Modelon JSME 2016 - Model Based Design for Fuel Cell Systems
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Rui Gao presented on model-based design for fuel cell systems using Modelica. The presentation discussed modeling a hybrid SOFC system from a systems perspective using equation-based and object-oriented Modelica models that integrate multi-disciplinary physics. Subsystem tests were conducted on models of the preprocessor and micro gas turbine. Simulation results showed mass balance, fuel cell voltage-current characteristics, thermal losses, and AC power output. Model-based design was identified as a promising approach for smart grid system development to enable bidirectional power flow.
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Modelon JSME 2016 - Model Based Design for Fuel Cell Systems
- 1. MODEL-BASED DESIGN FOR FUEL CELL SYSTEM Rui GAO Modelon MECJ-2016, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 1Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 2016 Mechanics Engineering Congress, 2016, Japan 9/14/2016
- 2. AGENDA • System perspective to the fuel cell system • Model-based design for fuel cell system • Application to smart grid • Summary 2Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 3. SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE TO THE FUEL CELL SYSTEM • Fuel cell Electrolyte Cathode Anode • R&D on the complex fuel cell system is mainly by experimental method; Few study is by Model-based Design (MBD) 3Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 4. SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE TO THE FUEL CELL SYSTEM • Hybrid SOFC system Input: • Natural gas, water, air Preprocessor: • mix, pre-heat, reform into syngas SOFC: • 5KW stack with 50 cells grouped in three substacks • Reformed syngas to anode; internal reforming reactions. • Hot air to Cathode Micro gas turbine • Compressor • Burner • Turbine 4 Preprocessor Fuel Cell Gas Turbine HX Mix Reform HX HX dd Drain_An Drain_Ca Exh_gas NG, Water Air Air Feed_An Feed_Ca Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 5. SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE TO THE FUEL CELL SYSTEM 5 • System of system Traditional power grid • Single power flow Smart power grid • Bidirectional power flow http://www.news.gatech.edu/features/building-power-grid- future Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 6. FUEL CELL MODEL FROM SYSTEM’S DEMAND 6 FC system characteristics Complex system with Electro-chemical, Thermo- fluid, Electrical, Heat transfer and Control Engineering Reaction can be built using common mechanism; Specific reactants are different. Various system configurations: PEFC, MCFC, SOFC, … Bidirectional power flow under smart grid paradigm Demanded model features Multi-disciplines models Object oriented model with partial model and inherited complete model Baseline design as template model, and easy configured variant design Acausal model http://www.2015-2016toyotagroupcars.com/2016- toyota-mirai/ https://fuelcellsworks.com/archives/2012/06/01/mhi-to- develop-fuel-cell-triple-combined-cycle-power-generation- system/l http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2011/02/09/518063 Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 7. MODEL-BASED DESIGN FOR FUEL CELL SYSTEM • System M&S/1D CAE Design for electrochemistry Design for thermal Design for robustness Design for control • Application As plant model As functional model 7 MIL V&V SS/Dyn. V&V Design for Control Design for HIL SIL V& V Lumped/ discretized models Design for Robustness simplifie d models HIL V& V System REQs: System V&V Design for Electrochemistry Simplifie d models Design for thermal Simplifie d models Desig n 1D 3D Design for Control CAD/CAE models V& V System of System Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 2016 Used as plant model for controller design; Used as specification definition/validatio n for 3D design and analysis. SS: Steady State V&V: verification and validation SIL: software in the loop HIL: hardware in the loop 9/14/2016
