The document summarizes an analysis of an ozone contactor tank using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The team's objectives were to develop a 3D two-phase CFD model of the tank to analyze flow characteristics, maximize contact time, and compare simulations to tracer test results. They modeled different air flow rates and observed their effects on phase distribution, velocity profiles, and particle residence times. The CFD model provided insight into improving mixing and reducing dead zones to enhance disinfection performance.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring flow in closed conduit systems such as pipes. It describes direct measurement techniques including volume/weight measurements and velocity-area integration. It also covers indirect measurement techniques using differential pressure like the Pitot tube, Venturi meter, orifice plate, and elbow meter. Additional meter types discussed include electromagnetic, turbine, vortex, displacement, ultrasonic, acoustic Doppler, laser Doppler, and particle tracking flow meters. Examples are provided for some techniques.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), including Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). It discusses the basic principles and components of LDA, including how it uses laser beams to measure the velocity of tracer particles in a flow. It describes how LDA works by measuring the Doppler shift in frequency of light scattered by moving particles. It also discusses some limitations and considerations of LDA, such as the need to seed flows and its single point measurement technique.
Research Project Presentation_Michael LiMichael Li
This document summarizes an investigation into the drag and added mass properties of mid-water arch structures for riser design. Hydrodynamic force analysis was conducted using Morison's equation and existing codes. Added mass coefficients were analyzed using panel methods and CFD simulations, finding panel methods provided better predictions than codes. Drag coefficients were found to vary with structure design and Reynolds number. CFD simulations matched published cylinder results and provided better coefficient predictions than codes.
This document summarizes research on vortex generation and mass transfer in agitated vessels. Experiments were conducted in 11-inch and 24-inch diameter tanks to measure the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of an air-water system under varying conditions. A correlation was developed to predict kLa based on impeller type, speed, diameter, and liquid coverage. The correlation showed that kLa increases with scale when the minimum Froude number (FrMIN) and geometry are maintained. This suggests mass transfer is proportional to power input per vortex surface area. Further work is needed to validate the scale up methodology for different impeller types.
This document summarizes a study on modeling air flow in pipe networks used in aspirated smoke detectors. The study aims to develop new mathematical models to accurately predict pressure loss and transport time within such pipe networks. The models seek to account for the complex flow regimes involving transitions between laminar and turbulent flow due to disturbances from air sampling holes. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to analyze these effects and experimental methods are employed to determine pressure losses from pipe fittings and characterize the performance of different aspirator models used in the detection systems. Validations of the developed mathematical models against experimental data from various pipe configurations are also presented.
1) Air flows through a pipe where heat is supplied, increasing the temperature and pressure. The volume flow rates at the inlet (0.3079 m^3/s) and exit (0.3654 m^3/s) are calculated along with the exit velocity (5.94 m/s) and mass flow rate (0.7318 kg/s).
2) Refrigerant R-134a flows through a pipe where heat is supplied. The volume flow rates at the inlet (0.3079 m^3/s) and exit (0.3705 m^3/s) are calculated along with the mass flow rate (2.696 kg/s) and exit
Dimension less numbers in applied fluid mechanicstirath prajapati
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned. It is also known as a bare number or pure number or a quantity of dimension one[1] and the corresponding unit of measurement in the SI is one (or 1) unit[2][3] and it is not explicitly shown. Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and economics. Examples of quantities, to which dimensions are regularly assigned, are length, time, and speed, which are measured in dimensional units, such as meter , second and meter per second. This is considered to aid intuitive understanding. However, especially in mathematical physics, it is often more convenient to drop the assignment of explicit dimensions and express the quantities without dimensions, e.g., addressing the speed of light simply by the dimensionless number 1.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring flow in closed conduit systems such as pipes. It describes direct measurement techniques including volume/weight measurements and velocity-area integration. It also covers indirect measurement techniques using differential pressure like the Pitot tube, Venturi meter, orifice plate, and elbow meter. Additional meter types discussed include electromagnetic, turbine, vortex, displacement, ultrasonic, acoustic Doppler, laser Doppler, and particle tracking flow meters. Examples are provided for some techniques.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), including Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). It discusses the basic principles and components of LDA, including how it uses laser beams to measure the velocity of tracer particles in a flow. It describes how LDA works by measuring the Doppler shift in frequency of light scattered by moving particles. It also discusses some limitations and considerations of LDA, such as the need to seed flows and its single point measurement technique.
Research Project Presentation_Michael LiMichael Li
This document summarizes an investigation into the drag and added mass properties of mid-water arch structures for riser design. Hydrodynamic force analysis was conducted using Morison's equation and existing codes. Added mass coefficients were analyzed using panel methods and CFD simulations, finding panel methods provided better predictions than codes. Drag coefficients were found to vary with structure design and Reynolds number. CFD simulations matched published cylinder results and provided better coefficient predictions than codes.
This document summarizes research on vortex generation and mass transfer in agitated vessels. Experiments were conducted in 11-inch and 24-inch diameter tanks to measure the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of an air-water system under varying conditions. A correlation was developed to predict kLa based on impeller type, speed, diameter, and liquid coverage. The correlation showed that kLa increases with scale when the minimum Froude number (FrMIN) and geometry are maintained. This suggests mass transfer is proportional to power input per vortex surface area. Further work is needed to validate the scale up methodology for different impeller types.
This document summarizes a study on modeling air flow in pipe networks used in aspirated smoke detectors. The study aims to develop new mathematical models to accurately predict pressure loss and transport time within such pipe networks. The models seek to account for the complex flow regimes involving transitions between laminar and turbulent flow due to disturbances from air sampling holes. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to analyze these effects and experimental methods are employed to determine pressure losses from pipe fittings and characterize the performance of different aspirator models used in the detection systems. Validations of the developed mathematical models against experimental data from various pipe configurations are also presented.
1) Air flows through a pipe where heat is supplied, increasing the temperature and pressure. The volume flow rates at the inlet (0.3079 m^3/s) and exit (0.3654 m^3/s) are calculated along with the exit velocity (5.94 m/s) and mass flow rate (0.7318 kg/s).
