This document describes an experiment to determine the efficiency of a continuous plate distillation column. It provides background on distillation column design and efficiency calculations using concepts like theoretical plates, reflux ratio, and Fenske's method. The experiment involves running a methanol-water mixture through a distillation column at total reflux to establish equilibrium. Samples are taken from the overhead and their compositions are measured using a refractometer and calibration curve. The number of theoretical plates is then calculated using the compositions and Fenske's method. This is compared to the actual number of plates in the column to determine the efficiency. Key steps include establishing a calibration curve, collecting samples at various reflux rates, measuring compositions, and performing efficiency calculations.
Headspace Gas Chromatograph/PID for Onsite Screening of Soil and Water at Haz...Jennifer Maclachlan
This paper was presented at the American Chemical Society Fall meeting in Philadelphia, PA on the Environmental Chemistry Division program track in a symposium titled: Recent Advances in Remdeiation Strategies & Technologies for the Cleanup of Hazardous Waste Sites. This talk discusses headspace screening of VOC’s in soil and water samples that can be done in the field using a GC/PID headspace method for rapid detection.
Armfield Gas Absorption Column ExperimentHadeer Khalid
The absorption of CO2 from air to water was studied in Gas absorption column built by Armfield company. Lab report and experiment was part of Separation Lab.
Headspace Gas Chromatograph/PID for Onsite Screening of Soil and Water at Haz...Jennifer Maclachlan
This paper was presented at the American Chemical Society Fall meeting in Philadelphia, PA on the Environmental Chemistry Division program track in a symposium titled: Recent Advances in Remdeiation Strategies & Technologies for the Cleanup of Hazardous Waste Sites. This talk discusses headspace screening of VOC’s in soil and water samples that can be done in the field using a GC/PID headspace method for rapid detection.
Armfield Gas Absorption Column ExperimentHadeer Khalid
The absorption of CO2 from air to water was studied in Gas absorption column built by Armfield company. Lab report and experiment was part of Separation Lab.
Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gasijsrd.com
Packed bed reactors play vital role in chemical industries for obtaining valuable product, like steam reforming of natural gas, ammonia synthesis, sulphuric acid production, methanol synthesis, methanol oxidation, butadiene production, styrene production. It is not only used for production but also used in separation process like adsorption, distillation and stripping section. Packed bed reactors are work horse of the chemical and petroleum industries. Its low cost, and simplicity makes it first choice to any chemical processes. In our experimental work vacuum residue is used as a feed which is pyrolyzed in the primary chamber with the help of plasma into hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases which is feed stream to the Ni catalyst containing packed bed reactor called catalytic cracker. Ni loading in the catalyst about 70 % is used to crack or decompose lower molecular hydrocarbon in to hydrogen to maximize the energy content per mass flow of gas steam and also to minimize the carbon dioxide equivalent gases at outlet of the reactor. Since cracking is surface phenomena so the catalyst play important role in designing of reactor shape. Parallel Catalytic packed bed with regeneration and deactivation can be used for commercial production of clean fuel.
Microgravity Flow Transients in the context of On-Board Propellant GaugingAatresh Karnam
It is well known that surface tension of a liquid has a decisive role in flow dynamics and the eventual equilibrium state, especially in confined flows under low gravity conditions and also in free surface flows. One such instance of a combination of these two cases where surface tension plays an important role is in the microgravity environment of a spacecraft propellant tank. In this specific case both propellant acquisition and residual propellant estimation are critical to the mission objectives particularly in the end-of-life phase. While there have been a few studies pertaining to the equilibrium state in given geometric configurations, the transient flow leading to final state from an initial arbitrary distribution of propellant is rarely described. The present study is aimed at analysing the dynamic behaviour of the liquids under reduced gravity through numerical simulation and also addresses the specific case of propellant flow transient in a cone-in-a-sphere type of tank configuration proposed by Lal and Raghunandan which is likely to result in both improved acquisition and life time estimation of spacecraft. While addressing this specific problem, the present work aims to study the transient nature of such surface tension driven flows in a general form as applicable to other similar problems also. Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for multiphase model in ANSYS FLUENT was adapted with suitable changes for generating numerical solutions to this problem.
