Presentation on DNA Sequencing Process
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The document summarizes a presentation on bioinformatics and DNA sequencing. It includes 5 group members who each discuss an aspect of DNA sequencing. It describes how DNA stores genetic information and its structure. It then explains the history of DNA discovery and different sequencing methods, including the Sanger method. Modern applications of sequencing in forensics, medicine, and agriculture are outlined. The human genome project is summarized as a large international effort to sequence the entire human genome.
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Applications and drawbacks of sanger sequencing
Sanger sequencing is a method for determining the order of bases in DNA developed by Fred Sanger in 1977. It involves making copies of a DNA region using DNA polymerase along with regular and chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides labeled with different dyes. This allows sequences of up to 900 base pairs to be determined. Sanger sequencing has applications in SNP detection, SSCP analysis, and STR analysis but is limited by only being able to sequence short DNA fragments and being relatively expensive compared to newer sequencing methods.
Nanoball squencing
DNA nanoball sequencing is a high-throughput sequencing method that determines the entire genomic sequence of an organism. It uses rolling circle replication to amplify small DNA fragments into DNA nanoballs. Fluorescent probes then bind to complementary DNA sequences on the nanoballs, and the probes' colors are recorded to identify the sequence. The method allows for high DNA concentration and adding new probes without disrupting the reaction. It has been used to identify mutations in cancer samples and estimate inter-generational mutation rates.
DNA sequencing methods
DNA SEQUENCING:
MAXAM GILBERT METHOD
SANGER SEQUENCING
Illumina (Solexa) sequencing
Pyrosequencing
DNA Sequencing
This document provides an overview of DNA sequencing:
- It discusses the history of DNA sequencing, from the early 1970s methods to modern techniques. The Sanger and Maxam-Gilbert methods were among the first developed.
- DNA sequencing involves determining the order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) in a DNA molecule. This provides important information for research and applications in diagnostics, biotechnology, forensics, and more.
- The document outlines some of the major DNA sequencing techniques and methods, including Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. It also discusses next-generation sequencing approaches.
Nanopore Sequencing
Nanopore Technology is the fourth generation polynucleotide sequencing technique.
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Dna sequencing ppt
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods and their history and applications. It covers first generation sequencing methods like Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. It also covers next generation sequencing (NGS) methods like 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing, and Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing. NGS allows high-throughput, massively parallel sequencing of DNA fragments. Template preparation for NGS involves fragmenting DNA, attaching fragments to beads, and emulsion PCR. The document provides details on the chemistry and detection methods used for different sequencing platforms.
DNA sequencing
This document provides information about DNA sequencing methods. It discusses that DNA sequencing determines the precise order of nucleotides in DNA. The two main conventional methods described are the Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation method and the Sanger chain termination method. The Maxam-Gilbert method uses chemical modification and cleavage of DNA bases. The Sanger method is a PCR-based method that uses dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA chain elongation. Both methods produce fragmented DNA of different lengths that can be resolved on a gel for sequence determination.
DNA sequencing
This document discusses various methods for DNA sequencing, including both early chemical methods and more recent next-generation sequencing technologies. It describes Frederick Sanger's chain termination method from 1977, which uses DNA polymerase, dNTPs, and ddNTPs. It also describes Maxam-Gilbert sequencing from the same year, which uses chemical cleavage. Next-generation methods discussed include pyrosequencing, sequencing by ligation, sequencing by synthesis, and ion semiconductor sequencing. The document compares the different methods based on read length, accuracy, throughput, run time, and cost.
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Applications and drawbacks of sanger sequencing
Sanger sequencing is a method for determining the order of bases in DNA developed by Fred Sanger in 1977. It involves making copies of a DNA region using DNA polymerase along with regular and chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides labeled with different dyes. This allows sequences of up to 900 base pairs to be determined. Sanger sequencing has applications in SNP detection, SSCP analysis, and STR analysis but is limited by only being able to sequence short DNA fragments and being relatively expensive compared to newer sequencing methods.
