Crystallization,Melting and Tg of different polymeric materialsMohammad Malek
1) Crystallization is the process by which an ordered solid phase is produced from a liquid melt upon cooling, allowing polymer molecules to align in ordered structures like chain-folded layers.
2) The degree of crystallinity influences mechanical and thermal properties, so understanding crystallization kinetics is important.
3) Melting and glass transitions are reversible phase changes - melting occurs upon heating above the melting temperature Tm and disrupts the ordered structure, while the glass transition below the glass transition temperature Tg allows molecular motion to start.
1. The document discusses the physical properties of polymers, specifically focusing on their glass transition temperature (Tg) and the factors that influence Tg.
2. Tg is affected by a polymer's chemical structure, molecular weight, addition of plasticizers, and whether it is a co-polymer. Flexible chains and side groups lower Tg, while increased polarity, crystallinity and bulky groups raise Tg.
3. Plasticizers reduce intermolecular forces and increase segmental motion, thereby decreasing Tg. Tg also increases with pressure and is generally correlated with, though separate from, a polymer's melting point.
The document discusses the structure and properties of polymers. It defines polymers as long molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. Polymers can be made of one type of monomer or multiple types. The properties of a polymer depend on factors like chain length, bonding between chains, crystallinity, and cross-linking. Thermoplastics are weakly bonded and can be remelted, while thermosets have strong cross-links and hold their shape.
This document discusses polymer structure and composition. It begins by describing natural polymers like wood, cotton and rubber that were originally used. It then discusses the development of synthetic polymers like plastics, rubbers and fibers. Most polymers are hydrocarbons made of carbon and hydrogen. Polymers can have different compositions and structures including linear, branched, cross-linked and network configurations. The properties of a polymer depend on factors like its molecular weight, end-to-end distance, tacticity and crystallinity. Common techniques for characterizing polymers include determining the number average and weight average molecular weights.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a technique that is widely used to characterize a material’s properties as a function of temperature, time, frequency, stress, atmosphere or a combination of these parameters.
Polymers are long chains of repeating molecular units called monomers. There are several types of polymers including polyethene, polypropene, nylons, polyurethanes, and polyesters. Polymers are classified based on their structure and production method. Properties depend on factors like chain length and structure. Common applications include plastic containers, clothing, pipes, sports equipment, and medical devices.
Crystallization,Melting and Tg of different polymeric materialsMohammad Malek
1) Crystallization is the process by which an ordered solid phase is produced from a liquid melt upon cooling, allowing polymer molecules to align in ordered structures like chain-folded layers.
2) The degree of crystallinity influences mechanical and thermal properties, so understanding crystallization kinetics is important.
3) Melting and glass transitions are reversible phase changes - melting occurs upon heating above the melting temperature Tm and disrupts the ordered structure, while the glass transition below the glass transition temperature Tg allows molecular motion to start.
1. The document discusses the physical properties of polymers, specifically focusing on their glass transition temperature (Tg) and the factors that influence Tg.
2. Tg is affected by a polymer's chemical structure, molecular weight, addition of plasticizers, and whether it is a co-polymer. Flexible chains and side groups lower Tg, while increased polarity, crystallinity and bulky groups raise Tg.
3. Plasticizers reduce intermolecular forces and increase segmental motion, thereby decreasing Tg. Tg also increases with pressure and is generally correlated with, though separate from, a polymer's melting point.
The document discusses the structure and properties of polymers. It defines polymers as long molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. Polymers can be made of one type of monomer or multiple types. The properties of a polymer depend on factors like chain length, bonding between chains, crystallinity, and cross-linking. Thermoplastics are weakly bonded and can be remelted, while thermosets have strong cross-links and hold their shape.
This document discusses polymer structure and composition. It begins by describing natural polymers like wood, cotton and rubber that were originally used. It then discusses the development of synthetic polymers like plastics, rubbers and fibers. Most polymers are hydrocarbons made of carbon and hydrogen. Polymers can have different compositions and structures including linear, branched, cross-linked and network configurations. The properties of a polymer depend on factors like its molecular weight, end-to-end distance, tacticity and crystallinity. Common techniques for characterizing polymers include determining the number average and weight average molecular weights.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a technique that is widely used to characterize a material’s properties as a function of temperature, time, frequency, stress, atmosphere or a combination of these parameters.
