cavity with vessels
and nerves
 Root canal: the part of
the pulp in the root 31
A
B
C

Tooth structure
 Cementum – bone
layer of tooth root
 Attaches tooth to
periodontal ligament
 Periodontal ligament
 Anchors tooth in boney
socket of the jaw
 Continuous with gingiva
(gums)
32
A
B
C

Tooth
 Blood supply
Artery-
maxillary artery
Vein-
internal jugular vein
 Nerve supply
upper- maxillary nerve
lower-mandibular nerve
Trigeminal
nerve

SALIVARY GLANDS

• Three pairs of salivary glands
– Parotid (cheek/jaw)
– Sublingual (beneath tongue)
– Submandibular (chin/neck)
• They produce a liquid called saliva
• Saliva lubricates mouth during speech and chewing and
moistens food so it can be swallowed easily
• Also contains enzyme called salivary amylase
• Salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of
complex carbohydrates, or starches, into sugars that
can be taken into the body

The Salivary Glands
 Produce saliva
 Compound tubuloalveolar glands
 Parotid glands
 Parotid duct – parallel to zygomatic arch
 Contains only serous cells
 Submandibular glands
 Lies along medial surface of mandible
 Sublingual glands
 Lies in floor of oral cavity
 Contains primarily mucous cells

Salivary glands
(tuboalveolar glands)
 Intrinsic salivary glands
 Secrete saliva all the time
to keep mouth moist
 Extrinsic salivary glands
 Paired (2 each)
 Parotid
 Submandibular
 Sublingual
 External to mouth
 Ducts to mouth
 Secrete saliva only right
before or during eating
38
Saliva: mixture of water, ions, mucus, enzymes
keep mouth moist
dissolves food so can be tasted
moistens food
starts enzymatic digestion
buffers acid
antibacterial and antiviral K. Soundararajan, SRIHER

Extrinsic salivary glands
 Parotids* - largest (think
mumps)
each side of face just
below external acoustic
meatus ends 2 upper
molar tooth
 Submandibular # - medial
surface mandible
Each side of face under
angle of jaw
 Sublingual + - under
tongue; floor of mouth
Floor of mouth end infront
of sub mandibular gland 39
*
#

Salivary gland
 Blood supply
Artery-
external carotid artery
Vein-
external jugular vein
 Lymphatic's
submental node
submandibular node
deep cervical node

• The teeth are special structures in mouth that
physically break down food by chewing and
grinding
• Process is called mastication
• The tongue is a muscular organ that contains
special receptors, called taste buds
• Taste buds allow a person to taste sweet, salt,
sour, and bitter sensations
• The tongue also aids in chewing and swallowing
foods

Brother!
Answer me,
Please !!

SECTION OF HEAD & NECK

MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS

PHARYNX
PHARYNX

Pharynx
 Length - 12cm
Width - 3.5 cm
It is wide muscular
tube situated behind
nose, mouth, larynx.
3 layer of tissue
 Mucosa
(lining membrane )
 Middle layer
 Outer layer
( involuntary muscle)

Pharynx
Three parts
• Nasopharynx
air ( nasal part )
• Oropharynx
air & food
( oral part )
• Laryngopharynx
food ( laryngeal
part )

Pharynx
Boundaries
 Anterior - nasal, oral cavity, larynx,
anterior wall incomplete
 Posterior - pharynx glides freely on
pre vertebral fascia
 Superiorly - base of skull, occipital
bone,
pharyngeal tubercle
 Inferiorly - lower border of critoid
cartilage

Pharynx
 Blood supply
Artery-
several branches of fascial
arteries
Vein-
facial vein,
internal jugular vein.
• Nerve supply
Para- glossopharyngeal ,
vagus nerve
sym- cervical ganglia,
lesser palatine nerve
• Lymphatic's
jugulodigastric node
50
___oropharynx
___laryngophary
nx
*
*
*

OSEOPHAGUS
OESOPHAGUS

Oesophagus
Narrow muscular tube
It is collapsible tube
Length – 25cm
Width – 2 cm
Extend :
 Lies median plane in thorax in
front of vertebral column
behind trachea, heart
 Below diaphragm join
stomach
Greater part – thorax
Lesser part - abdomen

Oesophagus
 Sphincters
1. Pharyngeal (or)
upper
oesophageal
sphincter -
prevent air
passage
2. Cardiac (or) lower
oesophageal
sphincter -
prevent reflux of K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 53

