DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of base pairs in a DNA section. In the 1970s, Maxam-Gilbert developed one of the first DNA sequencing methods using chemical modification. Chain termination sequencing uses single-stranded DNA, primers, polymerase, and nucleotides split into four reactions to elongate DNA until termination. Chemical degradation sequencing treats double-stranded DNA with chemicals that cut it at different positions. Dye-terminator sequencing labels each chain terminator with a fluorescent dye that emits light at different wavelengths. DNA sequencing has applications in cancer treatment, disease diagnosis, biotechnology, forensics, and was a major focus of the Human Genome Project to map the human genome.

1. DNA Sequencing Jordan Fuller

2. What is DNA sequencing? = procedure of determining the order of base pairs in a section of DNA started in the 1970s

3. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 1976-1977 Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam Developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA at the time

4. Chain Termination = is any chemical reaction that ceases the formation of reactive intermediates in a chain propagation step in the course of a polymerization, effectively bringing it to a halt. Single-stranded DNA, primers, polymerase, and nucleotides Split into four different reactions Elongation is terminated Different sizes of DNA fragments remain

5. Chemical Degradation = The act or process of simplifying or breaking down a molecule into smaller parts, either naturally or artificially Double-stranded Treated by chemicals that cut DNA at different positions

6. Dye-Terminator = utilizes labelling of the chain terminator ddNTPs, which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method Each chain terminator has a fluorescent dye, which gives off light at different wavelenghts

7. Cancer Treatment New ways to detect a cancer patients progress of the patients treatment Look at the presence of cancer cells through the patients blood Based markers could eventually become better diagnostic treatments than the ones we have now

8. Advantages Improved diagnosis of disease Bio pesticides Identifying crime suspects Disadvantages Whole genome cannot be sequenced at once Very slow and time consuming Can be very hard to put together

9. Human Genome Project = is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint