Basic Introduction about Joint Mobilisation and Manipulation, This article gives clear notes for the students to understand the Mobilisation techniques.
Concept given by Shacklock (modern concept) and Butler (old concept), a method of assessment as well as treatment of peripheral neurological system by physiotherapists.
Part-I: The current slideshow: theoretical aspect of neurodynamics.
Part-II: Assessment of peripheral nervous system on the basis of neurodynamic concepts: Date: 01/04/2020
Part-III: treatment part: Date: 03/04/2020
Part-IV: Self neurodynamics: 05/04/2020
Basic Introduction about Joint Mobilisation and Manipulation, This article gives clear notes for the students to understand the Mobilisation techniques.
Concept given by Shacklock (modern concept) and Butler (old concept), a method of assessment as well as treatment of peripheral neurological system by physiotherapists.
Part-I: The current slideshow: theoretical aspect of neurodynamics.
Part-II: Assessment of peripheral nervous system on the basis of neurodynamic concepts: Date: 01/04/2020
Part-III: treatment part: Date: 03/04/2020
Part-IV: Self neurodynamics: 05/04/2020
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
this is a slide show which gives in brief about anatomy and detailed description about biomechanics as well as pathomechanics of shoulder joint. various rhythms of shoulder complex are discussed as well along with the stability factors
Cyriax, a manual therapy technique, used to treat the soft tissue related pain. invented by James Cyriax who also coined the term "orthopedic medicine". There are various techniques described by Cyriax under the concept which are; infiltration, deep friction massage, manipulation and traction.
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
Role of various systems to maintain balance.
Role of sensory systems-vision,proprioceptors,vestibular
Role of Musculoskeletal system
Biomechanics in balance
Contextual factors in balance
Role of nervous system
Strategies-ankle, hip,stepping
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
Joint mobilization refers to a technique of manual therapy by which a therapist applies a brief stretch of 30s or less through traction and gliding along a joint surface.
This presentation will give an basic insights about the spinal mobilisation and various manual therapy techniques used on Lumbar spine especially Maitland & Mulligan techniques.
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
this is a slide show which gives in brief about anatomy and detailed description about biomechanics as well as pathomechanics of shoulder joint. various rhythms of shoulder complex are discussed as well along with the stability factors
Cyriax, a manual therapy technique, used to treat the soft tissue related pain. invented by James Cyriax who also coined the term "orthopedic medicine". There are various techniques described by Cyriax under the concept which are; infiltration, deep friction massage, manipulation and traction.
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
Role of various systems to maintain balance.
Role of sensory systems-vision,proprioceptors,vestibular
Role of Musculoskeletal system
Biomechanics in balance
Contextual factors in balance
Role of nervous system
Strategies-ankle, hip,stepping
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
Joint mobilization refers to a technique of manual therapy by which a therapist applies a brief stretch of 30s or less through traction and gliding along a joint surface.
This presentation will give an basic insights about the spinal mobilisation and various manual therapy techniques used on Lumbar spine especially Maitland & Mulligan techniques.
This is a technical book and directory of clinical massage techniques applicable for debilities and neuro muscular conditions. It covers conventional therapies, and new techniques in sensory therapy, embryology, special sense therapies and therapeutic exercise.
content from
(proprioceptive neuromuscular fascilitation article of Marymount University Fall 2009),
DPT AMIR MEMON (pnf presentation)
DPT AARTI SAREEM (pnf presentation)
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a stretching technique that can improve your range of motion. Many therapists use PNF to help people regain their range of motion after injury or surgery. However, it can also be used by athletes and dancers to improve their flexibility
Dynamic Neuro-Cognitive Imagery Improves Mental Imagery Ability, Disease Severity, and Motor and Cognitive Functions in People with Parkinson’s Disease
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
3. Learning objectives
What is PNF
How did this therapy came into existence
What are the principles of PNF therapy
What are the techniques of PNF
Where can we use these concept
4. Definition
Proprioceptive : having to do with any of the sensory receptors that give
information concerning movement and position of the body
Neuromuscular: involving the nerves and muscles
Facilitation: making easier
Adler SS, Beckers D, Buck M. PNF in practice: an illustrated guide. Springer Science & Business Media; 2007 Dec 22.
5. Techniques of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation may be defined as
methods of promoting or hastening the response of the neuromuscular
mechanism through stimulation of the proprioceptors.
Margaret KN, VOSS DE. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.