Nanoball squencing
DNA nanoball sequencing is a high-throughput sequencing method that determines the entire genomic sequence of an organism. It uses rolling circle replication to amplify small DNA fragments into DNA nanoballs. Fluorescent probes then bind to complementary DNA sequences on the nanoballs, and the probes' colors are recorded to identify the sequence. The method allows for high DNA concentration and adding new probes without disrupting the reaction. It has been used to identify mutations in cancer samples and estimate inter-generational mutation rates.
DNA sequencing methods
DNA SEQUENCING:
MAXAM GILBERT METHOD
SANGER SEQUENCING
Illumina (Solexa) sequencing
Pyrosequencing
DNA Sequencing
This document provides an overview of DNA sequencing:
- It discusses the history of DNA sequencing, from the early 1970s methods to modern techniques. The Sanger and Maxam-Gilbert methods were among the first developed.
- DNA sequencing involves determining the order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) in a DNA molecule. This provides important information for research and applications in diagnostics, biotechnology, forensics, and more.
- The document outlines some of the major DNA sequencing techniques and methods, including Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. It also discusses next-generation sequencing approaches.
Nanopore Sequencing
Nanopore Technology is the fourth generation polynucleotide sequencing technique.
Note: For educational purpose only.
Dna sequencing ppt
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods and their history and applications. It covers first generation sequencing methods like Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. It also covers next generation sequencing (NGS) methods like 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing, and Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing. NGS allows high-throughput, massively parallel sequencing of DNA fragments. Template preparation for NGS involves fragmenting DNA, attaching fragments to beads, and emulsion PCR. The document provides details on the chemistry and detection methods used for different sequencing platforms.
DNA sequencing
This document provides information about DNA sequencing methods. It discusses that DNA sequencing determines the precise order of nucleotides in DNA. The two main conventional methods described are the Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation method and the Sanger chain termination method. The Maxam-Gilbert method uses chemical modification and cleavage of DNA bases. The Sanger method is a PCR-based method that uses dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA chain elongation. Both methods produce fragmented DNA of different lengths that can be resolved on a gel for sequence determination.
DNA sequencing
This document discusses various methods for DNA sequencing, including both early chemical methods and more recent next-generation sequencing technologies. It describes Frederick Sanger's chain termination method from 1977, which uses DNA polymerase, dNTPs, and ddNTPs. It also describes Maxam-Gilbert sequencing from the same year, which uses chemical cleavage. Next-generation methods discussed include pyrosequencing, sequencing by ligation, sequencing by synthesis, and ion semiconductor sequencing. The document compares the different methods based on read length, accuracy, throughput, run time, and cost.
DNA SEQUENCING METHOD
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. The first methods were developed in the 1970s by Maxam and Gilbert (chemical method) and Sanger (chain termination/dideoxy method). Sanger's method is now most commonly used and involves DNA synthesis with chain termination by dideoxynucleotides to generate fragments of different lengths that can be separated and read to determine the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has revolutionized biological sciences by enabling diagnosis of genetic diseases, identification of disease-causing mutations, and mapping of genomes. It provides benefits for medicine, forensics, and agriculture.
Dna sequencing methods
DNA sequencing techniques have evolved over time. The dideoxy method developed by Sanger is useful for sequencing short DNA fragments of 500-750bp by terminating the chain with ddNTPs. Whole genome sequencing became possible using shotgun sequencing, which breaks the genome into random fragments that are sequenced and then reassembled. More recently, pyrosequencing was developed for sequencing by synthesis and allows accurate, parallel, and automated sequencing without the need for gel electrophoresis.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing is a process to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It was discovered in the 1970s by scientists like Frederick Sanger who developed the chain termination method. This method involves DNA replication with modified nucleotides that cause the growing DNA strand to terminate at that point. The fragments are then separated by size to reveal the sequence. Automated sequencing now uses fluorescent dyes and capillary electrophoresis for faster and higher throughput sequencing. DNA sequencing has applications in medicine, forensics, and agriculture.
DNA Sequencing
The document discusses DNA sequencing, including its history, common methods like Sanger sequencing, the steps involved, challenges and limitations. DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in DNA and has various applications such as identifying genetic diseases, forensics, and studying genome evolution. Sanger sequencing, developed in 1977, works by using chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides during DNA replication to determine the sequence.