Polymers are long chains of repeating molecular units called monomers. There are several types of polymers including polyethene, polypropene, nylons, polyurethanes, and polyesters. Polymers are classified based on their structure and production method. Properties depend on factors like chain length and structure. Common applications include plastic containers, clothing, pipes, sports equipment, and medical devices.
This report discusses polymers and polymer synthesis. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units or monomers joined by covalent bonds. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. The report examines important natural polymers like cellulose as well as common synthetic polymers like polyethylene. It explores the manufacturing of plastics from different polymer types and polymerization reactions like addition and condensation that link monomers. In conclusion, polymers are ubiquitous materials that have revolutionized daily life due to their versatile properties and wide applications in areas like packaging and clothing.
This document discusses thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). TPEs have both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. They can be melt-processed like thermoplastics but are flexible and elastic like vulcanized rubbers. The most common TPE is a styrene-butadiene block copolymer, which has rigid polystyrene end blocks and soft polybutadiene mid blocks. This structure allows it to behave like a rubber at low temperatures but melt and flow like a thermoplastic at higher temperatures. Common applications of TPEs include automotive parts, medical devices, shoes, and cables due to advantages like recyclability and simpler processing compared to thermoset rubbers
This document discusses polymer blends and alloys. It defines a polymer blend as a mixture of two or more polymers blended to create a new material with different physical properties. There are five main types of polymer blends that are categorized based on miscibility and methods of preparation such as mechanical, solution casting, and latex blends. Polymer blends can improve material properties such as cost, temperature range, toughness, and processability. They are classified as either miscible or immiscible based on whether a single or multiple glass transition temperatures are observed. Compatibilizers and graft copolymerization can be used to improve adhesion between immiscible polymer phases in a blend.
The document discusses the molecular weight of polymers and methods to determine it, focusing on membrane osmometry.
[1] Membrane osmometry uses a semipermeable membrane to separate a dilute polymer solution from pure solvent. The osmotic pressure across the membrane is measured and used to calculate the number average molecular weight of the polymer.
[2] Factors that affect molecular weight determination include concentration, temperature, and interactions between polymer and solvent. The van't Hoff equation relates osmotic pressure and concentration for ideal solutions, while real solutions require additional terms.
[3] A worked example demonstrates using osmotic pressure measurements at different concentrations to calculate the molecular weight and second vi
Industrial processes for synthesis of polypropyleneaqsaakram15
The document discusses polypropylene (PP), a widely used thermoplastic polymer produced from the monomer propylene. It describes PP's properties and common applications. The main commercial technologies for PP production are Unipol and LyondellBasell Spheripol processes, which involve purifying feedstocks, polymerization in gas or liquid phases, and recovering monomers. PP manufacturing can be categorized by polymerization method into solvent, bulk, and vapor phase processes using different reactor types.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
Dust collectors and cross contaminationNimra Iqbal
Dust collectors are systems used to filter dust and impurities from industrial air streams. They typically include a blower, filter, cleaning system, and dust collection container. Common types include cyclones, wet scrubbers, and filters. Cyclones use centrifugal force to separate dust while wet scrubbers introduce gas streams into liquid to capture particles. Proper dust collector selection and specifications like air volume and velocity depend on the specific application to effectively control dust. HEPA and bag filters are commonly used and should meet standards to filter particles down to 0.3 microns.
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measures the viscoelastic properties of materials by applying a periodic stress in different deformation modes while varying temperature or frequency. In DMA, the sample is subjected to forces like bending, tension, shear or compression, and the modulus is measured as a function of time or temperature to provide information about phase transitions. DMA is useful for characterizing materials' mechanical properties and transitions, validating other analysis methods, and evaluating factors like polymer composition and miscibility.
This document discusses thermal characterization techniques for polymers. It provides an overview of polymer morphology and different thermal characterization methods including DSC, DTA, TGA, and TMA. These techniques are used to measure properties like glass transition temperature, melting point, heat capacity, and thermal decomposition. The document also defines important thermal concepts and terms and provides examples of applications of these characterization methods for polymers.
This document summarizes key aspects of polymer science including polymerization, monomers, and polymerization mechanisms. It discusses that polymerization is the process that links monomer molecules into polymer chains. There are different polymerization mechanisms including chain-growth and free radical polymerization. Chain-growth polymerization proceeds through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Free radical polymerization uses initiators to generate free radicals to start the polymerization reaction. The document provides examples of monomers and initiators and discusses how functionality of monomers affects the structure of the resulting polymer chains.