Transients in Surface Tension Driven Flows in MicrogravityAatresh Karnam
It is well known fact that surface tension of a liquid plays a dominant role in microgravity conditions. A specific problem of interest is that of propellant acquisition in spacecraft where, in the absence of gravity the propellant mass has no preferential position unless special hardware are so devised as to keep the propellant at the tank outlet. For many such configurations, models are available to determine the equilibrium position of the liquid mass, but the transients involved in driving the liquid to this state from arbitrary initial state are rarely addressed. This becomes critical if one desires experimental verification of the models since microgravity times achievable in tests can be very limited. The present work addresses this issue by solving the flow inside the tank under the influence of surface tension. The numerical model with a generic approach is validated for a couple of known experimental configurations before making predictions for spacecraft propellant management in a specific configuration which aid propellant acquisition as well as gauging which becomes critical towards the end-of-life of the spacecraft.
Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gasijsrd.com
Packed bed reactors play vital role in chemical industries for obtaining valuable product, like steam reforming of natural gas, ammonia synthesis, sulphuric acid production, methanol synthesis, methanol oxidation, butadiene production, styrene production. It is not only used for production but also used in separation process like adsorption, distillation and stripping section. Packed bed reactors are work horse of the chemical and petroleum industries. Its low cost, and simplicity makes it first choice to any chemical processes. In our experimental work vacuum residue is used as a feed which is pyrolyzed in the primary chamber with the help of plasma into hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases which is feed stream to the Ni catalyst containing packed bed reactor called catalytic cracker. Ni loading in the catalyst about 70 % is used to crack or decompose lower molecular hydrocarbon in to hydrogen to maximize the energy content per mass flow of gas steam and also to minimize the carbon dioxide equivalent gases at outlet of the reactor. Since cracking is surface phenomena so the catalyst play important role in designing of reactor shape. Parallel Catalytic packed bed with regeneration and deactivation can be used for commercial production of clean fuel.
Microgravity Flow Transients in the context of On-Board Propellant GaugingAatresh Karnam
It is well known that surface tension of a liquid has a decisive role in flow dynamics and the eventual equilibrium state, especially in confined flows under low gravity conditions and also in free surface flows. One such instance of a combination of these two cases where surface tension plays an important role is in the microgravity environment of a spacecraft propellant tank. In this specific case both propellant acquisition and residual propellant estimation are critical to the mission objectives particularly in the end-of-life phase. While there have been a few studies pertaining to the equilibrium state in given geometric configurations, the transient flow leading to final state from an initial arbitrary distribution of propellant is rarely described. The present study is aimed at analysing the dynamic behaviour of the liquids under reduced gravity through numerical simulation and also addresses the specific case of propellant flow transient in a cone-in-a-sphere type of tank configuration proposed by Lal and Raghunandan which is likely to result in both improved acquisition and life time estimation of spacecraft. While addressing this specific problem, the present work aims to study the transient nature of such surface tension driven flows in a general form as applicable to other similar problems also. Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for multiphase model in ANSYS FLUENT was adapted with suitable changes for generating numerical solutions to this problem.
Transients in Surface Tension Driven Flows in MicrogravityAatresh Karnam
It is well known fact that surface tension of a liquid plays a dominant role in microgravity conditions. A specific problem of interest is that of propellant acquisition in spacecraft where, in the absence of gravity the propellant mass has no preferential position unless special hardware are so devised as to keep the propellant at the tank outlet. For many such configurations, models are available to determine the equilibrium position of the liquid mass, but the transients involved in driving the liquid to this state from arbitrary initial state are rarely addressed. This becomes critical if one desires experimental verification of the models since microgravity times achievable in tests can be very limited. The present work addresses this issue by solving the flow inside the tank under the influence of surface tension. The numerical model with a generic approach is validated for a couple of known experimental configurations before making predictions for spacecraft propellant management in a specific configuration which aid propellant acquisition as well as gauging which becomes critical towards the end-of-life of the spacecraft.
Chem 162 Lab 3: Gas Laws Part I & II- Sample Data for the class
1) Sample Data Group 1:
Part I
Part II
Volume (ml)
Pressure (kPa)
Temperature (°C)
Pressure (kPa)
103.0
60
70.8
113.5
88.0
70
66.3
112.6
73.0
85
61.8
111.5
62.0
100
57.1
110.4
44.0
140
51.5
109.0
34.0
180
39.9
105.5
31.0
200
26.4
101.8
10.5
96.7
2) Sample Data Group 2:
Part I
Part II
Volume (ml)
Pressure (Torr)
Temperature (°C)
Pressure (kPa)
32.0
630
57
109.6
29.2
690
52
108.4
27.8
726
48.5
107.4
25.6
790
43.6
106.3
24.2
843
38.1
104.8
22.2
914
33.1
103.5
29.3
102.2
25.4
101.1
22.5
100.1
20
99.4
17.4
98.6
12.8
97.2
9.4
96.7
Bellevue College | Chemistry 162
1
Empirical Gas Laws (Part 3): The Ideal Gas Law
Determination of the Universal Gas Constant, R
In this experiment, you will generate and collect a sample of hydrogen gas over water by the
reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid.
