The document discusses smart grids and their components. Some key points: - A smart grid uses information and communications technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics and sustainability of electricity production and distribution. - It consists of applying digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information central. - Smart grids allow for two-way communication between electricity producers and consumers, enabling functions like remote meter reading, demand response and outage detection. - Advanced metering infrastructure, demand response, distributed generation and energy storage are some of the major smart grid applications and market segments. - Widespread smart grid deployment faces challenges of high upfront costs, integrating new technologies with existing grid systems, and

1. Dr. Govind Bhagwatikar

2.  A smart grid is an electrical
grid that uses information and
communications
technology to gather and act
on information, such as
information about the
behaviors of suppliers and
consumers, in an automated
fashion to improve the
efficiency, reliability, economi
cs, and sustainability of the
production and distribution of
electricity.
 Smart grid consists of the
application of digital
processing and
communications to the power
grid, making data flow and
information management
central to the smart grid.
 .
Communication
between
system components
Interdisciplinary technologies:
Data collection, processing and
recombination
Market Grid Operation
Smart
Generation
Smart
Distribution
and
Transmission
Smart
Consumption
Smart
Storage

3.  Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the
electric grid.
 The Smart Grid comprises everything related to the
electric system in between any point of generation
and any point of consumption.
 Due to Smart Grid technologies, the grid becomes
more flexible, interactive and is able to provide real
time feedback.
 It is an electricity network that can intelligently
integrate the actions of all users connected to it –
generators, consumers and those that do both – in
order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic
and secure electricity supplies.

4. A Smart Grid employs innovative products and
services together with intelligent monitoring,
control, communication and self-healing
technologies to:
 facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all
sizes and technologies;
 allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation
of the system;
 provide consumers with greater information and choice of
supply;
 significantly reduce the environmental impact of the
whole electricity supply system;
 deliver enhanced levels of reliability and security of supply.
(Ref. IEC)

5. Communications
Technology
Communications
consulting & services
Communications
products & solutions
IT Systems
Consumer energy
management &
monitoring systems
Utility business
systems
Utility
Operational IT
Microgrid Solutions
Distributed Generation
& Storage
Demand Response
Smart Charging
Smart Grid Applications
Smart Metering
Build. Autom.
Indust. Autom.
Smart Home
E-Car
End User Infrastructure
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Utility Infrastructure
Utilities / ISOs
Industrial / Commercial /
Residential

6. Today’s
Electricity …
Power park
Hydrogen
Storage
Industrial
DG
Tomorrow’s
Choices …
Combined Heat
and Power
Fuel Cell
e -
Wind
Farms
Rooftop
Photovoltaic
s
Remote
Loads
Load as a
resource
SMES
Smart
Substation

7.  Today’s electrical grid suffers from a number of problems, like –
It is:
 Old (the average age of power plants is 35 years)
 Dirty (more than half of our electricity is generated from coal)
 Inefficient (the delivered efficiency of electricity is only 35%
 Vulnerable to blackout
 The electrical grid is not set up to handle the demands that are
being placed on it by end-users or the changing generation mix of
the 21st century.
 The grid is ill-equipped to handle both renewables, which are
intermittent and less predictable than fossil fuel-based
generators, or distributed generation
 The current state of the grid limits the potential of energy
efficiency efforts, as there are significant lags in the system such
that users of electricity typically are unaware of their usage level at
any given time.

9. Communications
Technology
Communications
consulting & services
Communications
products & solutions
IT Systems
Consumer energy
management &
monitoring systems
Utility business
systems
Utility
Operational IT
Micro grid Solutions
Distributed Generation
& Storage
Demand Response
Smart Charging
Smart Grid Applications
Smart Metering
Build. Autom.
Indust. Autom.
Smart Home
E-Car
End User Infrastructure
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Utility Infrastructure
Utilities / ISOs
Industrial / Commercial /
Residential

10.  The predominant Smart Grid market segments and applications include
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), demand response, grid
optimization, distributed generation, energy storage, PHEVs (including smart
charging and V2G), advanced utility control systems, and smart
homes/networks.
 A useful analogy for understanding the various components of the smart grid was
developed in a report by Erb Institute scholar Dave Fribush and is presented in the
table below:

12.  Smart grid technologies have emerged from earlier
attempts at using electronic control, metering, and
monitoring.
 In the 1980s, Automatic meter reading was used for
monitoring loads from large customers, and evolved
into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of the
1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was
used at different times of the day.
 Smart meters add continuous communications so
that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be
used as a gateway to demand response-aware
devices.