2) Refrigerant R-134a flows through a pipe where heat is supplied. The volume flow rates at the inlet (0.3079 m^3/s) and exit (0.3705 m^3/s) are calculated along with the mass flow rate (2.696 kg/s) and exit
Dimension less numbers in applied fluid mechanicstirath prajapati
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned. It is also known as a bare number or pure number or a quantity of dimension one[1] and the corresponding unit of measurement in the SI is one (or 1) unit[2][3] and it is not explicitly shown. Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and economics. Examples of quantities, to which dimensions are regularly assigned, are length, time, and speed, which are measured in dimensional units, such as meter , second and meter per second. This is considered to aid intuitive understanding. However, especially in mathematical physics, it is often more convenient to drop the assignment of explicit dimensions and express the quantities without dimensions, e.g., addressing the speed of light simply by the dimensionless number 1.
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
The Remarkable Benefits and Grave Dangers of using Artificial Intelligence in...Steve Cuddy
The document discusses using artificial intelligence (AI) for petrophysical analysis and summarizes several case studies showing successful AI applications, including:
1) Evolution of a shaly water saturation equation that matched core data for a carbonate reservoir.
2) Identification of oil and gas zones in a field using NMR pattern recognition of T1 and T2 spectra.
3) Prediction of shear velocities on wells lacking data by determining relationships from conventional logs.
4) Prediction of permeability distributions that matched core data better than regression, important for reservoir modeling.
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in a 3-week professional engineering exam review session on hydrology and hydraulics. It will cover key aspects of hydrology including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation, runoff analysis using the Curve Number method, and peak discharge calculations. Hydraulics topics will include flow through common structures like weirs, orifices, and pipes. Example problems will be worked through for each major topic to illustrate concepts and calculations. Attendees are advised to review references and practice additional example problems.
1) The document discusses fluid flow through orifices and mouthpieces. It describes the theory of small orifices discharging fluid using Bernoulli's equation and defines relevant terms like coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge.
2) Torricelli's theorem states the velocity of a discharging jet is proportional to the square root of the head producing flow. The theoretical discharge can be calculated using the orifice area and velocity.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating coefficients of velocity, discharge, and contraction for given orifice dimensions and fluid flow values.
Simulation and validation of turbulent gas flow in a cyclone using CaelusApplied CCM Pty Ltd
Cyclones play a dominant role in the industrial separation of dilute particles from an incoming gas flow. The complex swirling flow in cyclones provides significant challenges for turbulence modelling in CFD. This paper presents a single phase transient solver developed using the Caelus library. The solver predictions using k-ω SST with and without curvature corrections, Reynolds Stress Model (LRR) and Large Eddy Simulation (Smagorinsky and coherent structure) turbulence models are compared against laser velocity measurements to investigate the level of accuracy afforded by each turbulence model. The k-ω SST model without any curvature corrections produced the poorest predictions of the flow field, whilst the coherent structure LES was found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements.
This study report summarizes a flood simulation analysis conducted for Surabaya City using the Nays2D flood model. The objectives were to simulate past flood events to identify flood routing, inundation areas, and flooded velocity magnitudes. The analysis used a 2D flood model with topographic data, roughness coefficients, and observed discharge data as boundary conditions. The initial results showed limitations in representing flood routing along rivers. Adjusting the river data and roughness coefficients improved routing but larger domains may be needed. Future tasks include validating results against additional data and tributaries to reduce biases.
The document discusses estimating evaporation loss from onboard tankers using Bernoulli's theorem. It provides background on Srinivasa Ramanujan, the gifted mathematician. It then outlines the problem of estimating fluid volume lost from a vessel when a relief valve opens for a set time. Inputs like pressure, pipe diameter, and time are given. Bernoulli's theorem is applied to calculate flow velocity and discharge, allowing the lost volume to be determined as 435 liters in this example. Limitations in assuming steady flow are noted. The document acknowledges technical inputs and support received.
Analysis of Flow in a Convering-Diverging NozzleAlber Douglawi
This document summarizes Alber Douglawi's analysis of air flow through a converging-diverging nozzle using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The project aimed to model the nozzle's flow properties and features like shocks. Douglawi created meshes of varying complexity and ran simulations using inviscid and turbulence models. Initial runs assumed ideal gas and inviscid flow. Later runs added wall functions and turbulence models. Grid convergence was achieved by comparing results from refined meshes. The simulations captured expected flow features like oblique shocks in the diverging section.
This document provides guidance on deck drainage design for bridges. It discusses analyzing runoff and calculating gutter flow rates. It also examines the capacity of various deck drainage features like grate inlets, sheet flow, gutters, scuppers, and drain pipes. Equations are presented to calculate flow for these drainage elements based on factors like cross slope, depth, and clear opening area. Design recommendations include avoiding sheet flow across decks and ensuring drainage features can accommodate expected flow loads.
The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations performed to optimize the mesh for the Siemens 4th generation distributed burner. Three meshes were analyzed: a coarse 0.55 million cell mesh, an intermediate 4.3 million cell mesh, and a fine 35 million cell mesh. Results showed negligible differences in velocity and equivalence ratio between the 4.3 million and 35 million cell meshes inside the main burner area. An optimized 1.4 million cell mesh was also created, showing similar results to the finer meshes while greatly reducing computational cost. Overall, the study demonstrated that the mesh in the main burner region could be optimized without loss of accuracy to better balance resolution and computation time.
1) Ultrasonic flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure the velocity and volumetric flow of liquids and gases through pipes. They work by transmitting ultrasonic waves across the pipe and measuring the time it takes for the waves to travel in the direction of and against the flow.
2) There are two main types of ultrasonic flow meters: clamp-on and in-line. Clamp-on meters attach to the outside of pipes while in-line meters have transducers mounted directly inside the pipe.
3) Ultrasonic flow meters are non-invasive, have high accuracy around 1% of measured flow, require little maintenance as they have no moving parts, but have higher initial costs
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography (GC). It discusses the basic principles and components of GC including:
1) Interphase separations where a mobile phase carries components through a stationary phase.
2) GC instrumentation including types of mobile and stationary phases as well as separation mechanisms.
3) Key aspects of GC analysis including theoretical plates, resolution, capacity factors, and quantitative analysis methods.