Contains all 4
layers (see right)
 Epithelium: non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Mucus glands in wall
 Muscle (muscularis externa) changes as it goes down
 Superior 1/3 of esophagus: skeletal muscle (like pharynx)
 Middle 1/3 mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle
 Inferior 1/3 smooth muscle (as in stomach and intestines)
 When empty, mucosa and submucosa lie in longitudinal folds
54
Microscopic anatomy of Oesophagus

55
Oesophagus histology

Oesophagus
 Blood supply
Artery
Thoracic - oesophageal artery (B) of
thoracic artery
Abdominal – inferior phrenic artery,
left gastric artery (B) of
coeliac artery

Oesophagus
 Blood supply
Vein
Thoracic – azygos, hemiazygos vein
Abdominal – left gastric vein
• Nerve supply
anterior & posterior gastric nerve
• Lymphatic's
arteries into left gastric node

Abdomen part

STOMACH
STOMACH

Stomach

Stomach
 It is a J- shaped dilated portion of
alimentary tract
 Location:
epigastric , umbilical,
left hypochondriac
 Size – 25 cm long
 Capacity
birth – 30 ml
puberty – 1 liter
adult – 1.5 to 2 liter

Relations of Stomach

Stomach Relations
 Anterior - left lobe of liver, anterior
abdominal wall, coastal cartilage
 Posterior - abdominal aorta, pancreas,
left kidney, adrenal gland,
spleen
 Superior - diaphragm, oesophagus,
left lobe of kidney
 Inferior – tranverse colon,
small intestine
 Left side - diaphragm, spleen
 Right side - liver , duodenum

Stomach Regions
Parts
 Cardiac
fundus
body
 Pyloric
pyloric antrum (7.5
cm)
pyloric canal (2.5 cm)
65
dome

Stomach Region
 Surface
1. anterior or
anterio-superior
(forward, upward)
2. Posterior or
posterio-inferior
(backward,
downward )

Stomach Region
Sphincter
 Cardiac sphincter
(oesophagus)
 Pyloric sphincter
(duodenum)
curvature shape omentum border notch
Lesser Concave Lesser Right
( below)
Angular
Greater Convex Greater Left
(above)
cardiac

Shape of stomach
 Shape – pyriform
 Obese person-
horizontal
 Radio graphic
examination of
stomach after
barium meal gives
shape clearly

Interior of stomach
 It has longitudinal
folds and
irregular in shape
 Gastric canal
near lesser
curvature
swallow liquid
 Stomach bed is
separate from
stomach by
lesser sac

 Rugae: longitudinal folds on internal surface
(helps distensibility)
 Muscularis: additional innermost oblique layer
(along with circular and longitudinal layers)

Layers of stomach
Muscle coat
1. Longitudinal
(outer layer)
2. Inner circular
(middle layer)
3. Deep oblique
(inner layer)

Histology of
stomach
72
 Simple columnar
epithelium:
 secrete
bicarbonate-
buffered mucus
 Gastric pits
opening into
gastric glands

Blood supply - artery
 Lesser curvature
left gastric artery (B) –
coeliac trunk
right gastric artery (B)-
proper hepatic artery
 Greater curvature
right gastro epiploic
artery(B)- gastroduodenal
artery
left gastro epiploic artery(B)-
spleenic artery
 Fundus
5 to 7 short gastric arteries

Blood supply - vein
 Portal vein
 Right & left gastric
vein
 Right & left gastro
epiploic vein
 Superior & inferior
mescentric vein
 Short gastric vein
 Splenic vein

Lymphatic's
 Right & left gastric
node
 Right & left gastro
epiploic node
 Short gastric node
 Coeliac node
 Hepatic node
 Pyloric node
 Pancreatic splenic
node

Nerve supply
 Sympathetic-
T6 to10
via greater
splanchnic nerve,
coeliac & hepatic
plexus , vasomotor
 Parasympathetic-
vagus esophageal
plexus

Histology of stomach K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 77

SMALL INTESTINE
SMALL
INTESTINE

Small intestine
 It continuous with
the stomach at
pyloric sphincter
 It is longest of
alimentary canal
 Greater part of
digestion &
absorption take
place here.

