Reflex activity is the response to a peripheral stimulation that occurs without our consciousness.
Is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
It is a type of protective mechanism.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Claw Hand,Definition,Causes,Types,Symptoms and ManagementDr.Md.Monsur Rahman
Dr.Md.Monsur Rahman, Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), Master of Physiotherapy (MPT) in Musculoskeletal Disorders, ABC-Spine in Osteopathic Approach,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala -Haryana.
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Claw Hand,Definition,Causes,Types,Symptoms and ManagementDr.Md.Monsur Rahman
Dr.Md.Monsur Rahman, Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), Master of Physiotherapy (MPT) in Musculoskeletal Disorders, ABC-Spine in Osteopathic Approach,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala -Haryana.
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
In this powerpoint, i have mentioned all the information with diagrams and functions in a very easy way. I am always there to solve any of the queries. Thank you.
Debridement is an important component of the wound bed preparation (WBP) management Model.
Cause of the wound and patient-centered concerns, debridement is a necessary step in local wound care.
Debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue, exudate, bacteria, and metabolic waste from a wound in order to improve or facilitate the healing process
Chest pain or discomfort
Common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease
May be cardiac or noncardiac in origin.
Cardiac – angina, MI, pericarditis, mitral valve prolapse, dissecting aortic aneurysm
Non cardiac – anemia (physical exertion), cervical disc disease, anxiety, trigger points etc
Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
Radiating pain to neck, jaw, upper trapezius, upper back, shoulder or arms (commonly left
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
Immunology plays a very important role in homeostasis but it possesses two edge sword actions. Either hypo or hyperimmunity both can cause systemic diseases which will manifest in the oral cavity.
Immunomodulators are the agents which modulate the body immunity according to
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There are natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents .
Endocrinology is a specialty of medicine; some would say a sub-specialty of internal medicine, which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. Endocrinology covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement
non-skeletal mesodermal tissues: adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves (despite neuroectodermal origin)
benign, malignant and intermediate (low-grade malignant – locally aggressive, can recur, no metastatic potential)
originate from primitive mesenchymal stem cells
classification according to differentiation lines (e.g. liposarcoma is not a tumor arising from adipose tissue but exhibiting lipoblastic differentiation)
Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely.
Facial pain is pain felt in any part of the face, including the mouth and eyes.
It’s normally due to an injury or a headache, occasionally facial pain may also be due to neurological or vascular causes, but equally well may be dental in origin.
The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, transport and filtration of lymph fluid throughout the body. In addition to its important circulatory functions, the lymphatic system also has important immunological functions
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
Eating a diet high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.
Choosing lean, low-fat sources of protein.
Limiting sweets, soft drinks, and foods with added sugar.
Including proteins, carbohydrates, and a little good fat in all meals and snacks.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. Contents:
Reflex?
Reflex arc?
Components of reflex arc
Classification of reflexes
Superficial reflexes and deep reflexes
Muscle spindle
Muscle tone & its types
Disorders of muscle tone
Summary
References
4. Reflex
Reflex activity is the response to a peripheral
stimulation that occurs without our consciousness.
Is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
It is a type of protective mechanism.
5. Reflex arc
A reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a
reflex action.
“OR”
Reflex actions are mediated via the reflex arc.
A simple reflex arc includes five components.
6. Components of reflex arc
Receptor: site of stimulus
Afferent nerve: transmit sensory impulses from
the receptor to stimulus.
Center: Center recieves the sensory impulses an in
turn, it generates appropriate motor impulses.
Efferent nerve: transmit motor impulses from
the center to the effector organ.
Effector organ: muscle or gland that respond to
stimulus.
8. CLASSIFICATION OF REFLEXES
Reflexes are classified by six different methods depending
upon various factors as given below:
1. Depending upon whether inborn or acquired reflexes.
2. Depending upon situation – anatomical classification.
3. Depending upon purpose – physiological classification.
4. Depending upon no of synapse.
5. Depending upon whether visceral or somatic.
6. Depending upon clinical basis. (superficial and deep
reflexes).
9. Superficial reflexes
Superficial reflexes are the reflexes, which are elicited
from the surface of the body.
These reflexes are motor responses to scraping of the
skin.
initiated by stimulating appropriate receptors of skin
or mucous membrane.
Are usually multisynaptic or polysynaptic.
10. Continue…!
reflex Method of eliciting
the reflex
response
Corneal reflex Touching cornea with
cotton wisp.
Closure of the eye
(blinking).
Conjunctival reflex Touching conjunctiva
with cotton wisp.
Closure of the eye.
Nasal reflex (sneezing
reflex)
Irritiating the nasal
mucosa with a cottin
wasp.
Sneezing.
Planter reflex Stroking the sole Planter flexion and
adduction of toes.