This document contains the work of Steven Brandon in answering 6 calculation questions regarding the flow properties of a non-Newtonian fluid flowing through a pipe. Brandon calculates the velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, average velocity, Reynolds number, friction factor, and viscosity at 5°C. He determines that the flow is laminar based on the Reynolds number. The velocity profile is flattened compared to Newtonian flow. The volumetric flow rate is 1.71 L/s. The average velocity is 1.78 m/s. The Reynolds number is 288.6. The friction factor is 0.222. The viscosity at 5°C is calculated to be 1100 mPa·s.
The ninth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. The different mechanisms for the removal of dust from gases are covered and the design equations used for control, modelling and understanding of the equipment are presented and derived. Examples of industrial equipment for gas cleaning are included.
DSD-NL 2014 - NGHS Flexible Mesh - University of Zagreb pilot Drava river cas...Deltares
This document summarizes a pilot case study comparing the Delft3D and D-Flow Flexible Mesh (D-FM) hydraulic models on the River Drava in Croatia. Key findings from simulating three flood events in 2010, 2011, and 2012 include:
1) D-FM provided similar or improved results compared to Delft3D while using a coarser, less computationally intensive mesh.
2) D-FM allowed for easier representation of levee breaches during the 2012 flood through weirs with time control.
3) D-FM simulations were 2.3 to 4 times faster than comparable Delft3D simulations, demonstrating its computational efficiency advantages.
1. The document summarizes a study report on simulating past flood events in Surabaya City to derive probabilistic flood maps. It outlines flood modeling done for 3 events using hydrological and hydraulic models.
2. Key results presented include flood inundation maps, discharge and velocity outputs from the hydrological model, and evaluation of routing results comparing simulated and observed downstream hydrographs.
3. Next steps discussed are rating curve estimation, evaluating model parameters like roughness coefficients, and developing probabilistic flood maps and estimating damage.
Why we need a Water Saturation vs. Height function for reservoir modelling.
Definitions: Free-Water-Level, HWC, Net, Swirr
Several case studies showing applications to reservoir modelling.
To determine a field’s hydrocarbon in place, it is necessary to model the distribution of hydrocarbon and water
throughout the reservoir. A water saturation vs. height (SwH) function provides this for the reservoir model. A
good SwH function ensures the three independent sources of fluid distribution data are consistent. These being
the core, formation pressure and electrical log data. The SwH function must be simple to apply, especially in
reservoirs where it is difficult to map permeability or where there appears to be multiple contacts. It must
accurately upscale the log and core derived water saturations to the reservoir model cell sizes.
This presentation clarifies the, often misunderstood, definitions for the free-water-level (FWL), transition zone
and irreducible water saturation. Using capillary pressure theory and the concept of fractals, a convincing SwH
function is derived from first principles. The derivation is simpler than with classical functions as there is no
porosity banding. Several case studies are presented showing the excellent match between the function and
well data. The function makes an accurate prediction of water saturations, even in wells where the resistivity
log was not run, due to well conditions. Logs and core data from eleven fields, with vastly different porosity and
permeability characteristics, depositional environments, and geological age, are compared. These
demonstrates how this SwH function is independent of permeability and litho-facies type and accurately
describes the reservoir fluid distribution.
The function determines the free water level, the hydrocarbon to water contact (HWC), net reservoir cut-off,
the irreducible water saturation, and the shape of the transition zone for the reservoir model. The function
provides a simple way to quality control electrical log and core data and justifies using core plug sized samples
to model water saturations on the reservoir scale. The presentation describes how the function has been used
to predict fluid contacts in wells where they are unclear, or where the contact is below the total depth of the
well. As the function uses the FWL as its base, it explains the apparently varying HWC in some fields and how
low porosity reservoirs can be fully water saturated for hundreds of feet above the FWL.
This simple convincing function calculates water saturation as a function of the height above the free water level
and the bulk volume of water and is independent of the porosity and permeability of the reservoir. It was voted
the best paper at the 1993 SPWLA Symposium in Calgary.
This document presents an equation for calculating emission rates of NH3 using average concentration measurements and background levels. It describes the Backward-Lagrangian Stochastic method, which simulates NH3 transport from source to measurement location to predict the ratio of average concentration to emission rate. This method requires inputs like wind speed, direction, surface roughness, stability, measured concentrations and background levels.
This document summarizes a study that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and compare the pressure drop and flow of alternative refrigerants R407c and R407b to the traditional R12 refrigerant inside an S-shaped coil. The CFD simulations were performed using Gambit and Fluent software. The results show that both R407c and R407b have lower pressure drops through the coil than R12, indicating they have better flow characteristics. Specifically, R407c had a predicted pressure drop of 204 Pa versus 247 Pa for R12, and R407b had 219 Pa versus 247 Pa for R12. Therefore, the study concludes the alternative refrigerants R407c and R407b have
Channel routing methods simulate the movement of flood waves through channels using equations like the continuity equation. There are two main types: hydrologic routing which uses empirical relationships between inflow, outflow, and storage, and hydraulic routing which uses the momentum equation to model actual water movement physics more accurately. Common routing methods include Modified Puls, Kinematic Wave, Muskingum, and Muskingum-Cunge, which apply combinations of the continuity, momentum, and other equations to calculate outflow hydrographs from inflow hydrographs.
Connect Labs is a marketing agency in St Kilda Victoria and we're obsessed with creating website that work using the marketing automation system HubSpot.
Este decreto establece la nueva tabla de enfermedades laborales de Colombia. Incluye una lista actualizada de agentes de riesgo ocupacional y grupos de enfermedades, así como directrices para el reconocimiento y tratamiento de enfermedades laborales. El decreto deroga la tabla anterior y entra en vigencia de inmediato.
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
The Remarkable Benefits and Grave Dangers of using Artificial Intelligence in...Steve Cuddy
The document discusses using artificial intelligence (AI) for petrophysical analysis and summarizes several case studies showing successful AI applications, including:
1) Evolution of a shaly water saturation equation that matched core data for a carbonate reservoir.
2) Identification of oil and gas zones in a field using NMR pattern recognition of T1 and T2 spectra.
3) Prediction of shear velocities on wells lacking data by determining relationships from conventional logs.
4) Prediction of permeability distributions that matched core data better than regression, important for reservoir modeling.
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in a 3-week professional engineering exam review session on hydrology and hydraulics. It will cover key aspects of hydrology including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation, runoff analysis using the Curve Number method, and peak discharge calculations. Hydraulics topics will include flow through common structures like weirs, orifices, and pipes. Example problems will be worked through for each major topic to illustrate concepts and calculations. Attendees are advised to review references and practice additional example problems.