Genome sequencing
The document discusses DNA sequencing techniques. It defines DNA sequencing as determining the exact order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. The first DNA sequences were obtained in the 1970s using 2D chromatography. Sanger and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing were the first generation techniques, with Sanger using DNA polymerase and Maxam-Gilbert using chemical degradation. Next generation sequencing allows millions of reactions in parallel and produces short reads quickly and at low cost without electrophoresis. It utilizes cluster generation and sequencing methods like pyrosequencing, reversible terminators, semiconductor, and ligation. Data analysis involves separating reads, clustering, pairing strands, and aligning to reference genomes.
Dna sequening
DNA sequencing methods have evolved significantly over time. Early methods like the Maxam-Gilbert chemical method and Sanger chain termination method involved laborious gel electrophoresis. Later developments led to automated Sanger sequencing using fluorescence detection. Next-generation sequencing methods like Illumina sequencing by synthesis and 454 pyrosequencing enabled massively parallel sequencing of many DNA fragments simultaneously. These new methods produce vast amounts of sequence data at lower cost and are used widely in research and applications such as agriculture, medicine, forensics, and more.
RNA interference in Biology and medicine
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. It was first discovered in plants and nematodes but is found in most eukaryotic organisms. The process involves specialized enzymes that cut long RNA molecules into short interfering RNAs which then guide other proteins to destroy any RNAs of the same sequence. RNAi plays important roles in regulating genes and defending against foreign DNA and RNA. It has many applications for studying gene function and as a potential therapeutic approach for diseases like cancer and infections.
DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS.pdf
DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. A gene is a unit of heredity and consists of a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule. DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule, and includes any method used to determine the order of the four bases - adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. There are two main historical methods for DNA sequencing - the Maxam-Gilbert chemical method and the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method, upon which modern automated sequencing is based using fluorescence detection. DNA sequencing has many applications in fields like medicine, forensics, and agriculture
DNA sequencing methods
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods, both current and developing technologies. It begins by explaining Sanger sequencing and how fluorescent dyes and thermal cycling improved it. High-throughput short and long-read sequencing methods are then outlined, including Illumina, Ion Torrent, Nanopore, and SMRT sequencing. Developing methods like tunneling currents, hybridization, and microscopy techniques are also mentioned. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the major DNA sequencing techniques used today and those under investigation.
Application of biotechnology in forensic
DNA fingerprinting involves isolating DNA from a sample, cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size through gel electrophoresis, and comparing the unique band patterns to identify individuals. It has various forensic and medical uses such as identifying crime suspects by comparing DNA profiles, determining paternity in legal cases, and diagnosing inherited disorders. The chances of any two individuals having the exact same DNA profile are extremely low, making DNA fingerprinting a powerful tool for individual identification.
dna sequencing methods
1. DNA sequencing involves determining the order of nucleotide bases in DNA. The original chain termination or dideoxy method developed by Sanger is still widely used for small DNA segments.
2. Whole genome shotgun sequencing breaks large genomes into fragments that are sequenced and then reassembled, allowing sequencing of entire genomes.
3. Pyrosequencing is a sequencing by synthesis method that uses a bioluminescent reaction to determine nucleotides added, enabling accurate and fast sequencing.
Lecture on DNA sequencing
The document discusses different methods of DNA sequencing including the Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger chain termination methods as well as newer next generation sequencing techniques. It describes the principles, steps, and significance of the Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger methods and how next generation sequencing improved DNA sequencing by allowing millions of DNA molecules to be sequenced simultaneously in an automated process.
DNA sequencing - Maxam gilbert method
This document describes the Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencing. It involves radioactively labeling DNA, cleaving it with specific chemical treatments at adenine, guanine, cytosine, or cytosine and thymine bases, and separating the fragments by size via electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel. Comparison of the fragment sizes allows deduction of the DNA sequence. While it does not require DNA polymerases, the Maxam-Gilbert method uses hazardous chemicals and radioactive material, has technical complexity, and is not widely used due to the development of safer methods like Sanger sequencing.
