-MET is a type of osteopathic manipulative treatement used in osteopathic therapy, physical therapy, massage therapy and occupational therapy.
- A form of diagnosis and treatment in which the patient's muscles are actively used on request, from a precisely controlled position, in a specific direction, and against a distinctly executed physician counterforce. 1.Dr. TJ Ruddy:
first osteopathic doctor to use muscle energy in the
1940’s and 1950’s, he referred to it as resistive duction,
which he defined as a series of muscle contractions against
resistance; used techniques mainly in the C‐spine.2.Dr. Fred Mitchell, Sr.: has been titled the Father of
muscle energy.
-He took Dr. Ruddy’s principles and incorporated them into manual medicine to any body region/ articulation.
-He believed that pelvis was the key to musculoskeletal system.
Introduction to muscle energy techniques (METs)Fared Alkordi
The use of Muscle Energy Techniques (METs) to reduce muscle pain and improve muscle length. Types, physiological mechanisms and practical techniques in clinical settings.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
The voluntary contraction of the patient muscle in a precisely controlled direction, at varying level of intensity against a distinctly executed counter force applied by the operator. It is a active techniques in which the patient contributes the corrective force
Introduction to muscle energy techniques (METs)Fared Alkordi
The use of Muscle Energy Techniques (METs) to reduce muscle pain and improve muscle length. Types, physiological mechanisms and practical techniques in clinical settings.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
The voluntary contraction of the patient muscle in a precisely controlled direction, at varying level of intensity against a distinctly executed counter force applied by the operator. It is a active techniques in which the patient contributes the corrective force
Presentation slides from our recent workshop on Myofascial Release. This workshop was delivered from our St John Street Clinic in Manchester on Saturday 17th March.
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
Basic Introduction about Joint Mobilisation and Manipulation, This article gives clear notes for the students to understand the Mobilisation techniques.
Concept given by Shacklock (modern concept) and Butler (old concept), a method of assessment as well as treatment of peripheral neurological system by physiotherapists.
Part-I: The current slideshow: theoretical aspect of neurodynamics.
Part-II: Assessment of peripheral nervous system on the basis of neurodynamic concepts: Date: 01/04/2020
Part-III: treatment part: Date: 03/04/2020
Part-IV: Self neurodynamics: 05/04/2020
This Presentation is about Mitchell relaxation technique also known a physiological relaxation technique Mitchell’s physiological relaxation technique is based on reciprocal inhibition and involves diaphragmatic breathing and a series of ordered isotonic contractions.
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
content from
(proprioceptive neuromuscular fascilitation article of Marymount University Fall 2009),
DPT AMIR MEMON (pnf presentation)
DPT AARTI SAREEM (pnf presentation)
Muscle Energy Technique (MET) with variant and techniques.Anjali Parmar
muscle energy technique with post-isometric contraction and reciprocal inhibition, isotonic and isokinetic contraction. with all variants and techniques described.
Muscle energy technique is a manual therapy procedure which involves the voluntary contraction of a muscle in a precisely controlled direction at varying levels of intensity against a distinct counter force applied by the therapist
Presentation slides from our recent workshop on Myofascial Release. This workshop was delivered from our St John Street Clinic in Manchester on Saturday 17th March.
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
Basic Introduction about Joint Mobilisation and Manipulation, This article gives clear notes for the students to understand the Mobilisation techniques.
Concept given by Shacklock (modern concept) and Butler (old concept), a method of assessment as well as treatment of peripheral neurological system by physiotherapists.
Part-I: The current slideshow: theoretical aspect of neurodynamics.
Part-II: Assessment of peripheral nervous system on the basis of neurodynamic concepts: Date: 01/04/2020
Part-III: treatment part: Date: 03/04/2020
Part-IV: Self neurodynamics: 05/04/2020
This Presentation is about Mitchell relaxation technique also known a physiological relaxation technique Mitchell’s physiological relaxation technique is based on reciprocal inhibition and involves diaphragmatic breathing and a series of ordered isotonic contractions.
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
content from
(proprioceptive neuromuscular fascilitation article of Marymount University Fall 2009),
DPT AMIR MEMON (pnf presentation)
DPT AARTI SAREEM (pnf presentation)
Muscle Energy Technique (MET) with variant and techniques.Anjali Parmar
muscle energy technique with post-isometric contraction and reciprocal inhibition, isotonic and isokinetic contraction. with all variants and techniques described.