The document discusses gas membrane separation using hollow fiber membranes to separate an air stream into enriched oxygen and nitrogen streams. An experiment was conducted to determine the optimal conditions for separation, with the highest oxygen concentration achieved at the largest pressure difference and higher flow rates. The results showed that the experimental selectivity increased with the pressure difference but was slightly lower than the ideal selectivity value.
The document discusses 1D nanostructures and their synthesis. It describes common 1D nanostructures like nanorods and nanowires. It also summarizes several synthesis methods, including vapor-liquid-solid growth, which uses a catalyst to produce nanowires through chemical vapor deposition. The vapor-liquid-solid method lowers reaction energy and allows for controlled anisotropic growth of nanowire arrays from different materials.
This document describes a procedure for measuring the melt flow index (MFI) of various polymer samples using an extrusion plastometer. The MFI is a measure of viscosity and molecular weight, with higher MFI indicating lower viscosity and molecular weight. Samples of polystyrene, ABS, and three grades of polypropylene are tested under different temperature and load conditions. The procedure involves heating samples in the plastometer, applying a load to extrude the melt, and weighing extrudate collected over time to calculate the MFI. Questions address trends in MFI values and how properties vary between polymers and polymer grades.
This document discusses the properties of polymers. It begins by introducing the topics that will be covered, including physical, thermal, electrical, mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and chemical properties of polymers. It then provides details on various physical properties such as molecular weight and density. Thermal properties like glass transition temperature and melting point are explained. Factors that influence properties like mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of polymers are also described. The document aims to explain the different types of properties exhibited by polymers and factors that impact these properties.
THERMOGRAVIMETRY ANALYSIS [TGA] AS PER PCIShikha Popali
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the mass of a substance as it is heated or cooled over time. TGA instruments consist of a precision balance, sample holder, furnace, temperature recorder, and thermobalance. The sample is heated in a controlled atmosphere and its mass change is recorded as a function of increasing temperature. TGA curves show the unique thermal degradation patterns of materials and can be used to determine composition, measure phase transitions, and study reaction kinetics. Factors like heating rate, sample size and form, and furnace atmosphere can affect TGA results. TGA has applications in fields like materials characterization, compositional analysis, and corrosion and stability studies.
This document discusses electrochemical sensors for detecting antibiotic residues in food. It begins with an introduction on the increasing global use of antibiotics and development of antibiotic resistance. It then discusses the working principles of electrochemical sensors and how they can be used to detect antibiotics. Specifically, it describes how electrochemical sensors use recognition elements like enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers to detect antibiotics. It also discusses using different electrode systems and materials like carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and graphene to improve detection. The document aims to provide an overview of developing electrochemical sensor techniques for antibiotic residue detection in food.
This document discusses polymers and their viscoelastic properties. It begins with definitions of monomers, oligomers, and polymers. It then covers various classifications of polymers based on origin, monomer composition, chain structure, polymerization type, and applications. Fabrication methods like compression molding and injection molding are also presented. The document discusses characterization techniques including SEM, DSC, and tensile testing. Mechanical behavior concepts like stress relaxation and creep are introduced. Models for viscoelasticity such as the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models are covered. The document ends with the latest research on self-healing polymers and conductive polymers.
Membranes have been used for separations since the 18th century, with significant developments in the 20th century. They are semi-permeable barriers that selectively restrict the transport of molecules. Key membrane processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, gas separation, and pervaporation. Membranes are used in modules and the selection of module depends on factors like membrane area, costs, and fouling control. While membranes offer advantages like mild operating conditions, challenges include membrane fouling and costs.
Natural Gas Processing with Membranes: An Overviewhala123456
This document provides an overview of natural gas processing using membrane technology. It discusses:
1) Raw natural gas varies in composition but requires treatment to meet pipeline specifications for delivery. Membranes are growing in market share for removing contaminants like carbon dioxide.
2) Current membrane materials include cellulose acetate and polyimide, while newer composite membranes offer advantages. Larger membrane modules are also emerging to reduce costs.
3) Membrane permeation is governed by diffusion and sorption properties. Selectivity depends on differences in molecular size and condensability between gas components. Current commercial membranes separate key natural gas impurities with selectivities of 2-30% or more over methane.