1) The document discusses fluid flow through orifices and mouthpieces. It describes the theory of small orifices discharging fluid using Bernoulli's equation and defines relevant terms like coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge.
2) Torricelli's theorem states the velocity of a discharging jet is proportional to the square root of the head producing flow. The theoretical discharge can be calculated using the orifice area and velocity.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating coefficients of velocity, discharge, and contraction for given orifice dimensions and fluid flow values.
Simulation and validation of turbulent gas flow in a cyclone using CaelusApplied CCM Pty Ltd
Cyclones play a dominant role in the industrial separation of dilute particles from an incoming gas flow. The complex swirling flow in cyclones provides significant challenges for turbulence modelling in CFD. This paper presents a single phase transient solver developed using the Caelus library. The solver predictions using k-ω SST with and without curvature corrections, Reynolds Stress Model (LRR) and Large Eddy Simulation (Smagorinsky and coherent structure) turbulence models are compared against laser velocity measurements to investigate the level of accuracy afforded by each turbulence model. The k-ω SST model without any curvature corrections produced the poorest predictions of the flow field, whilst the coherent structure LES was found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements.
This study report summarizes a flood simulation analysis conducted for Surabaya City using the Nays2D flood model. The objectives were to simulate past flood events to identify flood routing, inundation areas, and flooded velocity magnitudes. The analysis used a 2D flood model with topographic data, roughness coefficients, and observed discharge data as boundary conditions. The initial results showed limitations in representing flood routing along rivers. Adjusting the river data and roughness coefficients improved routing but larger domains may be needed. Future tasks include validating results against additional data and tributaries to reduce biases.
The document discusses estimating evaporation loss from onboard tankers using Bernoulli's theorem. It provides background on Srinivasa Ramanujan, the gifted mathematician. It then outlines the problem of estimating fluid volume lost from a vessel when a relief valve opens for a set time. Inputs like pressure, pipe diameter, and time are given. Bernoulli's theorem is applied to calculate flow velocity and discharge, allowing the lost volume to be determined as 435 liters in this example. Limitations in assuming steady flow are noted. The document acknowledges technical inputs and support received.
Analysis of Flow in a Convering-Diverging NozzleAlber Douglawi
This document summarizes Alber Douglawi's analysis of air flow through a converging-diverging nozzle using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The project aimed to model the nozzle's flow properties and features like shocks. Douglawi created meshes of varying complexity and ran simulations using inviscid and turbulence models. Initial runs assumed ideal gas and inviscid flow. Later runs added wall functions and turbulence models. Grid convergence was achieved by comparing results from refined meshes. The simulations captured expected flow features like oblique shocks in the diverging section.
This document provides guidance on deck drainage design for bridges. It discusses analyzing runoff and calculating gutter flow rates. It also examines the capacity of various deck drainage features like grate inlets, sheet flow, gutters, scuppers, and drain pipes. Equations are presented to calculate flow for these drainage elements based on factors like cross slope, depth, and clear opening area. Design recommendations include avoiding sheet flow across decks and ensuring drainage features can accommodate expected flow loads.
The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations performed to optimize the mesh for the Siemens 4th generation distributed burner. Three meshes were analyzed: a coarse 0.55 million cell mesh, an intermediate 4.3 million cell mesh, and a fine 35 million cell mesh. Results showed negligible differences in velocity and equivalence ratio between the 4.3 million and 35 million cell meshes inside the main burner area. An optimized 1.4 million cell mesh was also created, showing similar results to the finer meshes while greatly reducing computational cost. Overall, the study demonstrated that the mesh in the main burner region could be optimized without loss of accuracy to better balance resolution and computation time.
1) Ultrasonic flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure the velocity and volumetric flow of liquids and gases through pipes. They work by transmitting ultrasonic waves across the pipe and measuring the time it takes for the waves to travel in the direction of and against the flow.
2) There are two main types of ultrasonic flow meters: clamp-on and in-line. Clamp-on meters attach to the outside of pipes while in-line meters have transducers mounted directly inside the pipe.
3) Ultrasonic flow meters are non-invasive, have high accuracy around 1% of measured flow, require little maintenance as they have no moving parts, but have higher initial costs
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography (GC). It discusses the basic principles and components of GC including:
1) Interphase separations where a mobile phase carries components through a stationary phase.
2) GC instrumentation including types of mobile and stationary phases as well as separation mechanisms.
3) Key aspects of GC analysis including theoretical plates, resolution, capacity factors, and quantitative analysis methods.
This document contains the work of Steven Brandon in answering 6 calculation questions regarding the flow properties of a non-Newtonian fluid flowing through a pipe. Brandon calculates the velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, average velocity, Reynolds number, friction factor, and viscosity at 5°C. He determines that the flow is laminar based on the Reynolds number. The velocity profile is flattened compared to Newtonian flow. The volumetric flow rate is 1.71 L/s. The average velocity is 1.78 m/s. The Reynolds number is 288.6. The friction factor is 0.222. The viscosity at 5°C is calculated to be 1100 mPa·s.
The ninth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. The different mechanisms for the removal of dust from gases are covered and the design equations used for control, modelling and understanding of the equipment are presented and derived. Examples of industrial equipment for gas cleaning are included.
DSD-NL 2014 - NGHS Flexible Mesh - University of Zagreb pilot Drava river cas...Deltares
This document summarizes a pilot case study comparing the Delft3D and D-Flow Flexible Mesh (D-FM) hydraulic models on the River Drava in Croatia. Key findings from simulating three flood events in 2010, 2011, and 2012 include:
1) D-FM provided similar or improved results compared to Delft3D while using a coarser, less computationally intensive mesh.
2) D-FM allowed for easier representation of levee breaches during the 2012 flood through weirs with time control.
3) D-FM simulations were 2.3 to 4 times faster than comparable Delft3D simulations, demonstrating its computational efficiency advantages.
1. The document summarizes a study report on simulating past flood events in Surabaya City to derive probabilistic flood maps. It outlines flood modeling done for 3 events using hydrological and hydraulic models.
2. Key results presented include flood inundation maps, discharge and velocity outputs from the hydrological model, and evaluation of routing results comparing simulated and observed downstream hydrographs.