Gene Sequencing
Gene Sequencing, a tool to analyze the exact order of nucleotide sequence in the DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Focuses on Two methods:
a. Maxam-Gilbert (Chemical Degradation) Method
b. Sanger's Method (Dideoxy Chain termination Method)
Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing is a sequencing by synthesis technique that uses a luciferase enzyme system to monitor DNA synthesis. It works by adding DNA polymerase and a single nucleotide to the DNA fragments, generating pyrophosphate that is converted to light. The light is detected and identifies the nucleotide incorporated. Pyrosequencing has applications in cDNA analysis, mutation detection, re-sequencing of disease genes, and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and typing bacteria and viruses.
Dna sequencing techniques
The document discusses techniques for DNA sequencing, including early methods developed in the 1970s by Maxam and Gilbert as well as Sanger. It provides details on how both methods work, such as using specific chemical or enzymatic reactions to generate labeled DNA fragments of different lengths corresponding to nucleotide positions in the sequence. The document also describes how these methods were later automated, using fluorescent tags on dideoxynucleotides and capillary electrophoresis to simultaneously sequence multiple samples in a single gel. This allowed rapid determination of thousands of nucleotides and enabled large genome sequencing projects such as the Human Genome Project.
DNA Sequencing
This document discusses the history and various methods of DNA sequencing. It begins with a brief overview of DNA sequencing and its uses. It then outlines some of the major developments in DNA sequencing techniques, including the earliest RNA sequencing in 1972, Sanger sequencing in 1977, and the first complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. The document proceeds to provide more detailed explanations of several DNA sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing, pyrosequencing, shotgun sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and SOLiD sequencing.
Sanger & maxam gilbert sequencing @ujjwalsirohi
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maxam gilbert (chain degradation method)
Basic methods of sequencing..
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing methods determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing uses specific chemical agents to randomly cleave DNA fragments at individual nucleotide positions, generating labeled fragments that are separated by gel electrophoresis. Sanger sequencing uses DNA polymerase and modified nucleotides called dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA replication in a sequence-specific manner, producing a collection of labeled fragments of different lengths that define the DNA sequence. Automated DNA sequencing now translates gel images into nucleotide sequences using fluorescent tags and detection of signal intensities.
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DNA SEQUENCING METHOD
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. The first methods were developed in the 1970s by Maxam and Gilbert (chemical method) and Sanger (chain termination/dideoxy method). Sanger's method is now most commonly used and involves DNA synthesis with chain termination by dideoxynucleotides to generate fragments of different lengths that can be separated and read to determine the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has revolutionized biological sciences by enabling diagnosis of genetic diseases, identification of disease-causing mutations, and mapping of genomes. It provides benefits for medicine, forensics, and agriculture.
Dna sequencing methods
DNA sequencing techniques have evolved over time. The dideoxy method developed by Sanger is useful for sequencing short DNA fragments of 500-750bp by terminating the chain with ddNTPs. Whole genome sequencing became possible using shotgun sequencing, which breaks the genome into random fragments that are sequenced and then reassembled. More recently, pyrosequencing was developed for sequencing by synthesis and allows accurate, parallel, and automated sequencing without the need for gel electrophoresis.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing is a process to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It was discovered in the 1970s by scientists like Frederick Sanger who developed the chain termination method. This method involves DNA replication with modified nucleotides that cause the growing DNA strand to terminate at that point. The fragments are then separated by size to reveal the sequence. Automated sequencing now uses fluorescent dyes and capillary electrophoresis for faster and higher throughput sequencing. DNA sequencing has applications in medicine, forensics, and agriculture.
DNA Sequencing
The document discusses DNA sequencing, including its history, common methods like Sanger sequencing, the steps involved, challenges and limitations. DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in DNA and has various applications such as identifying genetic diseases, forensics, and studying genome evolution. Sanger sequencing, developed in 1977, works by using chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides during DNA replication to determine the sequence.