Muscle energy technique is a manual therapy procedure which involves the voluntary contraction of a muscle in a precisely controlled direction at varying levels of intensity against a distinct counter force applied by the therapist
Muscle energy techniques are manual techniques involving the muscles own energy to lengthen the muscle fibres and remove the sustained contractions that cause the Trigger points.
•Two aspects of MET are-
i.their ability to relax an overactive muscle.
ii.their ability to enhance stretch of a shortened muscle or its associated fascia when connective tissue or viscoelastic changes have occurred.
There are 2 forms of MET:
1. Autogenic inhibition
Post isometric relaxation
Post facilitation stretching
2. Reciprocal inhibition
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Muscle energy is a direct and active technique; meaning it engages a restrictive barrier and requires the patient’s participation for maximal effect.
•A restrictive barrier describes the limit in the range of motion that prevents the patient from being able to reach the baseline limit in his range of motion. As the patient performs an isometric contraction, the following physiologic changes occur:-
i.Golgi tendon organ activation results in direct inhibition of the agonist’s muscles.
ii.A reflexive reciprocal inhibition occurs at the antagonistic muscles.
iii.As the patient relaxes, agonist and antagonist muscles remain inhibited allowing the joint to be moved further into the restricted range of motion.
BENEFITS OF MET:
•Restoring normal tone in hypertonic muscles
•Strengthening weak muscles
•Preparing muscle for subsequent stretching
•Improved joint mobility
INDICATIONS
•Movement restriction due to muscle tightness.
•Muscle hyperactivity.
•Myofascial restrictions.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
•Fracture
•Severe sprain
•Severe strain
•Open wounds
•Severe osteoporosis
•Avulsion injury
•Metabolic bone
•Unconscious patient
•Non cooperative patient
The manual muscle testing procedure was described in this power point, indications, contraindications, limitations of MMT was included. the MMT grading system (scale) was explained well in this PPT.
NASM Integrated Flexibility Continuum
Corrective Flexibility: This phase is designed to correct common postural dysfunctions, muscle imbalances, and joint dysfunction. It includes: SMR and static stretching (and neuromuscular stretching if trained in technique). ... This includes SMR and dynamic stretching.
Mobility and Flexibility of soft tissues (muscles, tendons, fascia, joint capsule, and skins) surrounding the joint along with adequate joint mobility, are necessary for normal ROM.
Mobility: is the ability of segments of the body to move through range of motion for functional activities.
Flexibility: is the ability to move a single joint or series of joints smoothly and easily through an unrestricted, pain –free ROM.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
3. -MET is a type of osteopathic manipulative treatement
used in osteopathic therapy, physical therapy, massage
therapy and occupational therapy.
- A form of diagnosis and treatment in which the
patient's muscles are actively used on request, from a
precisely controlled position, in a specific direction,
and against a distinctly executed physician
counterforce.
5. 1.Dr. TJ Ruddy:
-first osteopathic doctor to use muscle energy in the
1940’s and 1950’s, he referred to it as resistive duction,
which he defined as a series of muscle contractions against
resistance; used techniques mainly in the C‐spine.
6. 2.Dr. Fred Mitchell, Sr.: has been titled the Father of
muscle energy.
-He took Dr. Ruddy’s principles and incorporated them
into manual medicine to any body region/
articulation.
-He believed that pelvis was the key to musculoskeletal
system.
7. 3.Dr. Phillip Greenman:
Believed that any articulation which can be moved by
voluntary muscle action can be it influenced by
muscle energy techniques (MET); MET
can be used for: lengthening strengthening,
decreasing local edema .
8. 4.Dr. Sandra Yale:
stated that MET was safe enough for
use with fragile and severely ill, or on a spasm from fall
10. There are two main effects when performing muscle
energy :
Physiological properties
-structure of the muscle fibers-
Intrafusal and Extrafusal muscle fibers
Neurological properties
- Muscle spindle
- Motor neurons : Afferent and Efferent motor neurons
15. It uses isometric or isotonic contractions as a way of
1.Lengthening tight muscle;
2.Strengthening weak muscle;
3.Mobilising joints
4.Releasing the trigger points
5.Relieving congestion in the tissues (circulatory
functions and helps to reduce Odema)
17. Acute musculoskeletal injuries
Unstable or fused joints.
Unset or unstable fractures,
Avulsion Injuries,
Severe osteoporosis
Open wounds, or
Metastatic disease.
Additionally, because these techniques require active
patient participation, they are inappropriate for any
patient that is unable to cooperate
21. 1.Isometric contraction – most commonly used.
Distance between the origin and insertion of the
muscle is maintained with a fixed amount of tension in
the muscle.
Resets the muscle proprioceptors as the muscle
lengthens.