3. Next steps discussed are rating curve estimation, evaluating model parameters like roughness coefficients, and developing probabilistic flood maps and estimating damage.
Why we need a Water Saturation vs. Height function for reservoir modelling.
Definitions: Free-Water-Level, HWC, Net, Swirr
Several case studies showing applications to reservoir modelling.
To determine a field’s hydrocarbon in place, it is necessary to model the distribution of hydrocarbon and water
throughout the reservoir. A water saturation vs. height (SwH) function provides this for the reservoir model. A
good SwH function ensures the three independent sources of fluid distribution data are consistent. These being
the core, formation pressure and electrical log data. The SwH function must be simple to apply, especially in
reservoirs where it is difficult to map permeability or where there appears to be multiple contacts. It must
accurately upscale the log and core derived water saturations to the reservoir model cell sizes.
This presentation clarifies the, often misunderstood, definitions for the free-water-level (FWL), transition zone
and irreducible water saturation. Using capillary pressure theory and the concept of fractals, a convincing SwH
function is derived from first principles. The derivation is simpler than with classical functions as there is no
porosity banding. Several case studies are presented showing the excellent match between the function and
well data. The function makes an accurate prediction of water saturations, even in wells where the resistivity
log was not run, due to well conditions. Logs and core data from eleven fields, with vastly different porosity and
permeability characteristics, depositional environments, and geological age, are compared. These
demonstrates how this SwH function is independent of permeability and litho-facies type and accurately
describes the reservoir fluid distribution.
The function determines the free water level, the hydrocarbon to water contact (HWC), net reservoir cut-off,
the irreducible water saturation, and the shape of the transition zone for the reservoir model. The function
provides a simple way to quality control electrical log and core data and justifies using core plug sized samples
to model water saturations on the reservoir scale. The presentation describes how the function has been used
to predict fluid contacts in wells where they are unclear, or where the contact is below the total depth of the
well. As the function uses the FWL as its base, it explains the apparently varying HWC in some fields and how
low porosity reservoirs can be fully water saturated for hundreds of feet above the FWL.
This simple convincing function calculates water saturation as a function of the height above the free water level
and the bulk volume of water and is independent of the porosity and permeability of the reservoir. It was voted
the best paper at the 1993 SPWLA Symposium in Calgary.
This document presents an equation for calculating emission rates of NH3 using average concentration measurements and background levels. It describes the Backward-Lagrangian Stochastic method, which simulates NH3 transport from source to measurement location to predict the ratio of average concentration to emission rate. This method requires inputs like wind speed, direction, surface roughness, stability, measured concentrations and background levels.
This document summarizes a study that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and compare the pressure drop and flow of alternative refrigerants R407c and R407b to the traditional R12 refrigerant inside an S-shaped coil. The CFD simulations were performed using Gambit and Fluent software. The results show that both R407c and R407b have lower pressure drops through the coil than R12, indicating they have better flow characteristics. Specifically, R407c had a predicted pressure drop of 204 Pa versus 247 Pa for R12, and R407b had 219 Pa versus 247 Pa for R12. Therefore, the study concludes the alternative refrigerants R407c and R407b have
Channel routing methods simulate the movement of flood waves through channels using equations like the continuity equation. There are two main types: hydrologic routing which uses empirical relationships between inflow, outflow, and storage, and hydraulic routing which uses the momentum equation to model actual water movement physics more accurately. Common routing methods include Modified Puls, Kinematic Wave, Muskingum, and Muskingum-Cunge, which apply combinations of the continuity, momentum, and other equations to calculate outflow hydrographs from inflow hydrographs.
Connect Labs is a marketing agency in St Kilda Victoria and we're obsessed with creating website that work using the marketing automation system HubSpot.
Este decreto establece la nueva tabla de enfermedades laborales de Colombia. Incluye una lista actualizada de agentes de riesgo ocupacional y grupos de enfermedades, así como directrices para el reconocimiento y tratamiento de enfermedades laborales. El decreto deroga la tabla anterior y entra en vigencia de inmediato.
Speakers installation When an alternating current electrical audio signal is applied to its voice coil, a coil of wire suspended in a circular gap between the poles of a permanent magnet.
Maahanmuuttajien määrän kasvu on haaste hyvinvointipalveluille. Kun kyseessä on maahanmuuttaja perhe, jossa on vammainen lapsi, on perhe monella tavalla marginaalissa. Suomalainen yhteiskunta pyrkii edistämään perheiden kotoutumista erilaisin palveluin ja tukitoimin, mutta palvelut ovat hajallaan, jakaantuneet usealle sektorille ja niiden saatavuus vaihtelee kunnittain. Vammaisten lasten ja nuorten tukisäätiössä toteutettiin 2013–2015 ETU-hanke, jossa selvitettiin asiaa. Tässä esityksessä käydään hankkeen tuloksia läpi sekä pohditaan mikä on kolmannen sektorin rooli palveluiden järjestämisessä.
Larissa Franz-Koivisto, projektipäällikkö, ETU-hanke, Vammaisten lasten ja nuorten tukisäätiö
Lasten suojelun kesäpäivillä Joensuussa 14.6.2016 pidetty esitys. Puhujat: toiminnanjohtaja Hanna Heinonen ja ohjelmajohtaja Miia Pitkänen, Lastensuojelun Keskusliitto.
Архітектура та інтнрєр в готельному господарствіNata_iv
Наводиться архітектурні рішення об’єктів підприємств готельного господарства, принципи організації внутрішнього простору, функції та елементи інтер’єру в приміщеннях засобів розміщення і основні методи створення художньої композиції для інтер’єрного простору приміщень
Lapsen yksityisyys julkisessa blogissa. Isyyspakkaus-blogin kirjoittaja Tommi Koivisto. Esitetty seminaarissa Lapsen yksityisyyden suoja digitaalisessa mediassa 14.3.2016.
Performance studies on a direct drive turbine for wave power generation in a ...Deepak Prasad
This document describes a study using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate wave power generation from a direct drive turbine in a numerical wave tank (NWT). The CFD model is validated against experimental data and shows good agreement. Flow characteristics through the front guide nozzle, augmentation channel, and turbine stages are examined. Peak turbine power and efficiency occur at 35 rotations per minute, matching experimental results closely.