6. PNF is the rehabilitating technique that aims at engaging the proprioceptive
system thereby activating or facilitating the neuromuscular system and helping in
the production of desired movement or motor function.
Imp : if we can actually fire afferent system efferent system will automatically
respond and help in the production of the response
In PNF we are stimulating afferent system by engaging proprioceptive system.
7. Development of PNF
Developed by: Dr. Herman Kabat and Maggie Knott in the late 1940s and early
1950s as a means of rehabilitation for neurological disorders such as
poliomyelitis(first), multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy.
Margaret KN, VOSS DE. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.
Neurophysiologist and
physician
Physical therapist
8. Dorothy Voss joined the team of Dr. Herman Kabat and Margeret knott to develop
the foundation concept of PNF.
Dorothy Voss and Margeret Knott together wrote first book on PNF therapy and
was published in 1956.
Till today developed many folds
1956 2018
9. Basic underline philosophy of PNF
All human beings including those with disabilities have untapped existing
potential.
10. Important principles of PNF
1. PNF is an integrated approach:
i.e, the therapy is always targeted to the total human being as a whole and not to a
specific problem or a body segment.
2. Positive approach
i.e, therapist always reinforce and utilise what the patient can do in physical as
well as mental level.
3. Achieving highest level of function
11. PNF approach emphasises that plasticity mechanism is not only applicable to the
central nervous system but also to the other system of the human body.
All system have the capability to re organise and adapt them-self following an
insult or injury.
Plasticity
Neurology
Musculoskeletal
conditions
Cardiovascular
13. Neurophysiological Principles
1. Principle of After Discharge
If inc intensity
Response still
present for some time
Stimulus
stops
Response (effect)
Stimulus
After discharge inc
14. 2. Temporal summation
Temporal = time , summation = addition
When there is weak stimuli — no response, addition of many weak stimulation —
response.
Temporal summation occur by adding up of high frequency pre synaptic potentials
from a single neuron which excites post synaptic neuron.
Eg. quick stretch rapid for some period of time will have better effect than single
stretch and performing action.
15. 3. Spatial stimulation
Adding up multiple stimuli from different pre synaptic neurons.
This principle states that when weak stimuli are applied simultaneously over
different neurons can also add up to produce a response.
16. 4. Irradiation
Refers to the overflow of the energy occurs from the stronger to weaker muscle
groups.
Can occur due to increase strength or the number of stimulus.
eg. exercising the weaker muscle group along with stronger muscle group in the
same synergy.
Opening the jammed lock (note — use of elbow and shoulder muscle, trunk, also
contralateral role action)
17. 5. Successive induction
When agonist have contracted to their maximum — antagonist gets stimulated
After complete flexion of elbow, triceps are activated which leads to extension.
18. 6. Reciprocal inhibition
Contraction of particular muscles is simultaneously accompanied by inhibition of
antagonist.
To produce coordination movement.
19. Basic procedure of PNF
1. Resistance
2. Irradiation and reinforcement
3. Manual contact
4. Stretch
5. Verbal commands
6. Vision
7. Traction and approximation
8. Timing
9. Body positioning and body mechanics
10. Patterns
20. 1. Resistance
Opposing force to the patient’s movement
Optimal resistance : the amount of resistance provided during an activity must be
correct for the patient’s condition and the goal of the activity.
21. Therapeutic goals of resistance:
Facilitates muscle contractions.
Improve motor control and motor learning.
Help the patient gain an awareness of motion and its direction.
Increase muscle strength.
Help the patient relax (reciprocal inhibition).
22. 2. Irradiation and Reinforcement
The spread of response to stimulation is called irradiation.
Reinforcement means to strengthen by fresh addition, make stronger.
23. Effects:
Maximal resistance may be used to cause irradiation or overflow from stronger
patterns to weaker patterns or from stronger groups of muscles within a pattern to
weaker groups within the same pattern.
24. 3. Manual contact:
Therapeutic goals
Stimulate the muscle, touch and pressure receptors.
Stimulate the synergistic muscle to reinforce the movement
Promotes trunk stabilisation and indirectly helps the limb motion
Prevents confusion
25. Touch or manual contact contributes to facilitation by stimulation the
exteroceptors and it should be
Purposeful
Directional
Comfortable
26. 4. Stretch
The stretch stimulus occurs when the muscle is elongated
Stretch can be given to individual muscle or the whole functional pattern.
