This document discusses different membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, and electrodialysis. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force purified water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved ions behind. Dialysis relies on diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane to remove low molecular weight solutes from fluids. Electrodialysis transports ions through ion exchange membranes under an applied electric potential to purify solutions.
This is a descriptive note on Membrane separation. If you like this note or content please like comment and share. Your like inspires me very much .Thank you.
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
This is a descriptive note on Membrane separation. If you like this note or content please like comment and share. Your like inspires me very much .Thank you.
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
Map dd Sapling Learning Classify each statement as applying to osmosis.docxsngyun4t79
Map dd Sapling Learning Classify each statement as applying to osmosis, dialysis, or both osmosis and dialysis. Osmosis Dialysis Both may be used as a way to separate small molecules involves the movement of small particles across a involves the movementcan be used medically of water across a in artificial kidney semipermeable membrane machines to remove urea and ions from coliloids semipermeable membrane involves the movement of water across a cell membrane
Solution
Dialysis is the separation of suspended colloidal particles from dissolved ions or molecules of small dimensions by means of their unequal rates of diffusion through the pores of semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
So osmosis
involves involves the moment of water across the semipermeable membrane.
Involve the momentum of water across cell membrane.
Dialysis
Can be used medical in artificial kidney machines to remove urea
May be used as a way two separate small molecules and ions from colloids.
Both
Inverse the momentum of small particles across a semipermeable membrane.
.
"Membrane contactors are devices that allow a gaseous phase and a liquid phase to come into direct contact with each other, for the purpose of mass transfer between the phases, without dispersing one phase into the other.
Simple and direct synthesis of zinc vanadate ZnV2O5 nanocrystals for its elec...Arvind Singh Heer
Zinc Vanadate (ZnV2O5) Nanocrystals were prepared by two steps, ceramic route process. Optimization of the
ceramic route processing conditions enhances the Electrocatalytic and Antimicrobial performance of the prepared
nanoparticles. The thermally treated material was subjected to XRD, FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM and
EDS, which confirmed the formation of Zinc Vanadate (ZnV2O5) Nanocrystals. The electrochemical detection of
Anthracene by Zinc Vanadate nanoparticles was investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry. The result concludes that the
ZnV2O5 NPs have the higher activity for detection and oxidation of Anthracene. The as-synthesized ZnV2O5 NPs were
found to exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli (E.coli) gram-negative and
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) gram-positive microorganisms implying their strong potential as the antimicrobial
agent.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE USING FICUS RELI...Arvind Singh Heer
The objective of this study is to synthesize zinc oxide nanostructures
with the most practical ways by using Ficus Religiosa leaves extract
and characterize the nanostructures. ZnO nanoparticles were
synthesized using Zinc Nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) as a precursor and Ficus
Religiosa leaves extract solvent and distilled water were used as
medium. ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by using XRD, UVVisible
spectroscopy, EDX and SEM, FTIR. Result of EDX
characterization shows that the ZnO nanoparticles has good purity with
(Zinc content of- 72.48% and; Oxygen content of- 27.52%). XRD
result spectrum displays mainly oxygen and zinc peaks, which indicate
the crystallinity in nature as exhibited. SEM micrographs shows that
synthesized ZnO have a cubical structure. The obtained ZnO
nanoparticles are homogenous and consistent in size which corresponds to the XRD result
that exhibit good crystallinity.
Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of ...Arvind Singh Heer
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium, crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols, saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic agents and domestic and industrial oil.
Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5)...Arvind Singh Heer
Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF FIVE DIFFERENT HERBSArvind Singh Heer
IT IS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF OCIMUM SANCTUM (TULSI), AZADIRACHTAINDICA (NEEM), FICUS RELIGIOSA (PEEPAL), CYNODON DACTYLON (DURVA/BERMUDA GRASS) AND AEGLE MARMELOS (BAEL) PLANTS FOR IT’S FUTURE USE IN FIELD OF AYURVEDA AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. INTRODUCTION
What is Membrane ?
A membrane is a selective barrier that permits
the separation of certain species in a fluid by
combination of sieving and diffusion
mechanisms.
Membranes can separate particles and
molecules and over a wide particle size range
and molecular weights.
4.
5.
6. REVERSE OSMOSIS
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification
technology that uses a semi permeable membrane to
remove larger particles from drinking water. In reverse
osmosis, an applied pressure is used to
overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property, that is
driven by chemical potential,
a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can
remove many types of molecules and ions from
solutions, including bacteria, and is used in both
industrial processes and the production of potable water.