This document summarizes an experiment that measured wave forces on different shapes of wind turbine towers, including a cylinder, square rod, and actual tower model. Models were tested in a water tunnel using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to analyze velocity profiles and calculate drag forces via two methods: applying momentum conservation to a control volume around each model, and determining drag coefficients based on Reynolds number and model geometry. Four layers within the control volume were analyzed separately to obtain velocity measurements at different depths.
The document discusses flowmetering steam. It begins by quoting Lord Kelvin about the importance of measurement. Many businesses now recognize the value of energy cost accounting, conservation, and monitoring techniques using tools like flowmetering. Steam is difficult to measure accurately. Flowmeters designed for liquids and gases don't always work well for steam. The document then discusses fundamentals of fluid mechanics including density, viscosity, Reynolds number, and flow regimes as they relate to measuring steam flow. Accurately measuring steam use allows optimizing plant efficiency and energy efficiency through monitoring steam demand and identifying major steam users.
This document discusses flow analysis of wind turbines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It provides background on wind turbines and how they convert wind energy to mechanical energy. It then describes the basic steps in CFD analysis including defining the problem, preprocessing like meshing, solving the equations of motion, and postprocessing the results. Specific CFD models for wind turbines are discussed, including the actuator disk model which simplifies modeling of the entire turbine as a disk that imposes forces on the flow.
DMUG 2016 - Prof. Alan Robins, University of SurreyIES / IAQM
The document summarizes the role of physical modeling of atmospheric dispersion using wind tunnels. It discusses how wind tunnels are used to educate, provide data, and develop knowledge to solve practical dispersion questions. Specific topics studied using wind tunnels include basic dispersion processes, plume rise, building effects, dense gas dispersion, and urban boundary layers. Examples provided show simulations of plumes interacting with buildings, leaks from chemical plants, urban dispersion through street networks, and dense gas dispersion in urban areas. Wind tunnels are found to be a proven technology for atmospheric dispersion research when used alone or in conjunction with models.
1) The document discusses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to design electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) for industrial applications in a multidisciplinary approach.
2) The design procedure involves drafting a design based on specifications, simulating gas flow and particle capture, and modifying the design as needed to meet efficiency specifications.
3) The CFD modeling approach involves time-dependent simulation of gas flow, electric fields, particle charging and migration, collection, and reentrainment to optimize ESP performance.
Analytical modelling of groundwater wells and well systems: how to get it r...Anton Nikulenkov
Aquifer tests are probably the most widely used methods to obtain hydrogeological properties that are vital for any mine dewatering or environmental impact assessments. Numerous softwares and methods currently exist that provide quick and easy tests interpretation by fitting theoretical and measured drawdown curves. However, misinterpreting a-priory groundwater concepts and not accounting correctly for such factors as skin-effect, well storage or partial penetration may result in hydraulic conductivity errors by several hundred precents. As illustrated by case studies from WA, both numerical and analytical models generally suffer from non-uniqueness that can be overcome by understanding a-priory groundwater concepts and implementing them appropriately into the interpretation algorithms.
The presentation also discusses an analytical approach for well systems design. The methodology is presently incorporated in ANSDIMAT software package that is developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences. The method uses standard and research analytical solutions and it is based on the principle of superposition. Unlike numerical models, the method allows calculating drawdowns inside a pumping well and regional drawdowns, for example, on an open pit contour. A particle tracking component, incorporated into the methodology, provides a practical alternative to numerical models for simplified environmental impact assessments.
Effect of Geometry on Variation of Heat Flux and Drag for Launch Vehicle -- Z...Abhishek Jain
Above Research Paper can be downloaded from www.zeusnumerix.com
The research paper aims at studying the variation of the geometry of the launch vehicle nose and its effect on heat flux. CFDExpert software is first validated on NASA's hyperballistic model and then used on proposed geometries. Various nose radius and blending shapes are studied for effect on drag and heat flux. Cone ogive shape is found to decrease heat flux with an insignificant increase in drag. Authors Abhishek Jain (Zeus Numerix), Rohan Kedar and Prof V Kalamkar (SPCOE).
This document discusses various methods for measuring water flow. It begins by explaining why water measurement is important for determining irrigation amounts, field experiments, well testing, and planning conservation measures. Common units of measurement are then outlined for both stationary and flowing water. The fundamental equations of continuity and Bernoulli's principle are described. Methods for measuring open channel flow include indirect methods like float methods, current meters, dilution techniques, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic methods. Direct methods involve structures like orifices, weirs, flumes, and the slope-area method. Orifices and flow through large orifices are then explained in detail.
Propeller cavitation is a major problem in ship operation and the costs of repair and maintenance is high for ship-owners. Proper design of propeller plays a very important role in life cycle and the performance of a vessel. The use of simulation to observe various parameters that affect cavitations can be helpful to optimize propeller performance. This project designs and simulates cavitations flow of a Kaplan series, Fixed Pitch Propeller (FPP) of a 48-metres Multipurpose Deck Ship at 11 knots. Simulation test was carried out for laminar and turbulent flow using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach to observe cavitations occurrence at selected radius. The parameters considered are pitch angle, angle of attack, viscosity of sea water, operating vapour pressure in the sea water, engine power, lift and drag vectors of each of the blade sections, and resultant velocity of the fluid flow. Comparison of performance is made and it compares well with the theory. Thrust coefficient (KT), torque coefficient (KQ), thrust (T), advance coefficient (J), and cavitations number (σ), were calculated to deduce efficiency and validate the model. The study can be used to build a prototype physical model that could be beneficial for future additional experimentation investigation.
Key words: Simulation, cavitation, performance, propeller, CFD
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openingsSafdar Ali
This document discusses determining pressure and shock losses in underground mine openings using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation techniques. It aims to calculate losses in different mine configurations using CFD and compare results to classical formulas. The document outlines the objective, scope, literature review on losses, and CFD methodology. It describes setting up simulations of common mine geometries like tunnels, bends, junctions, and shafts in Gambit meshing software and analyzing them in Fluent. Results are presented on velocity profiles and pressure losses for configurations like gradual contractions and expansions.