Two forms of isometric MET –
1.Post-Isometric Relaxation (PIR) and
2.Reciprocal Inhibition (RI).
22. 2.a.Concentric Isotonic Contraction
-Origin and Insertion of the muscle approximate.
-Useful in building muscle strength.
-Contraction occurs when the therapist’s counterforce
is weaker than the contractile force allowing some
movement to occur in the direction of the muscle
force, therefore shortening and strengthening the
muscle.
23.
2.b.Eccentric Isotonic Contraction (Isolytic)
- Origin and Insertion of the muscle are separated.
-Resistance overcomes the tension in the muscle so the
muscle lengthens.
-Occurs when the therapist’s counterforce is stronger
than the contractile force of the muscle and stretching
and lengthening occur in the muscle tissue.
-This results in a change to the muscles shortened
structure and improves elasticity and circulation.
25. 1.POST ISOMETRIC RELAXATION-
PIR refers to the subsequent reduction in tone of the
agonist muscle after isometric contraction.
This occurs due to stretch receptors -Golgi tendon
organs(GTO), located in the tendon of the agonist
muscle.
These receptors react to over- stretching of the muscle
by inhibiting further muscle contraction.
26. This is naturally a protective reaction, preventing
rupture and has a lengthening effect due to the sudden
relaxation of the entire muscle under stretch.
The afferent nerve impulse from the Golgi tendon
organ enters the dorsal root of the spinal cord and
meets with an inhibitory motor neuron.
27. This stops the discharge of the efferent motor neurone’s
impulse and therefore prevents further contraction, the
muscle tone decreases, which in turn results in the
agonist relaxing and lengthening.
The Golgi tendon organs react to both passive and
active movements and therefore passive mobilisation of
a joint may sometimes have as good an effect on
relaxing the muscles.
29. 2.RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
RI refers to the inhibition of the antagonist muscle
when isometric contraction occurs in the agonist.
This happens due to stretch receptors within the
agonist muscle fibres – Muscle Spindles.
Muscle spindles work to maintain constant muscle
length by giving feedback on the changes in
contraction.
30. Due to stretch muscle spindles discharge nerve
impulses, which increase contraction, thus preventing
over-stretching.
The spindles discharge impulses which excite the
afferent nerve fibres or the agonist muscle, they meet
with the excitatory motor neurone of the agonist
muscle (in the spinal cord) and at the same time
inhibit the motor neurone of the antagonist muscle
which prevents it from contracting.
31. Results in the relaxation of the antagonist therefore is
called reciprocal inhibition.
When the agonist stops contracting against force, the
muscle spindles stop discharging and the muscle
relaxes.
34. 1.Isometric‐ Utilizing Autogenic Inhibition
-Operator Push through the barrier of restriction, utilizing
autogenic inhibition of the target muscle.
-Frequency: 3‐5 reps
-Intensity: Operator and patient’s forces are matched.
Patient provides on effort at 20% of their strength
increasing to no more than 50% on subsequent contractions.
-Duration: 4‐10 seconds initially, increasing up to 30 seconds
in subsequent contractions.
35. Isometric‐ Utilizing Reciprocal Inhibition
-Operator push through the barrier of restriction,
utilizing reciprocal inhibition which causes relaxation
the target muscle.
-Frequency: 3‐5 reps
-Intensity: Operator and patient’s forces are matched.
Patient provides on effort at 20% of their strength incre
asing to no more than 50% subsequent contractions.
-Duration: 4‐10 seconds initially, increasing up to 30
seconds in subsequent contractions.
36. Isotonic Concentric‐ Utilizing Autogenic Inhibition
Target muscle is allowed to contract with some
resistance from the operator. This technique utilizes
autogenic inhibition of the target muscle.
Frequency: 5‐7 reps .
-Intensity: Patient’s force is greater than operator’s
resistance.Patient utilizes maximum effort and
force is built slowly, not suddenly.
-Duration- 3-4 seconds.
37. Isotonic Eccentric‐Utilizing Reciprocal Inhibition
Target muscle is prevented from contracting by
superior operator force, utilizing reciprocal inhibition
which causes relaxation of the target muscle.
Frequency: 3‐5 reps as long as tolerable .
Intensity: Operator’s force is greater than patient’s
force.
Patient utilizes maximal force initially and subsequent
contractions build towards patient’s maximal force.
