DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of base pairs in a section of DNA. Two early methods were Maxam-Gilbert sequencing developed in 1976-1977 which used chemical modification, and chain termination which used single-stranded DNA, primers, polymerase, and nucleotides in four reactions to terminate elongation. Newer dye-terminator methods use fluorescent dyes on chain terminators to sequence in a single reaction. DNA sequencing can help diagnose disease, identify crime suspects, and was used in the Human Genome Project to map the 20,000-25,000 human genes.

1. DNA Sequencing
Jordan Fuller

2. What is DNA sequencing?
= procedure of determining the order of base
pairs in a section of DNA
• started in the 1970s

3. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing
• 1976-1977
• Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam
• Developed a DNA sequencing method based
on chemical modification of DNA at the time

4. Chain Termination
= is any chemical reaction that ceases the
formation of reactive intermediates in a chain
propagation step in the course of a
polymerization, effectively bringing it to a halt.
• Single-stranded DNA, primers, polymerase, and
nucleotides
• Split into four different reactions
• Elongation is terminated
• Different sizes of DNA fragments remain

5. Chemical Degradation
= The act or process of simplifying or breaking
down a molecule into smaller parts, either
naturally or artificially
• Double-stranded
• Treated by chemicals that cut DNA at different
positions

6. Dye-Terminator
= utilizes labelling of the chain terminator
ddNTPs, which permits sequencing in a single
reaction, rather than four reactions as in the
labelled-primer method
• Each chain terminator has a fluorescent dye,
which gives off light at different wavelenghts

7. Cancer Treatment
• New ways to detect a cancer patients progress
of the patients treatment
• Look at the presence of cancer cells through
the patients blood
• Based markers could eventually become
better diagnostic treatments than the ones we
have now

8. A d va nta g e s D is a d v a n t a g e s
• Improved diagnosis of • Whole genome cannot be
disease sequenced at once
• Bio pesticides • Very slow and time
• Identifying crime suspects consuming
• Can be very hard to put
together

9. Human Genome Project
= is an international scientific research project
with a primary goal of determining the
sequence of chemical base pairs which make
up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the
approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the
human genome from both a physical and
functional standpoint