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)Safdar Ali
This document discusses the determination of shock and pressure losses in underground mine openings using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation techniques. The objective is to calculate losses in different mine configurations and compare results from CFD simulations to classical formulas. The document outlines the scope of the project, literature review on losses, and describes meshing mine geometries in Gambit and performing CFD simulations in Fluent. Results are presented for simulations of tunnels, bends, junctions, contractions, expansions, shafts, and regulators. CFD-generated shock loss coefficients are found to agree reasonably well with published values, except for splits/junctions and forcing shafts, which may be due to modeling limitations. The conclusion is that 3D
Simulation requirements and relevant load conditions in the design of floatin...Ricardo Faerron Guzmán
The document discusses simulation requirements and relevant load conditions for designing floating offshore wind turbines. It summarizes findings from simulations of a reference 10MW turbine and floating platform design in the Gulf of Maine. Key findings include: (1) Initial conditions are important to reduce transient behavior, with platform heave taking longest to converge; (2) A run-in time of 1000 seconds is sufficient for loads to reach stationarity; (3) Sensitivity analysis found wind speed and wave height most influential on loads; (4) 8 simulations are needed to estimate fatigue loads within 5% accuracy; (5) Simulation length under 3 hours has little effect on load statistics if using multiple wind seeds. The methodology focused on identifying best practices for floating turbine simulations
This laboratory report summarizes an experiment analyzing the residence time distribution of a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) using a tracer method. Sodium chloride was injected as an inert tracer and its concentration over time was measured in the reactor effluent. The data was used to calculate residence time distribution and cumulative distribution functions, which provide insight into how real reactors operate compared to ideal models. Mean residence time and a tanks-in-series model were also determined to diagnose any non-ideal reactor behaviors like dead volumes or bypassing.
The document summarizes research on using fractal patterns as flow conditioners upstream of orifice plate flow meters. It describes two fractal designs tested - a Koch curve and space-filling circles. Experiments with air and water flows showed fractals reduced errors from disturbances. CFD simulations visualized how fractals restored uniform velocity profiles. While fractals alone caused small errors, they significantly reduced errors from blockages and swirl. The research demonstrates fractal conditioners can increase measurement accuracy over conventional straight pipes by requiring less upstream distance and producing fully developed flow. Future work is proposed to further optimize fractal conditioner designs.
The document simulates von Karman vortex shedding in the flow over a cylinder at Reynolds numbers of 1000 and 10000 using different turbulence models. It finds that the k-omega SST model most accurately predicts drag coefficient and Strouhal number compared to theoretical data, with errors of 6% and 2% respectively. The simulation shows periodic changes in lift coefficient due to vortex shedding that are used to calculate the Strouhal number. Plots of Strouhal number and drag coefficient versus Reynolds number indicate the k-omega SST model best matches theoretical values over the range tested.
Development of Hill Chart diagram for Francis turbine of Jhimruk Hydropower u...Suman Sapkota
The study is expected to provide a milestone for the study of performances of Francis Turbine at different loading conditions. It can also serve as a reference for the study of CFD analysis on Francis turbine for the development of performance characteristics curve and Hill chart.
This document describes a thesis analyzing natural convection in a vertical microchannel using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The thesis examines:
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This document summarizes gaseous emission control technologies and cyclone separators. It discusses two approaches to controlling air pollution: pollution prevention at the source and treatment of fumes as they form. Cyclone separators are described as inexpensive devices with no moving parts that are widely used to remove particles from air streams. The document provides details on cyclone design, operation, advantages, disadvantages, and equations for calculating collection efficiency based on factors like particle size, gas velocity, and cyclone dimensions. An example calculation is included to demonstrate determining the collection efficiency of a conventional cyclone for a given particle size distribution.
Similar to McGill Ozone Contactor Design Project (20)
1. Analysis of an Ozone
Contactor Tank
Presented by: Nadera Nawabi, Henk Williams & Nick Mead-Fox
2. Nadera Nawabi – Data Analyst
Henk Williams – CFD Modeller
Nick Mead-Fox – CFD Modeller
Meet our team…
3. Determine geometry of the ozone contactor tank at the San
Andreas Water Treatment Plant (SAWTP)
Develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the
ozone contactor to determine flow characteristics
Compare CFD simulations to the tracer test results obtained
from the SAWTP report
Project Overview
4. Scope
Develop a 3-D 2-phase model (air & water) that predicts the
hydraulic processes of an ozone contactor
Objective
Maximize ozone contact time in SAWTP ozone contactors
Qualitative: analyze “dead spots” in velocity contours before and
after the addition of gas bubblers
Quantitative: use particle tracking to calculate the average retention
time of particles in the system
Scope & Objective
5. Ozone has been used for water treatments for almost 100 years
It is a very strong oxidizing agent and a powerful disinfectant
Ozone is very effective against almost all microorganisms
Ozone Disinfection
7. Source: (Camp Dresser & McKee, 1994)
CT concept was developed by EPA to quantify disinfection effectiveness
CT Requirements for Various
Disinfectants
9. ‘San Francisco Water Department: San Andreas Water Treatment
Plant Ozone Contactor Tracer Tests’
→ used to determine the dimensions of the tank and
compare simulation results
Source of Data
10. Reducing dead zone regions (areas with very low velocity) in the
ozone contactor tank will improve the disinfection efficiency of the
contactor
Source: (University of Waterloo, 2014)
Why improve hydraulics of an ozone
contactor?
11. Hence, a more purified, safe and
clean water!