This report discusses polymers and polymer synthesis. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units or monomers joined by covalent bonds. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. The report examines important natural polymers like cellulose as well as common synthetic polymers like polyethylene. It explores the manufacturing of plastics from different polymer types and polymerization reactions like addition and condensation that link monomers. In conclusion, polymers are ubiquitous materials that have revolutionized daily life due to their versatile properties and wide applications in areas like packaging and clothing.
This document discusses thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). TPEs have both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. They can be melt-processed like thermoplastics but are flexible and elastic like vulcanized rubbers. The most common TPE is a styrene-butadiene block copolymer, which has rigid polystyrene end blocks and soft polybutadiene mid blocks. This structure allows it to behave like a rubber at low temperatures but melt and flow like a thermoplastic at higher temperatures. Common applications of TPEs include automotive parts, medical devices, shoes, and cables due to advantages like recyclability and simpler processing compared to thermoset rubbers
This document discusses polymer blends and alloys. It defines a polymer blend as a mixture of two or more polymers blended to create a new material with different physical properties. There are five main types of polymer blends that are categorized based on miscibility and methods of preparation such as mechanical, solution casting, and latex blends. Polymer blends can improve material properties such as cost, temperature range, toughness, and processability. They are classified as either miscible or immiscible based on whether a single or multiple glass transition temperatures are observed. Compatibilizers and graft copolymerization can be used to improve adhesion between immiscible polymer phases in a blend.
The document discusses the molecular weight of polymers and methods to determine it, focusing on membrane osmometry.
[1] Membrane osmometry uses a semipermeable membrane to separate a dilute polymer solution from pure solvent. The osmotic pressure across the membrane is measured and used to calculate the number average molecular weight of the polymer.
[2] Factors that affect molecular weight determination include concentration, temperature, and interactions between polymer and solvent. The van't Hoff equation relates osmotic pressure and concentration for ideal solutions, while real solutions require additional terms.
[3] A worked example demonstrates using osmotic pressure measurements at different concentrations to calculate the molecular weight and second vi
Industrial processes for synthesis of polypropyleneaqsaakram15
The document discusses polypropylene (PP), a widely used thermoplastic polymer produced from the monomer propylene. It describes PP's properties and common applications. The main commercial technologies for PP production are Unipol and LyondellBasell Spheripol processes, which involve purifying feedstocks, polymerization in gas or liquid phases, and recovering monomers. PP manufacturing can be categorized by polymerization method into solvent, bulk, and vapor phase processes using different reactor types.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
Dust collectors and cross contaminationNimra Iqbal
Dust collectors are systems used to filter dust and impurities from industrial air streams. They typically include a blower, filter, cleaning system, and dust collection container. Common types include cyclones, wet scrubbers, and filters. Cyclones use centrifugal force to separate dust while wet scrubbers introduce gas streams into liquid to capture particles. Proper dust collector selection and specifications like air volume and velocity depend on the specific application to effectively control dust. HEPA and bag filters are commonly used and should meet standards to filter particles down to 0.3 microns.
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measures the viscoelastic properties of materials by applying a periodic stress in different deformation modes while varying temperature or frequency. In DMA, the sample is subjected to forces like bending, tension, shear or compression, and the modulus is measured as a function of time or temperature to provide information about phase transitions. DMA is useful for characterizing materials' mechanical properties and transitions, validating other analysis methods, and evaluating factors like polymer composition and miscibility.
This document discusses thermal characterization techniques for polymers. It provides an overview of polymer morphology and different thermal characterization methods including DSC, DTA, TGA, and TMA. These techniques are used to measure properties like glass transition temperature, melting point, heat capacity, and thermal decomposition. The document also defines important thermal concepts and terms and provides examples of applications of these characterization methods for polymers.
This document summarizes key aspects of polymer science including polymerization, monomers, and polymerization mechanisms. It discusses that polymerization is the process that links monomer molecules into polymer chains. There are different polymerization mechanisms including chain-growth and free radical polymerization. Chain-growth polymerization proceeds through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Free radical polymerization uses initiators to generate free radicals to start the polymerization reaction. The document provides examples of monomers and initiators and discusses how functionality of monomers affects the structure of the resulting polymer chains.