Genome sequencing
The document discusses DNA sequencing techniques. It defines DNA sequencing as determining the exact order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. The first DNA sequences were obtained in the 1970s using 2D chromatography. Sanger and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing were the first generation techniques, with Sanger using DNA polymerase and Maxam-Gilbert using chemical degradation. Next generation sequencing allows millions of reactions in parallel and produces short reads quickly and at low cost without electrophoresis. It utilizes cluster generation and sequencing methods like pyrosequencing, reversible terminators, semiconductor, and ligation. Data analysis involves separating reads, clustering, pairing strands, and aligning to reference genomes.
Dna sequening
DNA sequencing methods have evolved significantly over time. Early methods like the Maxam-Gilbert chemical method and Sanger chain termination method involved laborious gel electrophoresis. Later developments led to automated Sanger sequencing using fluorescence detection. Next-generation sequencing methods like Illumina sequencing by synthesis and 454 pyrosequencing enabled massively parallel sequencing of many DNA fragments simultaneously. These new methods produce vast amounts of sequence data at lower cost and are used widely in research and applications such as agriculture, medicine, forensics, and more.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. It was first discovered in plants and nematodes but is found in most eukaryotic organisms. The process involves specialized enzymes that cut long RNA molecules into short interfering RNAs which then guide other proteins to destroy any RNAs of the same sequence. RNAi plays important roles in regulating genes and defending against foreign DNA and RNA. It has many applications for studying gene function and as a potential therapeutic approach for diseases like cancer and infections.
DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS.pdf
DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. A gene is a unit of heredity and consists of a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule. DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule, and includes any method used to determine the order of the four bases - adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. There are two main historical methods for DNA sequencing - the Maxam-Gilbert chemical method and the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method, upon which modern automated sequencing is based using fluorescence detection. DNA sequencing has many applications in fields like medicine, forensics, and agriculture
DNA sequencing methods
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods, both current and developing technologies. It begins by explaining Sanger sequencing and how fluorescent dyes and thermal cycling improved it. High-throughput short and long-read sequencing methods are then outlined, including Illumina, Ion Torrent, Nanopore, and SMRT sequencing. Developing methods like tunneling currents, hybridization, and microscopy techniques are also mentioned. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the major DNA sequencing techniques used today and those under investigation.
Application of biotechnology in forensic
DNA fingerprinting involves isolating DNA from a sample, cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size through gel electrophoresis, and comparing the unique band patterns to identify individuals. It has various forensic and medical uses such as identifying crime suspects by comparing DNA profiles, determining paternity in legal cases, and diagnosing inherited disorders. The chances of any two individuals having the exact same DNA profile are extremely low, making DNA fingerprinting a powerful tool for individual identification.
dna sequencing methods
1. DNA sequencing involves determining the order of nucleotide bases in DNA. The original chain termination or dideoxy method developed by Sanger is still widely used for small DNA segments.
2. Whole genome shotgun sequencing breaks large genomes into fragments that are sequenced and then reassembled, allowing sequencing of entire genomes.
3. Pyrosequencing is a sequencing by synthesis method that uses a bioluminescent reaction to determine nucleotides added, enabling accurate and fast sequencing.
Lecture on DNA sequencing
The document discusses different methods of DNA sequencing including the Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger chain termination methods as well as newer next generation sequencing techniques. It describes the principles, steps, and significance of the Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger methods and how next generation sequencing improved DNA sequencing by allowing millions of DNA molecules to be sequenced simultaneously in an automated process.
DNA sequencing - Maxam gilbert method
This document describes the Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencing. It involves radioactively labeling DNA, cleaving it with specific chemical treatments at adenine, guanine, cytosine, or cytosine and thymine bases, and separating the fragments by size via electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel. Comparison of the fragment sizes allows deduction of the DNA sequence. While it does not require DNA polymerases, the Maxam-Gilbert method uses hazardous chemicals and radioactive material, has technical complexity, and is not widely used due to the development of safer methods like Sanger sequencing.