12. deep reflex
Deep reflex are elicited from deeper structures beneath the
skin like tendon.
Also known as tendon reflexes.
Strech & Deep tendon reflexes:
For skeletal muscles to perform normally:
• The Golgi tendon organs (proprioceptors) gives response to
the change in the force or tension developed in the
skeleton muscle during contraction.
• Stretch reflexes initiated by muscle spindles must
maintain healthy muscle tone.
13. Muscle spindles
Are composed of a few intrafusal muscle fibers that
lack actin and myosin in their central regions, are
noncontractile, and serve as receptive surfaces.
Muscle spindles are wrapped with two types of
afferent endings: primary sensory endings of type Ia
fibers and secondary sensory endings of type II
fibers.
These regions are innervated by gamma efferent
fibers.
Note: contractile muscle fibers are extrafusal fibers
and are innervated by alpha efferent fibers.
15. How the muscle spindles works?
Muscle spindle reflex oppose (correct for) increase in
muscle length (stretch).
1. Sensory information about muscle length is received by
group Ia and group II afferent fibers.
2. When a muscle is stretched (lenghtened) , the muscle
spindle is also streched, stimulating group Ia and group II
afferent fibers.
3. Stimulation of group Ia afferents stimulates α-
motorneurons in theb spinal cord. The stimulation in
turn causes contraction and shortening of the muscle.
Thus, the original stretch is opposed & muscle length is
maintained.
16. Operation of the Muscle
Spindles
Stretching the muscles activates the muscle spindle
There is an increased rate of action potential in Ia
fibers
Contracting the muscle reduces tension on the
muscle spindle
There is a decreased rate of action potential on Ia
fibers
18. Strech or deep tendon reflex
Stretching the muscle activates the muscle spindle
Excited motor neurons of the spindle cause the
stretched muscle to contract
Afferent impulses from the spindle result in
inhibition of the antagonist
Example: patellar reflex
Tapping the patellar tendon stretches the quadriceps
and starts the reflex action
The quadriceps contract and the antagonistic
hamstrings relax
20. Golgi tendon reflex:
The opposite of the stretch reflex.
Contracting the muscle activates the Golgi tendon
organs.
Afferent Golgi tendon neurons are stimulated,
neurons inhibit the contracting muscle, and the
antagonistic muscle is activated.
As a result, the contracting muscle relaxes and the
antagonist muscle contracts
21.
22. Deep reflexes
Reflex Method of eliciting the
reflex
Response
Jaw jerk Tapping the middle of
the chin with slightly
opened mouth.
Closure of mouth.
Bicep jerk Trapping the biceps
tendon
Flexion of forearm
Triceps jerk Trapping the triceps
tendon
Extension of forearm
Knee jerk or patellar
tendon reflex
Trapping the patellar
tendon
Extension of knee due to
quadracips muscle
Ankle jerk or achilles
tendon reflex
Trapping the achilles
tendon
Planter flexion of foot
24. Muscle tone
Muscle tone can be defined as the resistance of
skeleton muscle to stretch.
Muscle tone (residual muscle tension or tonus) is the
continuous and passive part contraction of the
muscles,
or the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during
resting state.
It helps to maintain posture.
25. Types of tone:
Normal tone --- means that there is the right amount of “tension”
inside the muscle at rest, and that the muscle is inherently able to
contract on command.
High tone --- means there is too much tension in the muscle at
rest. In other words, the muscle is tight and tense even though it is
not doing anything. Eg - spastic cerebral palsy.
Low tone --- means there is not enough tension in the muscle
when it is at rest. The muscle may have a slightly mushy or floppy
feel to it, and there is a lack of graded control of the muscle when it
is being used (graded control means that just the right amount of
movement and effort is used as appropriate to the task at hand). Eg
- battle to sit upright at a desk for any period of time, and may
slouch over.
26. Disorders of Muscle Tone
Abnormalities of the tone :
Hypertonia : abnormaly high muscle tone.
Hypotonia : can present clinically as either spasticity
or rigidity.
Spasticity:
• is velocity-dependent resistance to passive stretch.
• can be in the form of the clasp-knife response, in
which there is increased resistance only at the
beginning or at the end of the movement.
27. Continue..!
Rigidity:
• is velocity-independent resistance to passive stretch
• can be of the lead pipe type, in which there is
resistance throughout to passive movement, or
• it may be of cogwheel type, in which the resistance to
passive movement is in a jerky manner.
29. Summary:
What are the reflexes?
role of reflex arc. Its components
How the reflexes are classified? Depending over some
various factors by different methods.
What are the superficial and deep reflexes?
Discussed about the muscle spindle, muscle tone & its
disorder (hypertonia and hypotonia).
30. References
Essentials of medical physiology by k sembulingam
(jaypee, book).
www.dartmouth.edu
www.stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu