The document discusses the history and goals of smart grids, including modernizing energy transmission and distribution networks. It describes how smart grids use digital technologies, two-way communication, and automation to improve reliability, efficiency and integration of renewable energy. Some key benefits are enabling consumer participation through demand response, reducing peak demand, and allowing easier integration of electric vehicles and distributed generation. The document also outlines some technical aspects and challenges to wider smart grid adoption.

2. • Background and Goals
• What a Smart Grid is
• Modernizes both Transmission&Distribution
• Problem Definition
• Smart Grid Functions
• Features
• Technology
• Recent Studies
• Obstacles
• Conclusion
• References
• External Links

5. • Current power grid evolved after 1896 based on Nikola
Tesla’s design
• Electric grid of the late 1960’s became conceived of as
« dividing and distributing» electric power
• Electricity networks have not kept pace with modern
challenges
• The term smart grid has been in use since at least 2005.[1]

6. • First cities with smart grids:
• The earliest and still largest, Italian system installed by
Enel S.p.A( Ente Nazionale per l’Energia eLettrica) of
Italy.
• In the US, the city of Austin,TX has been working on
building its smart grid since 2003.[2]
• Hydro One, in Ontario,Canada is in the midst of a large-
scale Smart grid initiative.[3][4]
• The city of Mannheim in Germany is using real-time
Broadband Powerline(BPL) communications.[5]

7. • Smart energy demand describes the energy user
component of smart grid.
• Smart energy demand is a broad concept:
• Enhancement of reliability
• Reduce peak demand
• Shift usage to off-peak hours
• Lower total energy consumption
• Actively manage electric vehicle charging
• Actively manage other usage to respond solar, wind, and
other renewable resources

8. • Smart energy demand mechanisms and tactics include:
• Smart meters
• Dynamic pricing
• Smart thermostats and smart appliances
• Automated control of equipment
• Usage by appliance data
• Scheduling and control of loads
• Scale and Scope[6]
• Municipal grid[7]
• Home Area Networks (HANs)
• Zigbee, INSTEON, Zwave,WiFi or others.

9. • Smart Grid refers using computer-based remote
control and automation.
• Smart grids increase
• The connectivity
• Automation
• Coordination
between these suppliers, consumers and
networks that perform either long distance
transmission or local distribution tasks

11. • Many smart grid features apparent to consumers
• Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing
• To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage periods
• To reduce consumption by communication to devices
directly in order to prevent system overloads
• Platform for advanced services
• Use of robust two-way communications,advanced
sensors, and distributed computing technology
• US and UK savings estimates and concerns [8][9]
• Save consumers money
• Help reduce CO₂ emissions

12. • Increasing reliability,efficiency and
safety of power grid
• Enabling decentralized power
generation
• Flexibility of power consumption
at the clients side
• Increase Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) by creating more new,
green-collar energy jobs [10][11]

13. • A modern Smart Grid must [11]:
• Be able to heal itself
• Motivate consumers to actively participate in
operations of the grid
• Resist attack
• Provide higher quality power
• Accommodate all generation and storage options
• Enable electricity markets to flourish
• Run more efficiently
• Enable higher penetration of intermittent power
generation sources

14. • Load Adjustment
• The total load connected to the power grid can vary
significantly over time.
• Demand response support
• Allows generators and loads to interact in an automated
fashion in real-time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes.
• Greater resillience to loading
• Initial power lines in the grid were built using radial model,
later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes

15. • Decentralization of power generation
• If a local sub-network generates more power than it is
consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and
reliability issues.
• Price signaling to consumers
• In many countries, the electric utilities have installed
double tariff electricity meters in many homes

16. • Integrated communications
• Substation automation
• Demand response
• Distribution response
• Distribution automation
• Supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)
• Energy management systems
• Wireless mesh networks
• Power-line carrier communications
• Smart meters
• Digital meters that record usage in real-time

17. • Phasor measurement units (PMU)
• Distributed throughput their network can be used to
monitor power quality and in some cases respond
autmatically to them.
• Sensing and measurement
• Evaluate congestion and grid stability,monitoring
equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control
strategies support.
• Technologies: wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line
rating, electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis,
real-time pricing tools, backscatter radio technology

18. • Advanced control
• Distributed intelligent agents
• Analytical tools
• Operational tools (SCADA, substation automation, demand
response, etc.)
• Improved interfaces and decision support
• Operators and managers have tools to effectively and efficiently
operate a grid with an increasing number of variables.
• Smart power generation
• A concept of matching electricity production with demand using
multiple identical generators. [12]

19. • Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, Fujian power
grid in China. [13]
• The power grid was considered within the context of:
• Optimal control
• Ecology
• Human cognition
• Glassy dynamics
• Information theory
• Microphysics of clouds
and many others. [14]
• Many different concepts have been used to model intelligent power
grids.

