The document discusses Sanger sequencing, also known as dideoxy sequencing. It was developed by Fred Sanger in 1977 and allows scientists to determine the order of nitrogen bases (A, G, C, T) in a strand of DNA. The method involves using a primer, DNA polymerase, and dideoxynucleotides to produce terminated DNA fragments of different lengths, which are then separated by gel electrophoresis. This allows scientists to read the order of bases from the DNA sequence.

1. By: Carly Beckstedt

2.  the process of figuring out the correct order of
the four nitrogen-containing bases: Adenine,
Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine in a section of
DNA
 Sections of DNA are separated by size,
recreating the original piece of DNA

3.  Established by Fred Sanger in 1977
 When DNA is being replicated and a dideoxy
base is associated into a new chain, it stops the
replication reaction

4.  A primer is annealed to a single-stranded
section of DNA

5.  DNA- primer mixture is put into 4 separate
tubes with DNA polymerase and a solution of
dNTPs at a concentration of 100 times lower
than the dNTP concentration

6.  DNA Pol uses dNTPs to extend the DNA

7.  ddNTPs are put together randomly, resulting
in different lengths of fragments

8.  Fragments that are from each of the reactions
are denatured and separated by size using gel
electrophroesis

9.  The gel is used to visually detect the DNA fragments.
The fragments are to be read from bottom to top and
this represents the complementary sequence of the
original strand of DNA.

10.  Allows scientists to  Provides details about
determine genome individuals and their
sequence families
 Identify the genes  Police have DNA
causing genetic samples of people that
diseases have committed no
crime

11.  Too expensive
 Religious beliefs
 Diagnosing a genetic disorder before we have
the science to treat it causes distress in patients

12.  Forensics
 Identify individuals
 Determine the paternity of a child
 Identifies endangered and protected species
 Medicine
 Detect genes that are hereditary or cause diseases
 Agriculture
 Map the genome of microorganisms

13.  Projects might focus on researching:
 The links to develop lifestyle
 Genomic and cardiovascular disease
 Early detections of cancer

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May 2012.
<http://spine.rutgers.edu/cellbio/assets/flash/dideoxy.htm>.
 "Sanger's Method of Dna Sequencing Video." World News. Web. 23 May
2012. <http://wn.com/Sanger's_Method_of_DNA_Sequencing_Video>.
 "DNA Sequencing: Method, Benefits and Applications." DNA Sequencing:
Method, Benefits and Applications. Web. 23 May 2012.
<http://www.biotecharticles.com/Genetics-Article/DNA-Sequencing-
Method-Benefits-and-Applications-248.html>.
 Russell, Robert. "The Disadvantages of DNA Analysis." EHow. Demand
Media, 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 23 May 2012.
<http://www.ehow.com/list_6083198_disadvantages-dna-
analysis.html>.
 "Ethical Issues of the Human Genome Project." Ethical Issues of the Human
Genome Project. Web. 23 May 2012.
<http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/IE/Ethical_Issues_of_the_H
GP.php>.