13.  There are two main components of any AMI system:
 The physical smart meter itself, which replaces
older meters unable to communicate
 The communications network necessary to
transport the data that the meter generates
 Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) Refers a
system that collects, measures and analyzes energy
usage by enabling data to be sent back and forth over a
two-way communications network connecting
advanced meters (“smart meters”) and the utility’s
control systems.
 Provide interface between the utility and its customers:
 Advanced functionality
▪ Bi-direction control
▪ Real-time electricity pricing
▪ Accurate load characterization
▪ Outage detection/restoration

14.  An AMI communication infrastructure
allows for a multitude of new applications,
which can include:
 Remote meter reading for billing
 Remote connect/disconnect capabilities
 Outage detection and management
 Tamper/theft detection
 Short interval energy readings (which
serve as the basis for market-based
energy rates)
 Distributed generation monitoring and
management

15. Billing &
Customer
Service
Customer
Interface
Delivery Energy
Procurement
Field
Services/System
Recovery
Installation &
Maintenance
Multiple clients
read demand and
energy data
automatically
from customer
premises
Customer reduces
demand in
response to pricing
event
Distribution
operator curtails
customer load for
grid management
Real-time
operations
curtails (or limits)
load for
economic
dispatch (ES&M)
AMI system
recovers after
power outage,
communications
or equipment
failure
Utility installs,
provision and
configure the
AMI system
Utility remotely
limits or
connects/disconn
ects customers
Customer reads
recent energy
usage and cost at
site
Distribution
operations
optimize network
based on data
collected by the
AMI system
Utility procures
energy and
settles wholesale
transactions
using data from
the AMI system
--
Utility maintains
the AMI system
over its entire
life-cycle
Utility detects
tampering or theft
at customer site
Customer uses
pre-payment
services
Customer
provides
distributed
generation
-- --
Utility upgrades
AMI system to
address future
requirements
Meter reading for
gas and water
utilities
Multiple clients use
the AMI system to
read data from
devices at
customer site
Distribution
operator locates
outage using AMI
data and restores
service
-- -- --

16. Despite its widespread benefits, deployingAMI presents three majors challenges
that include high upfront investments costs, integration with other grid systems,
and standardization.
 High Capital Costs: A full scale deployment of AMI requires expenditures on all
hardware and software components, including meters, network infrastructure
and network management software, along with cost associated with the
installation and maintenance of meters and information technology systems.
 Integration: AMI is a complex system of technologies that must be integrated
with utilities' information technology systems, includingCustomer Information
Systems (CIS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS),Outage Management
Systems (OMS),Work Management (WMS), Mobile Workforce Management
(MWM), SCADA/DMS, DistributionAutomation System (DAS), etc.
 Standardization: Interoperability standards need to be defined, which set uniform
requirements for AMI technology, deployment and general operations and are
the keys to successfully connecting and maintaining an AMI-based grid system.

18.  In an electricity grid, electricity consumption and production must balance at all times; any
significant imbalance could cause grid instability or severe voltage fluctuations and cause failures
within the grid.
 Total generation capacity is therefore sized to correspond to total peak demand with some margin
of error and allowance for contingencies (such as plants being off-line during peak demand periods).
 Operators will generally plan to use the least expensive generating capacity (in terms of marginal
cost) at any given period, and use additional capacity from more expensive plants as demand
increases.
 Demand response in most cases is targeted at reducing peak demand to reduce the risk of potential
disturbances, avoid additional capital cost requirements for additional plant, and avoid use of more
expensive and/or less efficient operating plant.
 Consumers of electricity will also pay lower prices if generation capacity that would have been used
is from a low-cost source of power generation.
 Demand response refers to all functions and processes applied to influence the behavior of energy
consumption. This can range from simple signaling, e-mail, SMS, or a phone call to a person who
switches a load on or off, to fully integrated load management, where many consumption devices
are dynamically controlled according to availability or to the price of energy.
 One of the most exciting applications that AMI allows for is demand-response, which gives the
utilities the ability to turn off/down grid endpoints in real-time (thermostats, HVACs, lighting
systems, etc.), based on pre-arranged contractual agreements with customers, in order to curb peak
demand.