Stretch which is given simultaneously results in increased motor response.
27. Effects :
Stimulates the activity of muscle spindle, thereby improves the reflex muscle
activity.
Any contraction of muscle on stretch will result in movement (brain knows not of
muscles but of movement).
28. 5. Traction
Traction is elongation of trunk or an extremity
Traction force is applied gradually, maintained throughout the movement and
combined with appropriate resistance.
Joint separation stimulates joint receptors
Muscle stretch stimulates muscle spindle stretch receptor, Facilitates strength
Provides increase in ROM and relieve pain
29. 6. Approximation
Is the compression of the trunk or an extremity
Compression through a joint stimulate joint receptors
Facilitate stability
Uses
Promote stabilization
Facilitate weight-bearing and the contraction of antigravity muscles
30. 7. Verbal stimulation (commands)
The command is divided into three parts
1. Preparation : readies the pt for action. “ready”
2. Action : tells the pt to start the action.
3. Correction : tells the pt how to correct and modify the action.
32. 8. Vision
When a patient looks at his or her arm or leg while exercising it, a stronger
contraction is achieved.
Using vision helps the patient control and correct his or her position and motion.
A feedback and feed forward system can promote a much stronger muscle activity.
33. 9. Timing
Timing is the sequence of motion
Normal timing of most coordinated and efficient motions is from distal to
proximal. Eg scratching of head, starts from action of hand to elbow and then
shoulder.
Proximal should be stable for distal to move.
Timing for emphasis :
We can alter this timing to produce necessary effects.
Changing the normal sequencing of motion to emphasis a particular muscle or
desired activity.
34. 10. Body position and body mechanics
The therapist body should be in line of motion
Shoulder and pelvis face the direction of motion
Therapist stands in walk standing position
The resistance comes from the therapist’s body, while the hands and arms stay
comparatively relaxed.
35. Techniques of PNF
The goal of any PNF technique is to promote functional movements, and this can be
achieved by facilitation, inhibition, relaxation, strengthening.
• Rhythmic initiation
• Combination of isotonic
• Reversal of antagonists
• Dynamic reversal
• Stabilizing reversals
• Rhythmic stabilization
36. • Repeated stretch (repeated contraction)
• Repeated stretch from beginning of range
• Repeated stretch through range
• Contract relax
• Direct treatment
• Indirect treatment
• Hold- relax
• Direct treatment
• Indirect treatment
37. 1. Rhythmic initiation
Helps in co-ordination of motion, control over motion, and relaxation.
Reverse motion to be done by the therapist
Things to be taken care first = what motion needs to be trained?, what activity
should be chosen.
Functional task for better learning, and motivation.
Rhythmic motion
of limb/whole
body parts
Active resisted
motion
Active
motions
Active assisted
motions
Passive motion
38. Used in :
Limited ROM due to increase tone
Unable to initiate movement
39. 2. Combination of isotonic
• This technique is characterised by concentric, eccentric and isometric contraction of a
single muscle group without any pause or relaxation.
• Any contraction can come first, range can be varied.
• Exercise should be started from positions/range where the patient has maximum strength/
coordination.
Contraction of
same muscle group
Isometric
stabilizing
Eccentric
Concentric
40. Indications :
Active control over motions
To strengthen muscle groups
To develop eccentric control
To improve co-ordination
41. 3. Reversal of antagonist
• Based on the Sherington principle of successive induction, which is,’ increase
excitation of agonist muscle is followed up by increased contraction of their
antagonist.’
• Emphasis is both on agonist and antagonist.
I. Dynamic reversal/slow reversal :
• Characterised by active motions by patient from one direction to other without any
pause or relaxation. Eg- cycling, walking etc.
Dynamic
reversal
Antagonist
Agonist
42. Indication :
To improve AROM
To improve strength and co-ordination
To improve endurance
Reduce fatigue
Example: limited elbow extension (poor m control, joint stfns or dec strength)
Therapeutic goal : to increase range of elbow extension
Choose functional task : wipe the table (activation of both flexor and extensor grp of motion)
Grip : distal, over dorsum resisting ulnar and radial deviation. proximal, mid arm resisting
internal and external rotation.
43. II. Stabilizing reversal
Characterised by altering contractions of agonist and antagonist which are resisted by the
therapist, so no or very little motion is produced.
Example :
For trunk flexion and extension
1st : resist pt to go for extension
2nd : bring one hand forward and resists
3rd : bring both hand forward and resists flexion
4th : again continue 1st.