Using the Ideal Gas Law (PV=nRT) you will find values for the pressure (P), volume (V),
number of moles of the gas (n), and the temperature (T) in order to determine the gas constant
(R). Because there will be water vapor present in your sample, you will make a correction to the
measured pressure and then compare your result for R to the literature value.
In this experiment, you will:
Determine a value for the Universal Gas Constant, R. (Part 3 of Empirical Gas Laws)
Safety Precautions
Wear your goggles at all times. Hydrochloric acid is corrosive.
Avoid spills and contact with your skin and clothing. If HCl
comes in contact with your skin, inform your teacher and flush
the acid with large quantities of water.
Note: If you are doing Part 3 to determine the value of the Universal
Gas Constant, R in the same period as Parts 1 and 2, you should get Part 3
started first.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (WORK IN PAIRS)
1. Put on goggles. Keep them on during the entire experiment.
2. Obtain a piece of magnesium ribbon that weighs no more than 0.08 grams. Record the mass
obtained (use significant figures!). Record this value in your data table (see report sheets).
Loosely roll it into a ball or coil it.
Encase the magnesium in a piece of copper mesh. Why do you think this might be helpful?
3. Fill the 800-mL beaker with approximately 200-mL of tap water.
4. Fill the 100-mL graduated cylinder with tap water. Using parafilm, a one-
hole stopper, or the palm of your hand, cover the top and invert the cylinder
into the beaker of water. You will end up with an inverted cylinder full of
water. Remove the parafilm or stopper if you used one. Rest the cylinder
on the bottom of the beaker. Try not to introduce any air bubbles in your
inverted cylinder (see Figure 1).
5. Place the magnesium (in its copper cage) into the graduated cylinder. Make
sure the magnesium is captured in the cylinder.
Figure 1: Gas collection in an
inverted cylinder full of water.
Samples of Competitive Examination Questions: Part XXXXXVII Ali I. Al-Mosawi
كتاب (نماذج أسئلة الإمتحان التنافسي/ إعداد علي إبراهيم الموسوي)
الجزء السابع والخمسون:
ماجستير لغة عربية كلية العلوم الإسلامية جامعة كربلاء ... ماجستير هندسة تقنيات المساحة الكلية التقنية الهندسية/ بغداد ... ماجستير علم نفس قسم العلوم التربوية والنفسية كلية التربية جامعة البصرة ... ماجستير لغة عربية/أدب قسم اللغة العربية كلية التربية جامعة البصرة ... دكتوراه الفقه وإصوله قسم علوم القرآن والتربية الإسلامية كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية جامعة تكريت ... ماجستير هندسة كيمياوية كلية الهندسة جامعة تكريت.
This report outlines the procedure followed during the distilla.docxherthalearmont
This report outlines the procedure followed during the distillation column laboratory and the results and conclusions of the laboratory. Operation of a pilot-plant scale trayed distillation column under total reflux conditions was investigated at various boil-up rates, so as to determine the effect of an increase in boil-up rate upon the minimum number of theoretical stages required to effect a given separation of methanol and 2-propanol and the overall efficiency of operation with regard to product separation. The McCabe-Thiele graphical method, the Fenske equation, and a given equation were employed so as to determine the required minimum number of stages, NT, while this graphical method and a given equation were employed so as to determine the actual number of stages, NA. The overall efficiency, no, was determined according to its definition and a given equation for no.
The operating lines pertaining to each investigated boil-up rate reasonably approximated the 45o reference line, which is indicative of total reflux conditions. According to the Fenske equation and the given equation for NT, an increase in the boil-up rate over the investigated range was seen to decrease the minimum number of theoretical stages required to effect a given separation. The average overall efficiency, on the other hand, was seen to increase with a similar increase in the boil-up rate. The McCabe-Thiele graphical approach quite accurately predicted the actual number of stages, which was known to be eight.