The document discusses gas membrane separation using hollow fiber membranes to separate an air stream into enriched oxygen and nitrogen streams. An experiment was conducted to determine the optimal conditions for separation, with the highest oxygen concentration achieved at the largest pressure difference and higher flow rates. The results showed that the experimental selectivity increased with the pressure difference but was slightly lower than the ideal selectivity value.
The document discusses 1D nanostructures and their synthesis. It describes common 1D nanostructures like nanorods and nanowires. It also summarizes several synthesis methods, including vapor-liquid-solid growth, which uses a catalyst to produce nanowires through chemical vapor deposition. The vapor-liquid-solid method lowers reaction energy and allows for controlled anisotropic growth of nanowire arrays from different materials.
This document describes a procedure for measuring the melt flow index (MFI) of various polymer samples using an extrusion plastometer. The MFI is a measure of viscosity and molecular weight, with higher MFI indicating lower viscosity and molecular weight. Samples of polystyrene, ABS, and three grades of polypropylene are tested under different temperature and load conditions. The procedure involves heating samples in the plastometer, applying a load to extrude the melt, and weighing extrudate collected over time to calculate the MFI. Questions address trends in MFI values and how properties vary between polymers and polymer grades.
This document discusses the properties of polymers. It begins by introducing the topics that will be covered, including physical, thermal, electrical, mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and chemical properties of polymers. It then provides details on various physical properties such as molecular weight and density. Thermal properties like glass transition temperature and melting point are explained. Factors that influence properties like mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of polymers are also described. The document aims to explain the different types of properties exhibited by polymers and factors that impact these properties.
THERMOGRAVIMETRY ANALYSIS [TGA] AS PER PCIShikha Popali
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the mass of a substance as it is heated or cooled over time. TGA instruments consist of a precision balance, sample holder, furnace, temperature recorder, and thermobalance. The sample is heated in a controlled atmosphere and its mass change is recorded as a function of increasing temperature. TGA curves show the unique thermal degradation patterns of materials and can be used to determine composition, measure phase transitions, and study reaction kinetics. Factors like heating rate, sample size and form, and furnace atmosphere can affect TGA results. TGA has applications in fields like materials characterization, compositional analysis, and corrosion and stability studies.
This document discusses electrochemical sensors for detecting antibiotic residues in food. It begins with an introduction on the increasing global use of antibiotics and development of antibiotic resistance. It then discusses the working principles of electrochemical sensors and how they can be used to detect antibiotics. Specifically, it describes how electrochemical sensors use recognition elements like enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers to detect antibiotics. It also discusses using different electrode systems and materials like carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and graphene to improve detection. The document aims to provide an overview of developing electrochemical sensor techniques for antibiotic residue detection in food.
This document discusses polymers and their viscoelastic properties. It begins with definitions of monomers, oligomers, and polymers. It then covers various classifications of polymers based on origin, monomer composition, chain structure, polymerization type, and applications. Fabrication methods like compression molding and injection molding are also presented. The document discusses characterization techniques including SEM, DSC, and tensile testing. Mechanical behavior concepts like stress relaxation and creep are introduced. Models for viscoelasticity such as the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models are covered. The document ends with the latest research on self-healing polymers and conductive polymers.
Membranes have been used for separations since the 18th century, with significant developments in the 20th century. They are semi-permeable barriers that selectively restrict the transport of molecules. Key membrane processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, gas separation, and pervaporation. Membranes are used in modules and the selection of module depends on factors like membrane area, costs, and fouling control. While membranes offer advantages like mild operating conditions, challenges include membrane fouling and costs.
Natural Gas Processing with Membranes: An Overviewhala123456
This document provides an overview of natural gas processing using membrane technology. It discusses:
1) Raw natural gas varies in composition but requires treatment to meet pipeline specifications for delivery. Membranes are growing in market share for removing contaminants like carbon dioxide.
2) Current membrane materials include cellulose acetate and polyimide, while newer composite membranes offer advantages. Larger membrane modules are also emerging to reduce costs.
3) Membrane permeation is governed by diffusion and sorption properties. Selectivity depends on differences in molecular size and condensability between gas components. Current commercial membranes separate key natural gas impurities with selectivities of 2-30% or more over methane.