Small intestine
 It is divided in to
three region
i. Duodenum
ii. Jejunum
iii. Ileum

Duodenum
 It is shortest , widest & most fixed part
 Extend
From - pylorus
To – duodenojejunal flexure
 Length- 25cm
It is ‘c’ shaped , receives opening of
bile & pancreatic duct
 Location
epigastric , umbilical

Parts of duodenum
 It is divided into four
parts
1. First or superior
2. Second or
descending
3. Third or horizontal
4. Fourth or ascending

First or superior part of
duodenum
 Begin – pylorus
 End – superior duodenal flexure
Relation
Anterior – quadrate lobe of liver, gall
bladder
Posterior – gastro duodenal artery, bile
duct,
portal vein
Superior – epiploic foramen
Inferior – head and neck of pancrease

Second or descending part
 Begin – superior duodenal flexure
 End – inferior duodenal flexure
Relation
Anterior – right lobe of liver, transverse of
colon,
root of mesocolon, small intestine
Posterior – anterior surface of right
kidney(medial
border), right renal vessel, right
edge
of inferior venacava, right psoas

Third or horizontal part
 Begin – inferior duodenal flexure
 End – front of abdominal aorta, lower margin
of head of pancreas
Relation
Anterior – superior mesenteric vessel,
root of mesentry
Posterior –right ureter, right psoas major, right
testicular or ovarian vessel, inferior
venacava, abdominal aorta
Superior – head of pancreas
Inferior – coil of jejunum

Fourth or ascending part
 Begin – upper border of 2 lumbar
vertebra
 End – duodenojejunal flexure at jejunum
Relation
Anterior – transverse colon, transverse
mesocolon, lesser sac, stomach.
Posterior –left renal artery, left gonadal
artery,
inferior mesentric vein, left
sympathetic vein
Superior – body of pancrease

Blood supply
 Artery
Upper half
Superior pancreaticoduodeal artery (B)
gastroduodenal artery
Lower half
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (B)
superior mesenteric artery
 Vein
Superior pancreaticoduodeal vein drains
into
portal vein , inferior vein, joins mesenteric
vein

Artery supply for duodenum

Duodenum
 Lymphatic's
pancreaticoduodenal nodes to gastro
duodenal nodes
celiac nodes
superior mesenteric nodes
 Nerve supply
sympathetic & parasympathetic vagus
nerve from celiac & superior
mesenteric plexus

Jejunum and Ileum
 The coil are freely mobile & attached
to posterior abdominal wall by fan-
shaped peritoneum
Begin – duodenojejunal flexure
End – ileoceral junction

Jejunum and Ileum

Jejunum and Ileum
Feature Jejunum Ileum
Location Occupies upper left
Part of intestinal area
Occupies lower right
Part of intestinal area
Wall Thicker more vascular Thinner less vascular
villi Large , thick ( leaf –
like)
More abundant
Large , thick ( leaf –
like)
More abundant

Difference between
Jejunum
• Larger diameter
• Thickening wall
• Prominent fold
• 1-2 vascular
archade
• Long vasa recta
• Fat free
mesentery
Ileum
• Smaller
diameter
• Thinner wall
• Flat and few
• 4-5 vascular
archades
• Short vasa recta
• Abundant
mesenteric fat

Blood supply
 Arteries
branch of superior
mesenteric artery ,
lower part of ileum
by ileocolic artery
 Vein
superior
mesenteric node
jejunum
ileumK. Soundararajan, SRIHER 95

Jejunum and ileum
 Lymphatic’s
intermediate mesenteric node,
superior mesenteric node
 Nerve
vagus nerve from superior mesenteric
plexus
sympathetic – T9 – T11 segment
parasympathetic- vagus

LARGE INTESTINE
LARGE
INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE

Large intestine
 It is about 1.5 m in
long
 Extend
begin – caecum
end – anal canal

Large intestine
 It divides into many
parts
 Caecum,
 Ascending colon,
 Transverse colon,
 Descending colon,
 Sigmoid colon,
 Rectum ,
 Anal canal

Caecum
 It is large blind sac
forming large
intestine
 Long – 6 cm
 Relation
anterior :
coil of intestine,
anterior wall of
abdominal wall
posterior :
right psoas, iliacus
medially:
appendix
caecum

Caecum
 Blood supply
 Artery
branch of ileocolic artery
 Vein
superior mesenteric vein
 Lymphatic’s
several mescentric
nodes
 Nerve
vagus nerve - superior
mesenteric plexus