Gene Sequencing
Gene Sequencing, a tool to analyze the exact order of nucleotide sequence in the DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Focuses on Two methods:
a. Maxam-Gilbert (Chemical Degradation) Method
b. Sanger's Method (Dideoxy Chain termination Method)
Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing is a sequencing by synthesis technique that uses a luciferase enzyme system to monitor DNA synthesis. It works by adding DNA polymerase and a single nucleotide to the DNA fragments, generating pyrophosphate that is converted to light. The light is detected and identifies the nucleotide incorporated. Pyrosequencing has applications in cDNA analysis, mutation detection, re-sequencing of disease genes, and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and typing bacteria and viruses.
Dna sequencing techniques
The document discusses techniques for DNA sequencing, including early methods developed in the 1970s by Maxam and Gilbert as well as Sanger. It provides details on how both methods work, such as using specific chemical or enzymatic reactions to generate labeled DNA fragments of different lengths corresponding to nucleotide positions in the sequence. The document also describes how these methods were later automated, using fluorescent tags on dideoxynucleotides and capillary electrophoresis to simultaneously sequence multiple samples in a single gel. This allowed rapid determination of thousands of nucleotides and enabled large genome sequencing projects such as the Human Genome Project.
DNA Sequencing
This document discusses the history and various methods of DNA sequencing. It begins with a brief overview of DNA sequencing and its uses. It then outlines some of the major developments in DNA sequencing techniques, including the earliest RNA sequencing in 1972, Sanger sequencing in 1977, and the first complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. The document proceeds to provide more detailed explanations of several DNA sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing, pyrosequencing, shotgun sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and SOLiD sequencing.
Sanger & maxam gilbert sequencing @ujjwalsirohi
sanger sequencing (chain termination method)
maxam gilbert (chain degradation method)
Basic methods of sequencing..
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing methods determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing uses specific chemical agents to randomly cleave DNA fragments at individual nucleotide positions, generating labeled fragments that are separated by gel electrophoresis. Sanger sequencing uses DNA polymerase and modified nucleotides called dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA replication in a sequence-specific manner, producing a collection of labeled fragments of different lengths that define the DNA sequence. Automated DNA sequencing now translates gel images into nucleotide sequences using fluorescent tags and detection of signal intensities.
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Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
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DNA Sequencing process
The document provides information about a presentation on bioinformatics and DNA sequencing. It includes 5 sections written by different group members. The summary is:
The presentation discusses DNA sequencing methods including Sanger sequencing. It describes the DNA sequencing process which involves separating newly synthesized DNA strands by length using heating and loading them into a capillary tube, passing the strands through a laser beam to cause dye fluorescence detected by a photocell, and computers interpreting the color sequence. Modern applications of sequencing include forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
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DNA sequencing methods determine the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA sample. The first methods were developed in the 1970s by Maxam and Gilbert (chemical method) and Sanger (chain termination method). The Sanger method is now most commonly used. It involves DNA synthesis with chain terminating nucleotides to generate fragments of different lengths that can be separated and read to determine the DNA sequence. DNA sequencing has revolutionized biological sciences by allowing for gene mapping and identification of genetic variations linked to disease.
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DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA. Friedrich Miescher first discovered DNA in 1869. In 1977, Frederick Sanger developed the chain-termination method, which is still used today. DNA sequencing reveals the genetic information carried in a DNA segment and has applications in medicine, evolutionary analysis, disease diagnosis, food safety and more. It works by separating single-stranded DNA molecules that differ by a single nucleotide using gel electrophoresis.
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NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCING
DNA is the hereditary material found in living cells that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. DNA sequencing determines the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, which began in the 1970s with the Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger methods. The Sanger method, also known as chain termination, is the most common approach and involves enzymatic synthesis of complementary strands with termination at specific positions to determine the sequence. Modern techniques like next-generation sequencing and whole genome sequencing have increased sequencing speed and scalability.