19.  Participating in automated Demand Response stabilizes our energy supply
providing utilities a source of “virtual peaking power.”
 One of the main reasons for blackouts can be unusually high demand for power
 This can lead to a critical peak load situation on the energy grid
 Utilities can prevent peak situations from escalating by shedding load
 Load is shed via customers that are signed up for a Demand Response program
System load without instigating DR event
System load with instigating DR event
Load
Event
time
Building's energy demand from grid

20.  Load response for reliability purposes:
 Direct load control, partial, or curtailable load reductions
 Complete load interruptions
 Use ofAutoDR technologies
 Price response by end-use customers:
 TimeVaried Rates: Real-Time Pricing (RTP), Critical Peak Pricing
(CPP),Time-of-Use rates (TOU)
 Demand Bidding Programs
 Capacity Bidding Programs
 Aggregator Managed Programs

23. Dedicated
frequency/spectrum
for SMART GRID??

24. http://cio.nist.gov/esd/emaildir/lists/t_
and_d_interop/pdf00001.pdf
IEEE 802.11 based wireless
LAN,
IEEE 802.16 based WiMAX,
3G/4G cellular,
ZigBee based on IEEE 802.15,
IEEE 802.20 based MobileFi

26.  IEEE has nearly 100 standards and standards in development relevant to
smart grid, including the over 20 IEEE standards named in the NIST
Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards,
Release 1.0.
 Standards currently in development include:
 IEEE P2030 Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy
Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric
Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads
 IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Series
 IEEE SCC21 1547 Standards for Interconnecting Distributed Resources
with Electric Power Systems
 IEEE Standard 1159 for Monitoring Electric Power Quality
 IEEE Standard 762: Standard Definitions for Use in Reporting Electric
Generating Unit Reliability, Availability, and Productivity
 IEEE SCC 31 Automatic Meter Reading and Related Services

27.  The latest IEEE smart grid standards include:
 IEEE 1815™-2012 – Standard for Electric Power SystemsCommunications – Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3)
– specifies the DNP3 protocol structure, functions and interoperable application options for operation on
communications media used in utility automation systems. It revises the earlier standard, IEEE 1815™-2010/
 IEEE 1366™-2012 – IEEEGuide for Electric Power Distribution Reliability Indices – defines the distribution
reliability nomenclature and indices that utilities and regulators can use to characterize the reliability of
distribution systems, substations, circuits and grid sections. It also defines the factors affecting the calculation of
the indices.The standard revises the earlier standard, IEEE 1366™-2003.
 IEEE 1377™-2012 – IEEE Standard for Utility Industry Metering Communication Protocol Application Layer (End
Device DataTables) – provides common structures for encoding data that is transmitted over advanced metering
infrastructure and smart grids. It can be used to transmit data between smart meters, home appliances, network
nodes that use the IEEE 1703™ LAN/WAN messaging standard, and utility enterprise collection and control
systems.
 IEEEC37.104™-2012 – IEEEGuide for Automatic Reclosing of Circuit Breakers for AC Distribution and
Transmission Lines – describes automatic reclosing practices for transmission and distribution line circuit
breakers, establishes the benefits of automatic reclosing, and details the considerations utilities must use when
applying automatic reclosing technologies for proper coordination with other transmission and distribution
system controls. It revises the IEEE C37.104™-2002 standard by incorporating new smart grid communications
technologies that may affect utility automatic reclosing practices.
 Additionally, IEEE-SA has approved a new standards development project to categorize and describe
applications that are being considered as part of smart distribution system development and distribution
management systems for smart grids.The IEEE P1854™ – Guide for Smart DistributionApplications will
categorize the applications, describe their critical functions, define their most important components and
provide examples.