20. • In Europe and the U.S, significant impediments
exist to the widespread adoption of Smart Grid
technologies;
• Regulatory environments that not reward utilities for
operational efficiency,excluding U.S. Awards
• Consumer concerns over privacy
• Social concerns over «fair» availability of electricity
• Social concerns over Enron style abuses of information
leverage
• Limited ability of utilities to rapidly transform their
business and operational environment

21. • Distinguishing characteristics of Smart Grid
include[15]:
• Increased use of digital information and controls
technology to improve reliability, security, and
efficiency of the electric grid
• Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources
with cyber-security
• Deployment and integration of distributed resources
and generation, including renewable resources
• Deployment and incorporation of demand response,
demand-side resources, and energy-efficiency
resources

22. • Deployment of «smart» technologies for metering,
communications concerning grid operations and
status, and distribution automation
• Integration of «smart» appliances and consumer
devices
• Deployment and integration of advanced electricity
storage and peak-shaving technologies
• Provision to consumers of timely information and
control options
• Development of standards for communication and
interoperability of appliances and equipment
connected to the electric grid

23. 1. S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberd, «Toward A Smart Grid», IEEE P&E
Magazine, Vol. 3 No.5 pgs 34-41 .
2. National Energy Technology Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy Office
of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, «Morden Grid Benefits», August
2007.
3. Betsy Loeff (2008-03). «AMI Anatomy: Core Technologies in Advanced Metering».
Ultrimetrics Newsletter (Automatic Meter Reading Association (Utilimetrics)
4. Betsy Loeff, Demanding standards: «Hydro One aims to leverage AMI via
interoperability», PennWell Corporation
5. «E-Energy Project Model City Mannheim». MVV Energie. 2011
6. A. Battaglini, J. Lilliestam, C. Bals,and A. Haas, «The Supersmart Grid», European
Climate Forum, July 2008.
7. «Smart Grid Miami: FPL, GE, Cisco, Silver Spring Rolling Out 1M Smart Meters:
Cleantech News and Analysis» . www.Earth2tech.com (2009-04-20).
8. M. C. Kintner-Meyer, D. P. Chassin, R. G. Pratt, J. G. DeSteese, L. A. Schienbein, S.
G. Hauser, W. M. Warwick, «GridWise: The Benefits of a Transformed Energy
System», Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2003

24. 9. «Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Monitoring Systems», SpeakSolar.org,
published in September 2010.
10. «Vision and Strategy for Europe’s Electricity Networks of the Future»,
European Technology Platform, 2006.
11. Anderson, Roger; A. Boulanger, J. A. Johnson and A. Kressner, «
Computer-Aided Lean Management for the Energy Industry », 2008.
12. SGIP Catalog of Standards, 2011.
13. Nanjing Nari-Relays Electric Co., «Wide Area Protection System for
Stability», July 2006.
14. Jacob Klimstra and Markus Hotakainen, « Smart Power Generation »,
ISBN 978-951-692-846-6, Helsinki 2011.
15. « Obama's Speech on the Economy » , The New York Times, January 2009.

25. • IEEE SmartGrid Portal IEEE's collection of SmartGrid resources
– http://smartgrid.ieee.org/
• Smart Grids (European Commission)
– http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/smartgrids/smartgrids_en.h
tm
• The NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Site NIST's public wiki for Smart
Grid
– http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/WebHome
• Video Lecture: Smart Grid: Key to a Sustainable Energy
Infrastructure, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
– http://cgs.illinois.edu/resources/webvideo/smart-grid-key-a-
sustainable-energy-infrastructure
• The IDEAS project (University of Southampton project developing
agent-based mechanisms for the Smart Grid)
– http://www.ideasproject.info/

26. • USEA( United States Energy Association)-Smart Grid Lunch
and Learn
– http://www.usea.org/Publications/USEA_Smart_Grid_Lunch_an
d_Learn.asp
• Federal Smart grid Initiatives
– http://www.smartgrid.gov/recovery_act/news/leesburg_approac
hes_1_million_savings_creative_electric_conservation
• IBM – A Smarter Planet
– http://www-
05.ibm.com/innovation/be/smarterplanet/en/index.shtml?re=sp
h
• California Public Utilities Commission
– http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/100317_preso.htm