Presentation1
This document discusses DNA sequencing, including its history, different methods, principles, requirements, procedures, importance, purposes, and applications. It describes two main DNA sequencing methods - Maxam-Gilbert sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing uses chemical treatment to generate breaks in DNA at specific bases, while Sanger sequencing uses DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA strand extension. The document also outlines how DNA sequencing is used in fields like forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA. There are several methods, with Sanger sequencing being most common. It involves copying DNA strands terminated at different bases labeled with dyes. Gel electrophoresis separates the fragments by size. Applications include identifying genetic mutations, forensic analysis, and furthering biological research. DNA sequencing has advanced science but also raises privacy concerns due to the sensitive genetic information revealed.
Gene mapping and sequencing
This document discusses gene mapping and sequencing. It begins by defining genomics and genetic markers such as RFLP, SSLP, and SNP that are used to track inheritance. Gene mapping involves determining the locus and distance between genes on chromosomes, which is important for diagnosing genetic diseases. There are two main types of gene mapping: linkage mapping which measures recombination frequency to determine if genes are linked, and physical mapping which precisely locates DNA sequences on chromosomes using techniques like fluorescence in situ hybridization. The document also discusses methods for gene sequencing, including Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing, as well as newer techniques like shotgun sequencing and Illumina sequencing.
Gene Sequencing | maxam gilbert sequencing | sanger sequencing
NEED OF GENETIC SEQUENCING
- Understanding the particular DNA sequence can shed light on a genetic condition and offer hope for the eventual development of treatment.
- An alteration in a DNA sequence can lead to an altered or non functional protein and hence to a harmful effect in a plant or animal.
- Simple point mutations can cause altered protein shape and function.
nucleic acid sequencing methods(DNA finger printing,nucleic acid hybridizatio...
The document discusses DNA fingerprinting, nucleic acid hybridization, and rRNA sequence analysis. It defines DNA fingerprinting as a technique used to identify individuals by extracting and identifying their unique DNA base pair pattern. Nucleic acid hybridization is described as the process of forming a double stranded nucleic acid from joining two complementary single strands of DNA or RNA. rRNA sequence analysis is used to construct phylogenetic trees of life based on comparing 16s rRNA sequences between organisms.
Dna sequencing
This presensation consist of introduction and little bit introduction of DNA sequencing and its types with graphical explanation of there each types
Dna sequencing
This document summarizes DNA sequencing as presented by Muhammad Muzamil Arshad for his 7th semester chemistry course. It defines DNA sequencing as determining the order of bases in a DNA section. Major topics covered include the history of DNA sequencing pioneered by Watson, Crick, and Sanger; purposes like detecting mutations; common methods like Sanger sequencing which uses chain termination; and applications in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
Beckman coulter basics of genomics
This presentation gives basic information on genomics and explains terms like genomes and DNA Sequencing, that helps understand the basic concepts of Genomics.
Dna sequencing
The document discusses DNA sequencing and its applications. It describes DNA sequencing as determining the exact order of A, T, C, and G bases that make up human chromosomes. The Sanger dideoxy method was developed in 1977 and remains a popular sequencing technique that uses DNA replication with a primer, polymerase, and tagged nucleotides. DNA sequencing has applications in forensics, medicine, and agriculture such as identifying individuals, detecting genes linked to disorders, and improving crops.
Sequencing
This document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It provides an overview of DNA and its functions including storing genetic information, self-duplication, and expressing genetic messages. It then describes the Watson and Crick model of DNA structure. The document proceeds to define DNA sequencing as determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA section. It outlines early chemical methods like Maxam-Gilbert sequencing and the still common Sanger method using chain termination. Finally, it introduces some modern next-generation sequencing technologies like Illumina and Pyrosequencing.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l31. dna sequencing-i
DNA sequencing techniques allow determining the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. In 1977, Sanger and Gilbert independently developed methods for DNA sequencing. Sanger's dideoxy method, also known as chain termination method, uses DNA polymerase and a mixture of dNTPs and ddNTPs, which lack a 3'-OH group and terminate DNA strand extension. Electrophoresis then separates DNA fragments by size to reveal the sequence. Sanger's method became the most widely used technique and helped enable major genome sequencing projects like the Human Genome Project.