Appendix

Vermiform Appendix
 It is a vestibular
organ
 It is narrow ,
muscular contain
large amount of
lymphoid tissue
 It base attached to
posterio medial
surface of caecum
below ileoceal
junction
appendix

Vermiform Appendix
 Blood supply
Artery
appendicular artery (B) posterior cecal artery
Vein
appendicular vein drain in to posterior cecal vein
 Lymphatic’s
 Nerve
vagus nerve - superior mesenteric plexus

Large intestine – ascending
colon
 Length – 13cm
 Location – right lower
quadrant
 From
caecum
 To
inferior surface of right
lobe of liver , right colic
flexure
Sigmoid
colon

Relation of ascending colon
 Anterior
coil of intestine,
greater omentum,
anterior abdominal wall.
 Posterior
iliacus, iliac crest,
quadratus lumbrum,
lower pole of kidney

Ascending colon
 Blood supply
Artery
ileocolic & right colic (B) of superior
mesenteric artery
Vein
superior mesenteric vein
 Lymphatic’s
 Nerve
superior mesenteric plexus ( vagus )

Large intestine – transverse
colon
 Length – 38cm
 Location – right &
left upper quadrant
 From
right colic flexure
 To
left colic flexure
Sigmoid
colon

Relation of transverse colon
 Anterior
greater omentum,
 Posterior
second part of duodenum,
head of pancrease,
coil of jejunum ,
coil of ileum.

Transverse colon
 Blood supply
Artery
Proximal two third:
middle colic artery (B) superior mesenteric arter
Distal third:
left colic artery (B) inferior mesenteric artery
Vein
the vein correspond to arteries drains in to
superior & inferior mesenteric vein

Transverse colon
 Lymphatic’s
colic node, superior & inferior
mesenteric node
 Nerve
Proximal two third:
Vagus nerve -superior mesenteric
plexus
Distal third:
Pelvic splanchnic nerve-inferior
mesenteric plexus

Large intestine- descending
colon
 Length – 25cm
 Location – left upper
& lower quadrant
 From
left colic flexure
 To
sigmoid colon
Sigmoid
colon

Relation of descending colon
 Anterior
coil of small intestine
greater omentum,
 Posterior
left kidney (lateral border), transversus
abdominus, quadratus lumborum, iliac
crest, left psoas, iliacus, iliohypogastric
nerve, ilioinguninal nerve, femoral
nerve.

Descending colon
 Blood supply
Artery
left colic sigmoid (B) of inferior
mesenteric artery
Vein
inferior mesenteric vein
 Lymphatic’s
inferior mesenteric node
 Nerve
inferior mesenteric nerve , pelvic
splanchnic nerve

Large intestine – sigmoid
colon
 Length – 25 to 38cm
 Location – left lower
quadrant
 From
in front pelvic brim
 To
rectum
Sigmoid
colon

Relation of sigmoid colon
 Anterior
Male – urinary bladder
Female – posterior surface of uterus,
upper part of vagina
 Posterior
rectum & sacrum
lower coil of terminal part of ileum

Sigmoid colon
 Blood supply
Artery
inferior mesenteric artery
Vein
inferior mesenteric vein joins portal
venous system
 Lymphatic’s
inferior mesenteric node
 Nerve
inferior hypo gastric plexuses.

LARGE INTESTINE

Rectum
 Length – 13 cm
 Location
posterior part of lesser
pelvic, in front of
sacrum coccyx (lower
3 pieces)
 Extend
 From
continuation of
sigmoid colon
 To
anal canal at
anorectal junction

Curvatures of rectum

Relation of rectum
 Posterior
sacrum, coccyx, coccyges, piriformis, levatores
ani, sacral plexus.
 Anterior
 Male
upper two-third – rectovesical pouch with coil of
intestine, sigmoid colon.
lower one-third – urinary bladder base, ureter
terminal, seminal vesicles, deferent ducts,
prostate
 Female
upper two-third – rectovesical pouch with coil of
intestine, sigmoid colon separates from ureter ,
upper part of vagina K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 122

Mucosal folds

Rectum
 Blood supply
 Arteries
superior, middle, inferior rectal artery
 Vein
superior, middle, inferior rectal vein
 Nerve
inferior hypogastric plexuses
 Lymphatic’s
pararectal nodes , inferior mesenteric
node,
internal iliac nodes K. Soundararajan, SRIHER 124

Anal canal
 Length – 3.8 cm
 Location-
below the level of
pelvic diaphragm
 Extend
 From
rectal ampulla
 To
anus