The result is that the solute is retained on the
pressurized side of the membrane and the
pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be
"selective", this membrane should not allow large
molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should
7. In the normal osmosis process, the solvent
naturally moves from an area of low solute
concentration (high water potential), through a
membrane, to an area of high solute
concentration (low water potential). The
movement of a pure solvent is driven to reduce
the free energy of the system by equalizing solute
concentrations on each side of a membrane,
generating osmotic pressure. Applying an
external pressure to reverse the natural flow of
pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The
process is similar to other membrane technology
applications. However, key differences are found
8. The predominant removal mechanism in
membrane filtration is straining, or size exclusion,
so the process can theoretically achieve perfect
efficiency regardless of parameters such as the
solution's pressure and concentration. Reverse
osmosis also involves diffusion, making the
process dependent on pressure, flow rate, and
other conditions.Reverse osmosis is most
commonly known for its use in drinking water
purification from seawater, removing the salt and
other effluent materials from the water molecules.
9. PROCESS
Osmosis is a natural process. When two liquids with
different concentrations of a solute are separated by a
semi permeable membrane, the fluid has a tendency
to move from low to high solute concentrations for
chemical potential equilibrium.
Formally, reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a
solvent from a region of high solute concentration
through a semi permeable membrane to a region of
low solute concentration by applying a pressure in
excess of the osmotic pressure. The largest and most
important application of reverse osmosis is the
separation of pure water from seawater and brackish
waters; seawater or brackish water is pressurized
against one surface of the membrane, causing
transport of salt-depleted water across the membrane
and emergence of potable drinking water from the
10. The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a
dense layer in the polymer matrix—either the skin of
an asymmetric membrane or an interracially
polymerized layer within a thin-film-composite
membrane—where the separation occurs. In most
cases, the membrane is designed to allow only water
to pass through this dense layer, while preventing the
passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process
requires that a high pressure be exerted on the high
concentration side of the membrane, usually 2–
17 bar (30–250 psi) for fresh and brackish water, and
40–82 bar (600–1200 psi) for seawater, which has
around 27 bar (390 psi) natural osmotic pressure that
must be overcome. This process is best known for its
use in desalination (removing the salt and other
minerals from sea water to get fresh water), but since
the early 1970s, it has also been used to purify fresh
water for medical, industrial, and domestic
11.
12. DIALYSIS
A process for selectively removing low mol. wt.
solutes from solution by allowing them to diffuse
into a region of lower concentration through thin
porous membranes. There is little or no pressure
difference across the membrane and the flux of
each solute is proportional to the concentration
difference. Solutes of high mol. wt. are mostly
retained in the feed solution, because their
diffusivity is low and because diffusion in small
pores is greatly hindered when the molecules are
almost as large as the pores.
Uses thin porous membranes
13. PRINCIPLE
Dialysis works on the principles of the diffusion of
solutes and ultra filtration of fluid across a semi-
permeable membrane. Diffusion is a property of
substances in water; substances in water tend to
move from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration. Blood flows by one side of a semi-
permeable membrane, and a dialysate, or special
dialysis fluid, flows by the opposite side. A semi
permeable membrane is a thin layer of material that
contains holes of various sizes, or pores. Smaller
solutes and fluid pass through the membrane, but the
membrane blocks the passage of larger substances
(for example, red blood cells, large proteins). This
replicates the filtering process that takes place in the
kidneys, when the blood enters the kidneys and the
larger substances are separated from the smaller
14. ELECTRODIALYSIS
Electrodialysis (ED) is used to
transport salt ions from one solution through ion-
exchange membranes to another solution under the
influence of an applied electric potential difference.
This is done in a configuration called an
electrodialysis cell. The cell consists of a feed (dilute)
compartment and a concentrate (brine) compartment
formed by an anion exchange membrane and
a cation exchange membrane placed between
two electrodes. In almost all practical electrodialysis
processes, multiple electrodialysis cells are arranged
into a configuration called an electrodialysis stack,
with alternating anion and cation exchange
membranes forming the multiple electrodialysis cells.
15. Electrodialysis processes are different
than distillation techniques and other membrane
based processes (such as reverse osmosis(RO)) in
that dissolved species are moved away from the feed
stream rather than the reverse. Because the quantity
of dissolved species in the feed stream is far less than
that of the fluid, electrodialysis offers the practical
advantage of much higher feed recovery in many
applications.Electrodialysis reversal(EDR) is an
advanced electrodialysis process which utilizes a flow
and polarity reversal to de-scale membrane surfaces
and enable high concentration operation. EDR is used
in higher salinity commercial applications where brine
volume and scaling is a concern.
16.
17.
18. At the anode small amounts of oxygen gas are
generated:
Electrode reactions:
Small amounts of hydrogen gas are
generated at the cathode:
2 22e 2H O H (g) 2OH
2 2
-
2
H O 2H 1/ 2O (g)
(also possible 2Cl Cl (g) 2e )