2 whole genome sequencing and analysis
Whole genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome. It involves sequencing all chromosomal and organellar DNA. Key methods include shotgun sequencing, which randomly fragments DNA for sequencing, and single molecule real time sequencing, which observes individual DNA polymerases incorporating nucleotides in real time using fluorescent tags. Whole genome sequencing has provided insights into evolutionary biology and may help predict disease susceptibility, though technical challenges remain such as fully sequencing repetitive regions.
Sanger sequencing
The document discusses Sanger sequencing, a method of DNA sequencing. It provides a brief history of DNA sequencing, noting that Sanger developed an enzymatic DNA sequencing technique in 1977. The document then describes the key steps of Sanger sequencing, including separating the DNA strands, copying one strand with chemically altered bases that cause termination, and analyzing the fragments to reveal the DNA sequence. It also compares Sanger sequencing to the Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation method.
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Gene Sequencing | maxam gilbert sequencing | sanger sequencing
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Presentation on DNA Sequencing Process
- 2. GROUP MEMBER SAJIBUL HASSAN NAHIAN AHMED TARIQUL ISLAM MONSUR AHMED SHAFIQ OMAR FARUQ
- 4. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that functions include: ->Storage of genetic information ->Expression of the genetic message DNA’s major function is to code for proteins. Information is encoded in the order of the nitrogenous bases.
- 5. DNA SEQUENCING Determining the order of bases in a section of DNA. To analyze gene structure and its relation to gene expression as well as protein conformation
- 6. HISTORY • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered and isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 • 1953 structure of DNA established as a double helix • 1970 first method of DNA sequencing involved a location specific primed extension strategy.
- 7. • 1977 Frederick sanger published a method for DNA sequencing with chain terminating in hibitors. • 1990 several new methods are developed in the mid to late90,s • 2003 complete human genome project History
- 9. • Mapping genomes • Determining gene structure • Detecting polymorphism • Analyzing genetic variation • Predicting the possible product(s) of DNA fragments DNA Sequencing is used for:
- 10. DNA SEQUENCING METHOD Methods of DNA sequencing : 1.Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 2.Chain termination method (Sanger method) Next generation methods: 1.Massively parallel signature sequencing 2.Polony sequencing 3.Pyrosequencing 4.Illumina sequencing 5.Solid sequencing
- 11. SANGER METHOD • Most common approach used for DNA sequencing . • Invented by Frederick Sanger - 1977 • Nobel prize - 1980 • Also termed as Chain Termination or Dideoxy method
- 13. STEP - 1 The reaction mixture
- 14. • It sorts the newly synthesized DNA strands by length. • The reaction mixture is heated to keep the newly synthesized strands separated • Separated strands are loaded onto a tiny capillary tube • The tube is not much thicker than a human hair and is 1 to 3 feet long STEP - 2
- 15. 1.The emerged strands are passed through a laser beam 2.The beam causes the dye to glow at a specific wavelength, or color. This color is then detected by a photocell STEP - 3
- 16. • Computers read the sequence from the gel and interpret the colors and print a sequence of nucleotides across the top. STEP - 4
- 18. COMPARISON Sanger Method Maxam Gilbert Method Enzymatic Chemical Requires DNA synthesis Requires DNA Termination of chain elongation Breaks DNA at different nucleotides Automation Automation is not available Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded or single- stranded DNA
- 19. MORDEN APPLICATIONS OF DNA SEQUENCING • Forensics: to help identify individuals because each individual has a different genetic sequence • Medicine: can be used to help detect the genes which are linked to various genetic disorders such as muscular dystrophy. • Agriculture: The mapping and sequencing of a genome of microorganisms has helped to make them useful for crops and food plants.
- 21. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT • The biggest challenge for the life sciences • 15 years project (NIH, DOE of USA) • Primary goal Sequence base pairs of human beings that form DNA • Identifying & mapping approx. 20K-25K genes • Significance Physical & functional •standpoint
- 22. ADVANTAGES • Improved diagnosis of disease • Identify the genes causing genetic diseases • Identifying crime suspects DISADVANTAGES • Whole genome cannot be sequenced at once • Very slow and time consuming
- 23. Thank You!!!