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This document discusses membrane filtration technology. It covers topics such as membrane classification based on pore size and pressure range, common membrane processes like microfiltration and reverse osmosis, factors that affect membrane performance like fouling, and advantages of membrane filtration over conventional processes like sand filtration. The document also describes strategies to mitigate fouling, such as pretreatment, operation techniques like crossflow filtration, and chemical cleaning methods. Maintaining membrane integrity is also addressed.
Mixing techniques of five dental productsNajib Dawar
The document summarizes mixing techniques for five dental products: gypsum, glass ionomer cement, alginate, zinc phosphate cement, and zinc polycarboxylate cement. For each product, it describes the required materials, mixing procedure, mixing time, working time, and precautions. The procedures involve mixing powder and liquid components by hand or mechanically to achieve a homogeneous mix within optimal working times before the materials set. Precautions are noted to avoid air bubbles and ensure proper ratios, temperatures, and timelines for effective results.
This document discusses different membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, and electrodialysis. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force purified water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved ions behind. Dialysis relies on diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane to remove low molecular weight solutes from fluids. Electrodialysis transports ions through ion exchange membranes under an applied electric potential to purify solutions.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
This study examines the critical closing pressure of fractures in mudstone reservoir cores from the Daqing oilfield in China. Laboratory experiments subjected fractured and unfractured mudstone cores to increasing external pressures while measuring permeability. The critical closing pressure is defined as the pressure when fractured core permeability matches unfractured permeability, indicating fracture closure. Results show fractured cores have higher permeability than unfractured cores due to fractures. Permeability generally decreases exponentially with increasing pressure. By calculating sensitivity equations relating permeability and production pressure difference, the study estimates critical closing pressures under reservoir conditions are lower than values from external pressure experiments. The study provides guidance but notes limitations in fully simulating complex in-situ stress conditions.
G2/132 is based on the differential pressure method and professionally applicable to the determination of gas permeability of film specimens. It is equipped with three diffusion cells.
G2/131 is based on differential pressure method and applicable to the determination of gas transmission rate, solubility coefficient, diffusion coefficient and permeability coefficient of barrier materials and packages at different temperatures.
G2/130 is based on differential pressure method, and can be used to measure gas transmission rate of flexible containers, including various bottles of carbonated drinks, juice, tea and packages of edible oil, dairy products, washing supplies and metal containers.
Membrane technology has been used since the 18th century but only recently has it gained widespread industrial use. There are various types of membrane processes that separate materials using size exclusion, charge, or other properties. The most common membrane processes are reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and electrodialysis which see wide use in water treatment, food/dairy processing, and other industries.
Versatile and patented method of Oxygen Permeation Analysis for packages, bottles and film. The PermMate can also be used for headspace measurement, leak detection and shelf life determination. The PermMate utilizes a patented method
which involves extracting a small amount of gas at intervals until the rate of uptake of O2 is the same as the last test, then the test is complete.
This document summarizes membrane separation processes. It describes that membrane separation uses a semi-permeable barrier to allow faster movement of some components over others. The retained part is called retentate and the passing part permeate. Membrane separation is desirable as it saves energy, has a long membrane life, is defect-free, compact and easily operated. The document discusses membrane materials, permeance factors, transport mechanisms including porous and non-porous membranes. It provides examples of industrial applications like dialysis, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation.
dish and heat gently. NH4Cl will sublime leaving behind NaCl.
Filter the remaining NaCl through the funnel. The filtrate will
contain the sublimed NH4Cl.
This separates the mixture using the technique of sublimation
based on the fact that NH4Cl sublimes but NaCl does not.
Experiment 1 demonstrates sublimation as a method of separating mixtures where one component sublimes and the other does not.
Syllabus requirement met: describe the separating methods of simple distillation , fractional distillation , filtration , layer separation and identify sublimation as a method of separating mixtures based on their composition.
The document discusses various methods of purifying substances, including filtration, crystallization, and evaporation. It provides details on the principles and procedures of these purification techniques. Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids or solutions. Crystallization produces pure solids from solutions and is used if the solid decomposes upon strong heating. Evaporation removes the solvent from a solution, leaving behind the pure solid, and is used if the solid does not decompose with heat.