Duration: 2‐4 seconds
39. Common Patient Errors
- Contraction too hard
-Contraction in Wrong Direction
-Contraction for too short a time
-Does not relax fully following contraction
40. Common Operator Errors
-Inaccurate control of joint position
-Counterforce in the incorrect direction
-Not giving the patient accurate instructions
-Moving the joint to a new position too soon after the
contraction stops
41. Good results of MET depend on: accurate diagnosis,
appropriate levels of force, and sufficient localization.
Poor results of MET are attributed to: inaccurate
diagnosis, improperly localized force, or forces that are
too strong.
43. No pain should be caused byMET
Keep contractions light (20-30% of strength)
Communicate effectively and ensure patient is not
experiencing discomfort at any time
Client can help to locate tissue tension or restriction
barrier
Never over-stretch
45. 1.Fiona Ballantyne,Gary Fryer et al- The Effect Of Muscle
Energy Technique On Hamstring Extensibility: The
Mechanism Of Altered Flexibility
Purpose – To investigate the effectiveness of MET in
increasing passive knee extension.
40 asymptomatic subjects -control or experimental groups.
Hamstring muscle stretched to the onset of discomfort by
passive knee extension.
Knee range of motion -recorded with digital photography and
passive torque recorded with a hand-held dynamometer.
46. The experimental group received MET to the
hamstring muscle, after which the resistance to stretch
and the ROM were again measured. The knee was
extended to the original passive torque and the angle
at the knee recorded. If the onset of discomfort was
not produced at this angle, the knee was further
extended and the new angle was recorded.
Results-significant increase in ROM observed at the
knee (p<0.019) following a single application of MET to
the experimental group. No change was observed in
the control group.
47. When an identical torque was applied to the hamstring
both before and after the MET, no significant difference
in range of motion of the knee was found in the
experimental group.
Conclusions-MET produced an immediate increase in
passive knee extension. This observed change in ROM
is possibly due to an increased tolerance to stretch as
there was no evidence of viscoelastic change.
48. 2.Effect of Muscle Energy Technique on Pain in
Individuals with Non-Specific Lumbopelvic Pain: A
Pilot Study. Noelle M. Selkow et al
20 subjects with LPP ,randomized into two groups (MET
or control) after magnitude of pain was determined.
MET of the hamstrings and iliopsoas consisted of 4- 5
second hold/relax periods, while the control group
received a sham treatment. Tests for current and worst
pain, and pain with provocation were administered at
baseline, immediately following intervention and 24
hours after intervention.
49. VAS for worst pain reported in the past 24 hours
decreased for the MET group (4.3mm±19.9, p=.03) and
increased for the sham (control) group (17.1mm±21.2,
p=.03).
Subjects receiving MET demonstrated a decrease in
VAS worst pain over the past 24 hours, thereby
suggesting that MET may be useful to decrease LPP
over 24 hours.
50. 3.The Effects of Muscle Energy Technique on Cervical Range
of Motion by -Kimberly, Rousselle, John
To determine if a 4 week treatment period of (MET)
would significantly increase cervical flexion, extension,
side bending, and rotation in asymptomatic persons
with limited range of motion (ROM).
18 subjects for the study following screening for neck
ROM limitation. These subjects were then randomly
assigned to either a control or MET group. A series of
six, mixed, two-way analyses variance (ANOVA) were
used to test for significant cervical ROM increases.
51. The two factors examined were Group (MET vs.
control) and Test (pre vs. post). Significant interactive
effects for both left and right rotation were found
(both F's > 4.8 and p's < 0.05) indicating a significantly
greater ROM in the MET group. Treatment groups
showing an increase between pre-test and post-test.
These results support MET as an effective technique
for increasing cervical range of motion.
52. REFERENCES
Text book of THE PHYSIOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF MUSCLE
ENERGY TECHNIQUES by Gill Webster.
John Gibbons-text book of Muscle Energy, Issue 97 July 2011
Short-Term Effect of Muscle Energy Technique on Pain in Individuals
with Non-Specific Lumbopelvic Pain: A Pilot Study Noelle M. Selkow,
Terry GriNdSTaff,Spine Journal
Grubb ER, Hagedorn EM, Book of Muscle Energy Technique.
A comparison of two muscle energy techniques for increasing flexibility of
the hamstring muscle group.Madeleine Smith,B.Clin.Sc, Gary Fryer
Journal of Body work and movement therapiesOctober 2008, Pages 312–317
53. Text book of Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy by DG
Lee.
Textbook of Human Physiology by AK Jain,3 rd Edition
The Effects of Muscle Energy Technique on Cervical Range of
Motion by -Kimberly, Rousselle, John Journal of
Manual & Manipulative Therapy Volume 2, Number 4,
1994 , pp. 149-155.