Source: (Water Liberty Research Center)
12. Learn
Software
•Complete ANSYS Fluent tutorials
2D, 1 Phase
Prototype
•Achieve proper flow through system – water only
•Extract velocity profile and learning about basic boundary conditions
Geometry of
Tank
•Determine dimensions of ozone contactor using fluid flow relationships and basic geometry
2D, 2 Phase
Tank
Prototype
•Visualize flow in filled container
3D, 2 Phase
Tank
Prototype
•Replicate 2D results
•Experiment with bubblers – full tank bottom vs discrete inlet- mass balance
3D, 2 Phase
Tank Real
Design
•Remove air pocket include ozone bubbler
•Model inlets and outlets
•Achieve steady state
•Extract particle data, and velocity/phase animations
Design Approach
13. Timeline
Dates Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14
Tasks
Design Team Formation
Assignment of Project
Meet with Advisor
Design Brief
Team Presentation
Build Simple 2D Figure in
Ansys
Build 1-Phase of Model
Build Simple 2D structure
with 2 Phase
Build 2D of Model with 2
Phase
Build 3D Model with 2 Phase
Mid-Term Presentation
Remove Air Pocket in 3D
Model and Include Ozone
Bubbler
Model Inlets and Outlets
Achieve Steady State
Extract Particle Data and
Velocity/Phase Animations
Final Presentation
Written Report
15. Continuity Equations
1st order upwind scheme - Finite Differencing Scheme
→ Tracks changes by using the mesh element directly upstream of the point
being calculated, solves continuity equations relatively stable and has good
convergence properties, loses some accuracy due to numerical diffusion
Other schemes: QUICK, 2nd order, WENO more accurate, but greatly increases
computation time of simulatins and increases divergence probability
16. Continuity equations being solved for mass, momentum, and energy
Energy is the critical parameter in a turbulent system, requiring a more
complicated energy equation
17. Turbulence Models
Two primary models were used:
k-epsilon
Tracks changes in k: the turbulent kinetic energy
Tracks changes in e: the rate of energy dissipation, or change in kinetic energy
(turbulence)
Relatively stable and converges easily
Inaccurate when simulating rotating flow, or flow with strong curvature
→ Transferred to omega once had working models in k-epsilon
omega - w
specific energy dissipation
Increases accuracy rotating flow, but is less stable, more dependent
on initial conditions.
18. Turbulence Model: k-omega
k:
→ change with time, change with distance (convection) = velocity change with
(shear and viscous elements), current energy, change with dissipation
w:
similar to above
then
where µt is turbulent viscosity- actual term used to fit continuity
22. Multiphase Models - VOF
For two immiscible fluids; uses a single set of momentum equations and
the volume fraction in each cell is tracked.
Applications
Stratified Flows
Free Surface Flows
Filling, Sloshing
Large Bubbles
Tracking Interfaces
23. Multiphase Models - Mixture
For two or more phases; phases treated as interpenetrating continua.
Solves for the mixture momentum equations, prescribes relative velocities to
dispersed phases.
Applications
Low Load Particle-laden Flows
Bubbly Flows
Sedimentation
Cyclone Separators
24. Multiphase Models - Eulerian
Eulerian - Most complex multiphase model.
Solves a set of n momentum and continuity equations for each phase.
Applications
Bubble columns
Risers
Particle suspension
Fluidized beds
25. Ensuring Model Convergence
Incompatible Boundary Conditions
Turbulence Errors
Boundary Backflow
Vertical Outlets
Mass Balance
27. Diffuser Modelling
Velocity, Area, and Flow: The problems with surface outlets
Square Inlets: Not representative
Striped Inlets: Successful, but can’t be placed adjacent to walls
Volume fraction more appropriate and versatile than re-modelling area changes.
In all Cases: Inlet Area >>> Mesh Size
37. Tracer Tests and Residence Times
Scenario Water inlet
velocity
(m/s)
Ozone Outlet
Area (m^2)
Ozone injection
velocity (m/s)
Average
residence
time (s)
Tracer
Residence
Time
Control 0.6485 0 0 3.95 3.05
Trace 1
(350 SCFM)
0.6485 0.0413 4 9.3 3.69
Air 2
(700 SCFM)
0.6485 0.0826 4 11 NA
39. Qualitative Conclusions
The relationship between air flow, residence time and disinfection
capacity is nonlinear and poorly understood.
Air flows required for disinfection and appropriate residence time are
too low to induce turbulence and decrease the presence of hydraulic
dead zones within the contactor.
The disinfection process is far from homogenous.
The calculation of CT-values has a significant margin of error.
→ Calculated vs. “True” contact times.
→ Any amount of air flow increases contactor residence time, but does
not necessarily improve the contactors disinfection capacity.
40. A Reference for Further Analysis
Ozone contactor performance optimization.
Simulating disinfection scenarios: Injector surface area and
velocity, flow composition, interior surface effects, and gas
extraction methods.
Dual media injectors - liquid water injection with high ozone
concentrations to mix water and eliminate dead zones.
The chemistry of ozone disinfection by incorporating CFD-based
CT-calculations
42. Works Cited
Stenmark, E. (2013, November 1). On Multiphase Flow Models in ANSYS CFD Software. Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/182902/182902.pdf
24.4.1. Discrete Phase Boundary Condition Types. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://www.arc.vt.edu/ansys_help/flu_ug/flu_ug_sec_discrete_bctypes.html
24.4.1. Discrete Phase Boundary Condition Types. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://www.arc.vt.edu/ansys_help/flu_ug/flu_ug_sec_discrete_bctypes.html
24.4.1. Discrete Phase Boundary Condition Types. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://www.arc.vt.edu/ansys_help/flu_ug/flu_ug_sec_discrete_bctypes.html
Ma, J., & Srinivasa, M. (2008, January 1). Particulate modeling in ANSYS CFD. Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://www.ansys.com/staticassets/ANSYS/staticassets/resourcelibrary/confpaper/2008-Int-ANSYS-Conf-particulate-modeling-in-ansys-cfd.pdf
25.3.2. Modeling Open Channel Flows. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from http://www.arc.vt.edu/ansys_help/flu_ug/flu_
24.4.1. Discrete Phase Boundary Condition Types. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://www.arc.vt.edu/ansys_help/flu_ug/flu_ug_sec_discrete_bctypes.html
17.2.1. Approaches to Multiphase Modeling. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://www.arc.vt.edu/ansys_help/flu_th/flu_th_sec_mphase_approaches.html
Rakness, K. L., Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment - Process Design, Operation, and Optimization (1st Edition). American Water Works Association
(AWWA): 2005.
Camp Dresser & McKee. San Francisco Water Department: San Andreas Water Treatment Plant Ozone Contactor Tracer Tests. 1994.
WaterLiberty.com - Ancient Water Purification System - Black Mica. (2013, January 1). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://www.waterliberty.com/presentation-dd.php
Full-Scale Water Treatment Facilities. (2014, January 1). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from
http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/watertreatment/facilities/full.asp
C is usually defined as the ozone residual concentration at the outlet of a chamber and T is the residence time of microorganisms in the chamber
T10 is the residence time of the first 10% of the water to travel from the contactor inlet to outlet, to ensure a minimum exposure time for 90% of the water and microorganisms entering a disinfection contactor.