Exploration and production method of Coal Bed Methane.Anubhav Talukdar
This document discusses the exploration and production methods of coal bed methane (CBM). It describes 3D seismic prospecting techniques used to explore CBM, including predicting based on burial depth, impedance inversion, frequency spectrum decomposition, and seismic attributes. CBM production passes through three phases - a dewatering phase with high water and low gas, a stable production phase with decreasing water and increasing gas, and a declining phase with low water and declining gas.
This document describes the design of a plant for cryogenic distillation of air into oxygen and nitrogen. It includes an introduction to air separation and the cryogenic process. Process equipment like compressors, heat exchangers, and distillation columns are designed. Mass and energy balances are performed. The distillation columns and condenser are designed and specifications are provided. An economic analysis includes capital costs, production costs, profitability metrics, payback period and safety considerations. References for design methods are also listed.
Permeability is a property that determines how easily fluid flows through the pores of a material like rock or soil. Gravels are highly permeable while stiff clays are least permeable. Permeability is commonly measured in units called darcies, after the scientist Henry Darcy. Many factors can affect permeability, including pore size, grain size, shape, packing, and the presence of clay. Permeability is important for applications like estimating underground water flow, designing earthworks, and analyzing soil filtration. It can be measured through lab tests like constant head or variable head permeability tests.
This document discusses membrane separation processes. It defines membranes as thin layers that selectively control the transport of materials between phases. There are two main types of membranes: permeable and semipermeable. Membrane processes are classified based on the size of materials separated and the driving force used. Examples given include reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration in the dairy industry. Key concepts covered include transmembrane pressure, recovery percentage, molecular weight cutoff, and solute rejection coefficient. Advantages of membrane separation include energy savings, low temperature operation, and recovery of both concentrate and permeate.
The document summarizes an analysis of an ozone contactor tank using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The team's objectives were to develop a 3D two-phase CFD model of the tank to analyze flow characteristics, maximize contact time, and compare simulations to tracer test results. They modeled different air flow rates and observed their effects on phase distribution, velocity profiles, and particle residence times. The CFD model provided insight into improving mixing and reducing dead zones to enhance disinfection performance.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that can be vaporized without decomposition. It works by partitioning components to be separated between a stationary phase and a mobile gas phase. The key components of a gas chromatography instrument are the carrier gas, injection port, column, temperature control system, and detector. Factors like temperature, flow rate, column length, and amount of sample injected can influence separation of the components. Gas chromatography has applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis and is used in quality control of pharmaceuticals.
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change ...Ali Al-Waeli
The presentation is derived from my PhD viva presentation which focuses on the topic of Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material.
Presented by: Dr. Ali Hussein A. Alwaeli
Air flow and charge motion study of engine intake portTunAnh309
1) A study was conducted using CFD to simulate experimental flow bench tests of an engine intake port design. CFD simulations were run at different valve lifts to calculate air flow rate and emulate the flow bench.
2) Flow coefficient and swirl ratio results from CFD showed good agreement with experimental flow bench measurements, though CFD overpredicted swirl ratio, especially at lower lifts.
3) CFD provides additional insight into flow patterns and velocities not obtainable from flow bench testing alone, allowing designers to more efficiently evaluate intake port designs.
The document provides the test procedure for evaluating condenser performance, including instrumentation requirements and steps to determine condenser heat load, circulating water flow, terminal temperature difference, and the expected versus actual saturation temperature and back pressure. Key parameters that will be measured include circulating water temperatures, condenser back pressure, air-steam mixture temperature, and condenser duty. Deviations from expected performance will be analyzed based on differences in circulating water inlet temperature, flow rate, and condenser heat load.
This document describes an experiment to determine the efficiency of a continuous plate distillation column. It provides background on distillation column design and efficiency calculations using concepts like theoretical plates, reflux ratio, and Fenske's method. The experiment involves running a methanol-water mixture through a distillation column at total reflux to establish equilibrium. Samples are taken from the overhead and their compositions are measured using a refractometer and calibration curve. The number of theoretical plates is then calculated using the compositions and Fenske's method. This is compared to the actual number of plates in the column to determine the efficiency. Key steps include establishing a calibration curve, collecting samples at various reflux rates, measuring compositions, and performing efficiency calculations.
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Learn about the variety of tools and test instruments that apply in RESNET standards 310 (pending) and 380. We'll cover the proper procedures as well as pros and cons of various devices.