Sincerely,
Abstract
In this laboratory, a pilot-plant scale trayed distillation column was investigated at total reflux conditions, namely with regard to the separation of methanol and 2-propanol at different boil-up rates or different rates of vapor exiting the reboiler within the column. Analysis of the separation of these two species was made possible by varying the power input to the reboiler within the column, which ultimately varied the boil-up rate. Such an analysis involved study of the pressure drop across the column and study of samples of the liquid and vapor and the temperature at all stages within the column, including the reboiler stage, at each investigated power input to the reboiler.
The operating lines pertaining to each of the investigated boil-up rates were seen to be approximately coincident with the 45o reference line, which was theoretically expected, given that the rectifying and stripping operating lines are coincident with this line under conditions of total reflux. Through the use of the given equation for NT, the minimum number of stages required to effect the separation achieved at boil-up rates of 0.270 mL/s, 0.350 mL/s, and 0.410 mL/s were determined to be 1.97, 1.71, and 1.55, respectively. The Fenske equation predicted values of NT of 0.604, 0.555, and 0.396, respectively, with regard to these boil-up rates. It was thus concluded that the required number of such stages decreased as the boil-up rate increased. With regar ...
Currently, in Pakistan, there are six major producers of fertilizers which include Fauji Fertilizer, Engro Fertilizer Company, Dawood Hercules, and Fatima Fertilizers. Media reports suggest that the Chinese government is keenly looking for avenues to enter Pakistan's agriculture and fertilizer sector.
The two types of fertilizers - inorganic and organic. In the broadest sense, all types of fertilizers include any substance, living, or inorganic which aids in plant growth and health. We exclude water, CO2, and sunlight.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 1 of 11
Pre-Lab
Questions
Questions
Marks
PostLab
Questions
Questions
Marks
1 What is Refractive index? 1 If you assume CMO and doall the calculations, but CMO is
not true, what happens?
a)The efficiencyof the column willbe reduced
b) The L and V flow-rates inthe columnare different at
everystage. The McCabe-Thiele method cannot be applied
anymore. A punctual designconsideringeverysingle stage
of the columnmust be done inorder to calculate the
distillationproducts.
c) No effect. The CMO is onlyanassumption to simplify
the calculations during the process design andhas no
influence onthe functionalityof the column.
d) Raoult's lawis alsonot validanymore.
2 Where in a distillation column is the
temperature the lowest?
a) At the bottomof the column, because the heat rises
to the top due to natural convectionof the hot gas
flow.
b) At the feedposition,because the streamhas to be
cooled downbefore entering the column.
There are notemperature differences over the whole
column.
At the top of the column. Infact the more volatile
components (lower boiling point) are withdrawnat
the top of the column.
2 Which are the products of a distillation column
which has an infinite reflux ratio?
a) There is noDistillate production:everything is
withdrawn at the bottom.
b) There are noproducts and, at steadystate, also feed
rate is zero. The number of stages is the minimum
possible.
c) The column runs normallysince the products are only
feed dependent.
d) The infinite reflux ratio is onlya "trick" for calculation
purposes. It has nophysical meaningtherefore it cannot
be usedwith a real column.
3 What is the effect of the pressure inside the
distillation column?
The pressureaffects the internal flow-rates of
the column. Therefore in order to simplify the
calculation,with the CMO assumption (i.e.
constantinternal flow-rates) we assumealso
that the pressure is constantall over the column.
The pressureaffects the vapour pressureof the
feed mixture. Therefore the higher the pressure,
the purer the distillate.
Pressureaffects the vapor-liquid equilibrium,
therefore also the degree of separation obtained
in the distillation process depend on the
pressureset.
No effect. Only the temperature is the
parameter to consider in a distillation process.
3) What happens in a distillation column if the reflux
ratio is zero?
a. If no liquid isrecycled back to the column,
the internal liquid and vapour flow-rates
can not be controlled and the design of the
column gets more difficult.
b. In this casea partial condenser should be
used sincewe don't need any liquid for the
recycle.
c. The entire productis withdrawn as
Distillateand moreover we savethe
investment costs for recyclepipingand
pump. This is the best configuration
possiblefor a distillation column.
d. No liquid isrecycled back to the column.
Step by step the only vapour phasewill be
present in the rectification section and no
mass transfer is possibleanymore.
Total Marks
2. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 2 of 11
Determine the Overall Column Efficiency on a Continuous Plate
Distillation Column operation at total reflux
1. Objective:
To calculate the number of theoretical plates for the given separation at total reflux
2. Theory: Formula: FENSKE’s Method
OR
𝐿𝑜𝑔 [(
𝑋𝐴
𝑋𝐵
) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 . (
𝑋𝐵
𝑋𝐴
) 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 ]
𝑛 + 1 = ________________________________________________________
Log
α
av
Where Nmin = Minimum number of theoretical plates
XD = mole fraction of morevolatile component in the distillate (Top Product)
XB = mole fraction of the more volatile componentin the Bottom product.