44. Indication :
Stability of the patient
Strength
Co-ordination between agonist and antagonist group of muscle.
45. III. Rhythmic stablization :
Ask the patient to hold the position against resistance so that no motion is
intended.
Isometric muscle contraction (no intention of movement).
46. 4. Repeated stretch (repeated contraction)
Quick stretched in
beginning of range and
through range
Repeated stretch — activation os stretch reflex— inc muscle ability to contract
47. Indication :
Improve active ROM
Improve control over motion
To initiate motion
To improve strength
Contraindication :
Osteoporosis
Joint instability
Damaged m and tendons
Severe joint pain
48. 5. Contract relax :
It works by gaining relaxation in the tight muscle.
Once the range is achieved exercise agonist and antagonist in that range for better
stability.
Indications:
Improving passive ROM
Imp flexibility
Post fracture stiffness
Frozen shoulder
49. Types :
1. Direct :
relaxes antagonist through autogenic inhibition
Resisted isotonic contraction of antagonist muscles
2. Indirect :
relaxes antagonist through reciprocal inhibition
Resisted isotonic contraction of agonist muscles.
50. 7. Hold relax
It is preferred over contract relax in situations when resisted isotonic contractions
are painful.
Direct : isometric contraction of tight antagonist muscle
Indirect: when isometric contractions are painful.
Option 1 : exercise isometric contraction of synergistic muscle of antagonist
group. — new range
Option 2: resist the agonist movement pattern to indirectly relax the antagonist
(reciprocal inhibition)— new range
51. 8. Replication :
Motor learning for functional activities
Gives opportunity to patient to feel the functional outcome of an activity
52. Step 1 : choose an activity, (wearing and removing of shirts)
Step 2 : motion analysis (all joints and motion )to determine agonist and antagonist
patterns
Step 3: passively place the patient in end position of functional activity which he is
not able to perform, and experience and feel that position.
Step 4: resist the shortened agonist muscles for 5-8 secs. In same position.
Step 5 : ask patient to relax and passively move the patient a little in opposite
direction
Step 6 : ask patient to actively come back to the end position
53. PNF techniques and their goal
1. Initiate motion
Rhythmic Initiation
Repeated Stretch from beginning of
range
2. Learn a motion
Rhythmic Initiation
Combination of Isotonics
Repeated Stretch from beginning of
range
Repeated Stretch through range
Replication
54. 3. Change rate of motion
Rhythmic Initiation
Dynamic Reversals
Repeated Stretch from beginning of
range
Repeated Stretch through range
4. Increase strength
Combination of Isotonics
Dynamic Reversals
Rhythmic Stabilization
55. PNF patterns
Each pattern has three dimension -
1. Flexion or extension
2 Abduction or Adduction
3. Rotation - movement occurs in a straight line, in diagonal direction with a rotatory
component
63. Evidence
1. Influence of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Lung Function in
Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.
42 patients in two groups (PNF, n=22),and standard rehab, n=20
Treated for 45 mins, 2-3 times a day, 5 days a week.
Outcome measure taken : spirometry, body plethysmography using body box 5500
In conclusion, the PNF method has an edge over the standard rehabilitation in
improving lung function.
64. 2. Effect of aquatic PNF lower extremity patterns on Balance and ADL of stroke
patients.
20 patients, experimental group = 10 (lower limb patterns in aquatic environment ,
control group 10 (patterns on ground).
30 mins /day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks
Outcomes : BBS, TUGT, FRT, one leg stand test, ADL — FIM
Exercise group had significantly better outcomes compared to the controlled.
65. 3. Immediate effect of PNF patterns on muscle tone and muscle stiffness in chronic
stroke patients.
15 chronic stroke patients and 15 in control grp. Grade 2 on MAS.
PNF pattern for lower limb for 30 mins.
Outcome myoton r pro — muscle tone measuring device.
Before intervention measurement was taken which showed abnormal increased
muscle tone in stroke group,
And was checked after intervention, was found to be reduced, but was not
significantly different.
66. Summary
What is PNF
How did this therapy came into existence
What are the principles and concepts of PNF therapy
Where can we use these concept/Clinical implications
68. References
Margaret KN, VOSS DE. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.
Adler SS, Beckers D, Buck M. PNF in practice: an illustrated guide.
Springer Science & Business Media; 2007 Dec 22.