- 8. MODELICA MODELING 1/3: EQUATION BASED MODELING • Why Modelica? Equation-based physics modeling Object oriented modeling Multi-disciplined • Electrochemistry 8 ∆𝐺𝑓 = ∆𝐺𝑓 0 + 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑎 𝐻2 𝑎 𝑂2 0.5 𝐸 = −∆𝐺𝑓 2𝐹 ∆𝐺𝑓 0 = − 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑜 + 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑜 −0.5 𝑔 𝑂2 𝑜 𝐻2 + 1 2 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 (Total) Reaction in the cell Nernst Potential Gibbs Free EnergyCell voltage 𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸 + 𝜂 𝑎𝑐𝑡 + 𝜂 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐+ 𝜂 𝑛𝑒 Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016 Anode Cathode 𝐻2 + 𝑂2− → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 2𝑒− 1 2 𝑂2 + 2𝑒− → 𝑂2− 𝐻2 + 𝐶𝑂 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻2 + 𝐶𝑂2 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 Depleted 𝑂2
- 9. MODELICA MODELING 2/3: OBJECT ORIENTED MODELING • Why Modelica? Equation-based physics modeling Object oriented modeling Multi-disciplined • Membrane example connector Interfaces to electrical, substance, heat 9 ∆𝑮 𝒇 𝟎 = − 𝒈 𝑯 𝟐 𝒐 + 𝒈 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶 𝒐 −𝟎. 𝟓 𝒈 𝑶 𝟐 𝒐 connector MassPort Medium medium; Pressure p; flow MassFlowRate m_flow; SpecificEnthalpy h; flow EnthalphFlowRate H_flow; MassFraction X[n.Xi]; flow MassFlowRate mX_flow[nXi]; end MassPort; Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 10. MODELICA MODELING 3/3: MULTI-DISCIPLINED • Why Modelica? Equation-based physics modeling Object oriented modeling Multi-disciplined 10 ∆𝑮 𝒇 𝟎 = − 𝒈 𝑯 𝟐 𝒐 + 𝒈 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶 𝒐 −𝟎. 𝟓 𝒈 𝑶 𝟐 𝒐 Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 11. MODEL MANAGEMENT：1/2 • Ex. Property models Ideal gases Condensed gases Two phases water • Electro-chemistry Reactions Fuel cell Reformer Pre-treatment • Heat transfer • Electrical • Control 11Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 12. MODEL MANAGEMENT：2/2 • Interface and Template Ex. Fuel cell Replaceable & re-declare 12 Interface Templates Components Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 13. SUB-SYSTEM TESTS • Sub-system Preprocessor Micro gas turbine 13Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 2016 microGasTurbine GC T Combustor feedFuel mT . drainAir pT feedAir mT . ground combustorcombustor isBurning true inertia J=J air_loss summary generator groundExc idealCheckValve drain heat_port feedFuel feedAir pin_p pin_n 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 feedFuel.fluidPort.p feedAir.fluidPort.p 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 -0.025 -0.020 -0.015 -0.010 -0.005 0.000 0.005 feedFuel.m_flow feedAir.fluidPort.m_flow 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 resistor.i[1] resistor.i[2] resistor.i[3] 0 200 400 600 800 1000 -4000 -2000 0 microGasTurbine.generator.flange.tau Test model Test model flowSource_Water mT . flowSource_NG mT . flowSource_AirATR mT . Boundary_hotgas p T flowSource_Hotgas mT . flowSource_ATRHeat mT . Boundary_ATRHeat pT Boundary_Reformate pT turbulentLoss preprocessor 0.0H2 CH4 0.0 CO 0.0 CO2 0.0 H2O 0.0 Mole % N2 0.0 O2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 p(bar)h(kJ/kg) T(degC)(g/s) reformer steamMix_TZ AirHeater Geometry_Record Initialization_Record summary FuelHeater fuelLoss gasMix NGMix NGLoss drain_Reformate feed_NG drain_NGHeat feed_SteamHeat feed_ATRHeatdrain_ATRHeat feed_Water feed_ATRAir 9/14/2016
- 14. HYBRID SOFC SYSTEM SIMULATION RESULT • Analysis Mass balance Fuel cell voltage-current density relation Thermal loss Power-current density relation AC power 14Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 2016 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 0.0E0 4.0E-5 8.0E-5 1.2E-4 1.6E-4 2.0E-4 checkMassBalanceSystem.mH_in checkMassBalanceSystem.mH_out checkMassBalanceSystem.mC_in checkMassBalanceSystem.mC_out Voltage [V] Power [W] Stack flowCathode mT . ground current stack summary WaterSource mT . NGSource mT . ATRAirSource mT . exhaustSink p T preprocessor anLoss anVolume cathVolume microGasTurbine GC T Combustor MGT_volOut groundMGT compMix checkMassBalanceSystem 44.8 4478 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 50 100 150 current.i 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 35 40 45 50 55 current.v 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 40 42 44 46 48 50 stack.subStack[1].summary.j_external [A/m2] current.v 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 0E0 1E5 2E5 3E5 4E5 resistor.resistor[1].LossPower Mass balance Fuel cell characteristic Load current AC power 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 stack.stackHeatLosses.topWall[1].T stack.stackHeatLosses.topWall[2].T stack.stackHeatLosses.topWall[3].T stack.stackHeatLosses.topWall[4].T Temperature of the stack top 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 40 42 44 46 48 50 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 stack.subStack[1].summary.j_external [A/m2] current.v stack.summary.PStkElec* Voltage, power/current density relatio 9/14/2016