α
AB =average relative volatility
Subscripts DBindicate the distillate and bottoms respectively
α
av = √ 𝛼𝐷. 𝛼𝐵
The efficiency is given by
𝐸 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑥 100
AB
DB
BD
min
ln
)x(x
)x(x
ln
N
1
1
3. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 3 of 11
waterofMW
waterofMass
MethanolofMW
MethanolofMass
MethanolofMW
MethanolofMass
FractionMole
Methanol = CH3OH
Water = H2O
3. Equipment:
1. ContinuousPlate DistillationColumn (youneedasketchforthis)
2. 250 ml measuring cylinder
3. Stop watch
4. Refractometer.
See the attachednotesforequipmentdetailsandoperation
waterofMassMethanolofMass
ofMethanolMass
FractionMass
4. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 4 of 11
ATAGO ABBE Recfractometer - DR-A1
Eye piece
Display
View finder
Sample compartment
What is "refractometer"?
When a chopstick is dipped in water in a glass, it looks bent. If the chopstick is dipped in thick sugar
water, it looks bent much more. This phenomenon arises from "refraction of light beam". Applying this
principle (with increase of solution in concentration, the refractive index becomes high in proportion
to it) to practical use, Dr. Ernst Abbe (German) first devised the refractometer at the beginning of the
20th century.
What is "refractive index
The refractive index n of an optical medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum,
c = 299792458 m/s, and the phase velocity v of light in the medium, [1] 𝑛 = 𝑐/𝑣
5. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 5 of 11
4. Safety:
Studentsmustweargoggles,laboratorycoatsandhandgloves duringpractical classes.
5-a. Procedure (Refractometer):
1) Switch on the refractometer
2) Open the lid of the sample compartment, clean the quartz surface with fibreless tissue socked in
acetone. Leave it to dry
3) Add a few drops of pure known component over the Quartz surface.(never use glass dropping
pipettes!)
4) Adjust the view finder to match the boundary line appearing in the refraction field of
vision with the intersection point of the cross line.
5) As this knob is turned, the refractive index (nD) appearing in the display continuously changes
and the measurement value is displayed when the boundary line and the intersection point of
the cross line match with each other.
6) Record the nD of the pure component and refer it with nD of standard component.
7) Open the lid, clean the surface with fibreless clean tissue soaked in acetone. Leave it to dry
8) Add a few drops of the sample to be tested over the quartz surface, adjust the view finder to
match, record the refractive index (nD) of the sample.
9) Open the lid, wipe the surface with fibreless tissue followed by acetone socked tissue.
10) Close the lid switch off the power.
6. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 6 of 11
5-b. Procedure:
a) Make calibration curve of Methanol/water mixture at different composition.
b) Plot the Calibration Curve for Methanol – Water Mixture
c) The equipment will be set up to operate at total reflux so the charge of feed mixture can be loaded
directly into the re boiler through the filler cap provided without first charging the feed tank. At total
reflux there will be no feed or top product or bottom product.
d) Make up 10 liters of mixture of 50 mole percent Methanol and 50 mol percent water.
e) Prepare a calibration graph for ethanol water mixture for reference using refractometer
f) Note: Three way distillate receiver (C1) can be used to take the boil up rates. While total reflex not in
operation, the condensate will be collected in top product receiver.
g) Fill the boiler with 10 liter Methanol/Water mixture.
h) Set the heater controller high at first and then reduce heat as reflux is introduced to give steady
bubbling on all trays and total reflux.
i) Leave the apparatus for 30 minutes so that the systemcan reach equilibrium condition.
j) Using valve C1, record three different boil up rates and take the average.
k) Take the sample of the overhead through valve C1 and record the refractive index
l) Record the temperature T5 and T6 to calculate the average column temperature
m) Repeat this procedure for several different boil up rates to cover the operating range of the column.