28.  IEC/TR 62357: Service Oriented Architecture (SAO) - Power system
control and associated communications - Reference architecture for
object models, services and protocols
 IEC 61970: Common Information Model (CIM) / Energy Management
 IEC 61850: Power Utility Automation
 IEC 61968: Common Information Model (CIM) / Distribution
Management
 IEC 62351: Security - Power systems management and associated
information exchange - Data and communications security
 IEC 62056: Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and load control
 IEC 61508: Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable
electronic safety-related systems

31.  WindTurbines regarded as “Power Projects”
 Different power generations technologies in wind turbines
 Incorporation of power electronics
 Today’s wind turbines are SMART
 Grid Integration Issues
 Must run status as IEGC 2010
 Forecasting of wind power generation: Day ahead, week
ahead forecasting
 Metering - Migration fromTOD/ABT meters to AMI

32.  System operator may instruct the solar /wind generator to back down
generation on consideration of grid security or safety of any equipment
or personnel is endangered and Solar/ wind generator shall comply with
the same. For this, DataAcquisition System facility shall be provided for
transfer of information to concerned SLDC and RLDC
 The outage planning of run-of-the-river hydro plant, wind and solar
power plant and its associated evacuation network shall be planned to
extract maximum power from these renewable sources of energy.
 Rescheduling of wind and solar energy on three (3) hourly basis is also
envisaged
 Day ahead forecast:Wind/ power forecast with an interval of 15
minutes for the next 24 hours for the aggregateGeneration capacity of
10 MW and above.

33.  While renewable energy cannot necessarily be operated in a
conventional manner, its behavior can be predicted and the forecast
information is exactly the kind of information that a smart grid must use
to improve system efficiency.
 As renewable energy penetration levels continue to increase, non-
scheduled renewable energy may become the single largest source of
variability on the power system. This makes the employment of accurate
renewable energy forecasting a key component of a smart grid.
 Taking advantage of a vast communication network the forecast of
renewable energy will be able to utilize this information from an even
wider set of sources.
 AMI will help grid operators to get real time data of wind/RE generation.

34. Advances in technology at all levels of the power system enable the integration of
wind energy into the emerging smart grid efficiently and reliably. This synergy
works both ways. A smart grid will allow connectivity of the wind turbines as
intermittent sources of energy, and the advanced wind turbines with power
electronics controls and other devices can support a grid with reactive power and
protect the equipment during severe grid disturbances.

37.  Smart GridVision for India
 Transform the Indian power sector into a
secure, adaptive, sustainable and digitally
enabled ecosystem by 2027 that provides
reliable and quality energy for all with active
participation of stakeholders

38.  Smart meter roll out for all customers by 2022
 Development of utility specific strategic roadmap for implementation of smart grid technologies across the
utility by 2013. Required business process reengineering, change management and capacity building
programmes to be initiated by 2014.
 Development of reliable, secure and resilient grid supported by a strong communication infrastructure that
enables greater visibility and control of efficient power flow between all sources of production and consumption
by 2027.
 Implement power system enhancements to facilitate integration of 30 GW renewable capacity by 2017, 70 GW
by 2022, and 120 GW by 2027.
 Formulation of policies and programmes by 2013, for mandatory demand response (DR) infrastructure for all
customers with load above 1 MW by 2013, above 500 kW by 2015, above 100 kW by 2017 and above 20 kW by
2020.
 Policies for grid-interconnection of captive/consumer generation facilities (including renewables) where ever
technically feasible; policies for roof-top solar; and policies for peaking power stations.
 Development of appropriate standards for smart grid development in India; and active involvement of Indian
experts in international bodies engaged in smart grid standards development.
 Ref: http://173.201.177.176/isgf/Download_files/Roadmap.pdf

39.  Smart Grid cyber security remains a broad, complex, and highly dynamic
challenge. And with the continued increase in frequency, duration, and
intensity of cyber attacks, there is mounting urgency to find new and
more effective means for securing critical smart grid infrastructures.
(According to the US Department of Homeland Security, more than 40
percent of reported infrastructure cyber attacks in 2012 were directed
against the energy sector, including utilities and natural gas pipelines.)
 Integration of different technologies, protocols and products
(Standardization)

40.  A Smart Grid transforms the way power is delivered, consumed and accounted
for.
 Adding intelligence throughout the newly networked grid increases reliability
and power quality; improves responsiveness; increases efficiency; handles
current and future demand; potentially reduces costs for the provider and
consumer; and provides the communication platform for new applications.
 Smart Grid needs to be implemented systematically in a diverse country like
India, a Power Starving Nation.
 Step by step approach is required. e.g.
 All sub-stations above 33 kV should be connected within SMART network
 Feeder wise AMI in Distribution System
 Each new RE Plant
 Each consumer having a load of 5 MW

41.  This presentation is prepared using various reports, papers and pictures
available on various web portals.
 Various documents are referred to compile this presentation.