- 15. APPLICATION TO SMART GRID: CONTEXT EVOLUTION 15Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016 http://www.news.gatech.edu/f eatures/building-power-grid- future
- 16. SUMMARY • FC model features are summarized from the system perspective • Hybrid SOFC system is modeled using Modelica Equation based modeling Object-oriented modeling Flexible architecture Multi-discipline physics model Model management • Modelica model-based design is a promising approach for smart grid system development Modelica models enable bidirectional power flow in smart grid. In the future, many aspects need to modeled for smart grid systems • Design for operability, reliability, maintainability, cost, … 16Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 20169/14/2016
- 17. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION www.modelon.com 9/14/2016 Mechanics Engineering Congress, Japan, 2016 17
Editor's Notes
- モデロンの
- The SOFC properties 電解質： 直接な燃料と酸化剤の接触を阻止 電気的に繋がる。下記のものが通過 電子 酸化剤 イオン
- Example of a full SOFC system. Natural gas, water and air is fed to a fuel preprocessor where the components are mixed, pre-heated and reformed into syngas suitable as fuel for the SOFC stack. The reformed gas is fed to the anode side of a 5 kW SOFC stack, hot air is fed to the cathode side. The stack in this examples contains three substacks with a total of 50 cells. Reforming reactions are taking place in the anode channel of each substack so that more hydrogen gas is generated. The hydrogen reacts with oxygen in the cell membrane, which gives rise to a electrical current through the stack. The hot off gases from the stack is used for pre-heating of the air in the preprocessor and then supplied to the micro gas turbine. At the entrance of the micro gas turbine, the air is compressed and then mixed with the fuel to be burned. The exhaust gas from the burner is used to power a turbine, which drives the air compressor. Finally the exhaust gas from the micro gas turbine is used for steam generation and pre-heating of natural gas in the preprocessor. 5 kW SOFC stack Micro gas turbine ATR unit Pre-heating of gases
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission これからどんな燃料電池が必要？
- I emphasis the 3 features of Dymola that solves SOFC modeling and simulation problem: Overcome the walls between the division and disciplines Powerful enough for simulate continuous and discrete system Flexible to different architectures
- Example of a full SOFC system. Natural gas, water and air is fed to a fuel preprocessor where the components are mixed, pre-heated and reformed into syngas suitable as fuel for the SOFC stack. The reformed gas is fed to the anode side of a 5 kW SOFC stack, hot air is fed to the cathode side. The stack in this examples contains three substacks with a total of 50 cells. Reforming reactions are taking place in the anode channel of each substack so that more hydrogen gas is generated. The hydrogen reacts with oxygen in the cell membrane, which gives rise to a electrical current through the stack. The hot off gases from the stack is used for pre-heating of the air in the preprocessor and then supplied to the micro gas turbine. At the entrance of the micro gas turbine, the air is compressed and then mixed with the fuel to be burned. The exhaust gas from the burner is used to power a turbine, which drives the air compressor. Finally the exhaust gas from the micro gas turbine is used for steam generation and pre-heating of natural gas in the preprocessor. 5 kW SOFC stack Micro gas turbine ATR unit Pre-heating of gases
- Interfaces: PartialSubstack for comnon properties in all substacks, common parameters, connecters and a repalceable membrance interface Templates: standard CondensingSubstack template with ideal gas assumptions in anode and cathode channels Predefined