XRF Based &Multi-Metals & Continuous Water Analyzer Xact920European Tech Serv
Process monitoring – feedback for water treatment may improve the efficiency of the treatment process – use fewer chemicals to achieve require effluent emission limits
Measurement of Se, As for compliance with Steam Electric Generating Effluent Guidelines
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Measurement of Elements in Nuclear Power Plant Applications (e.g. Pb, Cu, Fe)
Reduce laboratory analysis costs
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This document is a project report analyzing a batch distillation process to separate ethanol and water. Theoretical calculations using the Rayleigh equation and Aspen simulation software are compared to experimental data. The Rayleigh equation best matches the average distillate composition and total distillate volume, while Aspen POLYSRK most accurately predicts distillation time. Varying the column diameter and reflux ratio in Aspen affects distillation parameters like average distillate composition and time. Overall, the theoretical models provide reasonable approximations of the experimental batch distillation, validating it as a basis for process design.
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This document summarizes research on developing a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy for optimizing the operation of a post-combustion carbon capture unit. Key points:
1) Researchers created a detailed Modelica model of an amine-based carbon capture process but reduced it to improve computational efficiency for real-time optimization.
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CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD Nabin Khadka
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To determine the optimum pipe diameter, you should go make the comparative analysis to determine the most optimum pipe size which reflects the most economic option.
This example is for illustration the importance of the the comparative analysis.
Note: According to ASME, pipe with 5 in diameter is not standard, but i selected it in the example for illustration only.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
Gas Separation Using a Membrane
1. Gas Separation
Using A Membrane
A Presentation By Tianna Drew
Lab Experiment Conducted
on 09/17/2013 by
*The Dream Team*
2. Lab Objectives
• Predict the unknown selectivity of a membrane
provided in the lab using a pilot scale gas
separation unit
• Compose a graph describing the separation process
and predicting the composition of the reject flow
• Produce an Excel worksheet describing the process
that can be used by an operator when predicting
the selectivity of future membranes
• Explain what would happen if the apparatus was
reversed and why
3. Background
Why Membrane Gas Separation?
In the large scale,
membrane gas separation can:
• Reduce processing costs because there is
no energy costs from phase changes, such
as those in cryogenic distillation
• Lessens environmental footprint because
the processing plants involved are
relatively small
4. Background
What Is Membrane Gas Separation?
Separating gases from each other, such as
removing nitrogen and oxygen from air
• Based on: each gas’s distinctive physical
properties, such as diffusion rates
• Using: semi-permeable polymer membrane
6. Background
Before Getting Started
Fundamental Material Balance:
Ff = FR + FP 0.21*Ff = xj*FR + ў*FP
The following equation used to predict the concentration at the permeate was formed
using the flux and flux ratio expressions:
α is the permeability that was varied for each of the following graph in order to predict
the concentrations of the reject and permeate flows.
The flow rate was to be varied, and the concentrations recorded. Based on the
experimental results, a more accurate α value was to be predicted.
Note: Assumed no pressure drop, constant temperature, and there is
atmospheric pressure at the permeate
9. Methods – TCD-GC
This is the machine that:
• Requires helium as a reference inert gas
• Detects the concentration of oxygen in
either the permeate and reject streams
• Is very expensive $$$
14. Conclusion
It was found that the selectivity of the
membrane averaged out to 10.146
This would be a great selectivity for a
membrane; unfortunately the theoretical
value was about 8.5
15. Conclusion
Reasons for Error
• Flow rate was slow
– Higher flow rate = higher recovery
– There may have been a more accurate depiction of the
amount of oxygen
• Not enough data points
– Carry out another hour
– Collect a few more data points at higher flow rates to let
the system reach a more steady state
• Co current flow versus countercurrent flow
– Ran the calculations assuming co current flow, whereas if
they had been run assuming countercurrent, the selectivity
would be more accurate
• Ran the experiment using countercurrent apparatus
16. Summary
• Predict the selectivity of the membrane
provided
– α = 10.146
• Compose a graph that can be used in the
future predicting the compositions of the
reject flow
• Explain what would happen if the apparatus
was reversed and why
– Used countercurrent flow apparatus, the co
current apparatus would have slightly different
equations0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
%Recovery
%O2 Reject
α=6
α=7
α=8
17. References
• McCabe, Smith and Harriott, 6th edition,
Chapter 26, pages 857-871
• Excel program written by Sara Sumner
• All data collected by *The Dream Team*