Relations
 Anterior
Male - membranous urethra, bulb of
penis
Female - lower end of vagina
Both sexes- perineal body
 Posterior
anococcygeal ligament, tip of coccyx
 Laterally
ischioanal fossae

Anal canal
 Blood supply
 Arteries
superior & inferior rectal artery
 Vein
superior & inferior rectal vein, internal pudendal
vein
 Lymphatic’s
superior & inferior rectal node, superficial
inguinal nodes
 Nerve
inferior hypogastric plexuses, inferior rectal nerve,
pudendal nerve, perinal branch of 4 th sacral nerve

Rectum & Anal canal

Lymph drainage of rectum & anal
canal

Accessory organs

LIVER
LIVER

LIVER

Liver
 It is largest gland
 Weight- 1 & 2.3 kg
 Location-
right & left hypogastric ,
epigastric region

Liver
–liver is the largest solid organ in
the body, located in the upper right
abdominal cavity.
–An accessory organ of digestion
that contributes to, but is not
physically involved in, the process
of digestion.
–Liver cells (hepatocytes)
continuously produce bile, aK. Soundararajan, SRIHER 137

POSTERIOR

Liver
–Bile produced by the liver flows
through the hepatic ducts, through
the common hepatic duct, and then
into either the cystic duct to the
gallbladder or the common bile
duct.
–All of the ducts that carry bile are
collectively known as the biliary
tree.

POSTERIOR SURFACE

Relations
 Anterior & superior
diaphragm , anterior wall of abdominal wall
 Inferior ,
stomach, bile duct, duodenum, hepatic
flexure of colon , right kidney , adernal
gland
 Posterior
oesophagus, inferior vena cava, aorta, gall
bladder, diaphragm, vertebral column.
 Laterally
lower ribs, diaphargm

Liver
 Blood supply
Artery
hepatic artery
Vein
portal vein, inferior venacava
 Lymphatic’s
hepatic, paracardial, coeliac node
 Nerve
vagal nerve

GALL BLADDER
GALL BLADDER

Gallbladder
– An accessory organ of digestion posterior to
the liver.
– Concentrates and stores bile from the liver.
– The presence of fatty chyme in the duodenum
causes the gallbladder to contract, sending bile
into the common bile duct and duodenum to
digest fats.
– It is pear shaped sac
– It is divided into fundus , body , neck
– It is covered by peritoneum

Gallbladder
 Relations
 Anterior
anterior abdominal
wall, inferior
surface of liver
 Posterior
transverse colon,
first , second part
of duodenum

Gallbladder
 Blood supply
cystic artery,
cystic vein
 Lymphatic’s
cystic lymph
node
 Nerve
celiac plexus
(vagus)

PANCREAS
PANCREAS

PANCREAS
It is pale green gland
Weight – 60 grams
Length – 12 to 15 cm
Location –
epigastric , left hypo gastric
region.

PANCREASE

Pancreas
–An accessory organ of digestion
posterior to the stomach.
–Presence of food in the duodenum
causes the pancreas to secrete
digestive enzymes into the
pancreatic duct to the duodenum.
–Also functions as an organ of the
endocrine system.

PANCREASE

Relations
 Anterior
right to left
transverse of colon , lesser sac, stomach
 Posterior
right to left
left kidney, hilum of spleen, left
suprarenal gland, left psoas , superior
mesenteric artery, aorta, inferior
venacava, portal & splenic vein, bile duct

Blood supply
 Artery
splenic artery
superior pancreatico
duodenal artery
inferior pancreatico
duodenal artery

Blood supply
 Vein
splenic vein
superior pancreatico
duodenal vein
inferior pancreatico
duodenal vein
portal vein

pancreas
 Lymphatic’s
celiac node
 Nerve
vagal nerve

Spleen

Spleen
 It is reddish &
largest single mass
of lymphoid tissue
 It act as filter of
blood
 It is wedged in
fundus of stomach,
diaphragm
 Location
left hypogastric ,
epigastric

Relations
 Anterior
stomach, tail of pancreas, left colic
flexure
left kidney along medial border
 Posterior
diaphragm, left pleura, left lungs , 9th to
11th ribs

Spleen
 Blood supply
 Artery
splenic artery, celiac artery
 Vein
splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein,
portal vein
 Lymphatic’s
celiac nodes
 Nerve
celiac plexus

Digestive system seminar

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