n) The calibration graph can be used to determine the concentrations of the components
7. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 7 of 11
6. Readings and Calculations:
Temperature Location Temperature ° C
Top Tray Temperature T1
BottomTray Temperature T8
Select the heating value in the Reboiler:
Heat input
KW
Boil up rate
Liters / hour
Bottom Tray
Temperature
°C @ T8
Top tray
Temperature °C
@ T1
Overhead
composition RI
Bottom
composition R2
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
0.105
8. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 8 of 11
Composition of Methanol in Water by Mole fraction
Volume Of
Methanol(g)
Volume Of
Water(g)
Total Volume(g) Refractive Index
0 30.0019 30.0019 1.334
4.9612 25.1371 30.0983 1.3379
10.4179 20.0961 30.514 1.3419
14.9032 15.1198 30.023 1.3433
19.9421 10.0031 29.9452 1.3418
25.0047 5.0154 30.0201 1.3317
26.1635 4.1856 30.3491 1.3358
27.227 2.776 30.003 1.3348
28.226 2.1671 30.3931 1.3341
29.1643 1.1125 30.2768 1.3331
30.1018 0 30.1018 1.3296
Mole fraction of Methanol in water
32 18
Mass of methanol molesof methanol
Mass of
water
Molesof
water
total molesof
waterand
methanol
Methanol
Mole
fraction nD
0 0 30.0019 1.666772222 1.666772222 0 1.334
4.9612 0.1550375 25.1371 1.396505556 1.551543056 0.099924717 1.3379
10.4179 0.325559375 20.0961 1.11645 1.442009375 0.225767863 1.3419
14.9032 0.465725 15.1198 0.839988889 1.305713889 0.356682275 1.3433
19.9421 0.623190625 10.0031 0.555727778 1.178918403 0.528612178 1.3418
25.0047 0.781396875 5.0154 0.278633333 1.178918403 0.662808277 1.3382
26.1635 0.817609375 4.1856 0.232533333 1.050142708 0.778569778 1.3358
27.227 0.85084375 2.776 0.154222222 1.005065972 0.848758398 1.3348
28.226 0.8820625 2.1671 0.120394444 1.002456944 0.879900633 1.3341
29.1643 0.911384375 1.1125 0.061805556 0.973189931 0.906362132 1.3331
30 0.9375 0 0 0.9375 1 1.3296
9. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 9 of 11
a) Using the formulae given in page3, calculate the number of theoretical plates
b) Column efficiency
1.328
1.33
1.332
1.334
1.336
1.338
1.34
1.342
1.344
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Refractive Index
Methaol Mole Fraction
Mole Fraction of Methanol in Water
10. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 10 of 11
Lab report Format and Marking Scheme
1. Objectives 5 %
Purpose of experiment
Possible outcomes results of experiment
2. Introduction& Theory 10 %
Introduction to the topic and purpose of the experiment
Explanation of the relevant theory in detail, including relevant laws, equations or theorems
Indication of the methods that will be used for analysis
3. Apparatus and Resources 5%
List no. of chemicals , Equipment’s
4. Procedure 10%
Write step by step procedure in detail
5. Experimental Data/ Readings 10%
Data table
Formulas , calculations
6. Results andCalculations 20%
Use Formula in lab report to calculate number of theoretical plates
Calculate column efficiency
7. Discussions 25%
Discuss the results you obtained;
1. Determining the effect of power and temperature in column efficiency
2. What will be effect if number of plates increase or decrease?
Compare the expected and experimental results
Explain any unexpected results
11. CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 11 of 11
8. Conclusions 10%
This section will summarize the key results and discussion points.
Indicate to what extent the aims of the experiment were achieved.
Summarize the main points of the findings including key values.
Summarize important limitations and the cause of unexpected results.
Recommend improvements to overcome experimental limitations.
9. References 5%
![CHE 3323_Mass Transfer_Lab04_Determination of Column Efficiency Page 2 of 11
Determine the Overall Column Efficiency on a Continuous Plate
Distillation Column operation at total reflux
1. Objective:
To calculate the number of theoretical plates for the given separation at total reflux
2. Theory: Formula: FENSKE’s Method
OR
𝐿𝑜𝑔 [(
𝑋𝐴
𝑋𝐵
) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 . (
𝑋𝐵
𝑋𝐴
) 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 ]
𝑛 + 1 = ________________________________________________________
Log
α
av
Where Nmin = Minimum number of theoretical plates
XD = mole fraction of morevolatile component in the distillate (Top Product)
XB = mole fraction of the more volatile componentin the Bottom product.
α
AB =average relative volatility
Subscripts DBindicate the distillate and bottoms respectively
α
av = √ 𝛼𝐷. 𝛼𝐵
The efficiency is given by
𝐸 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑥 100
AB
DB
BD
min
ln
)x(x
)x(x
ln
N
1
1](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)