types of variables in research, Dependent independent, moderator,quantitative qualitative,continuous discontinuous,demographic,extraneous, confounding,intervening, control
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
types of variables in research, Dependent independent, moderator,quantitative qualitative,continuous discontinuous,demographic,extraneous, confounding,intervening, control
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Measure of dispersion part I (Range, Quartile Deviation, Interquartile devi...Shakehand with Life
This tutorial gives the detailed explanation of "Measure of Dispersion" (Range, Quartile Deviation, Interquartile Range, Mean Deviation) with suitable illustrative example with MS Excel Commands of calculation in excel.
A few month ago I'm participate a workshop "How to prepare thesis writing or project book" in my university. Workshop is conduct by M. NURUL ISLAM. He is the Asst.Professor on DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS,
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA
Research Methodology all about Hypothesis.pptxDrHafizKosar
A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
• If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables.
• The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
• The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its significance.
Sources of Hypothesis
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
• The resemblance between the phenomenon.
• Observations from past studies, present-day experiences and from the competitors.
• Scientific theories.
• General patterns that influence the thinking process of people.
Types of Hypotheses
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
• Simple hypothesis
• Complex hypothesis
• Directional hypothesis
• Non-directional hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Associative and casual hypothesis
How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
• Formation of question
• Doing background research
• Creation of hypothesis
• Designing an experiment
• CDIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
1.A research question and a hypothesis are both key of the research process,
but they serve different, purposes and have, distinct characteristics.
2.A research question is, a broad inquiry that defines the main focus, of a research study. It is an interrogative statement, that identifies the specific, aspect or problem that the, researcher intends to investigate.
3. Research questions are usually open-ended, and seek to explore, describe, or understand a phenomenon. They are formulated to guide the research process, and provide a clear direction for inquiry.
6 On the other hand, a hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction, that proposes a relationship, or difference between variables. It is based on existing theories, prior research, or observations, and represents an educated guess about the outcome, of the study.
7.Hypotheses are typically, formulated in a specific, and often directional manner. They aim to provide a tentative explanation or answer to the research question
8 A research hypothesis is a, statement that proposes, a relationship or difference, between variables. It serves as the basis for designing and conducting research studies to test its validity.
Hypothesis is one of the most essential elements in educational research in which variable based numeric data are collected and analysed. So, meaning, type, importance and characteristics of a good hypothesis are discussed here.
For a detailed explanation Watch the Youtube video:
https://youtu.be/6g4tD162yhI
Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, contribution to research study, Types of hypothesis, Source, level of significance, two-tailed one-tailed test, types of errors
hypothesis and type of hypothesis is explained with appropriate examples
Hypotheses and type of hypotheses are explained with appropriate examples
Research hypothesis, null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, non-directional hypothesis, simple hypothesis, complex hypothesis etc
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. DEFNITIONS:
• Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent
guess or prediction, that gives directional to
the researcher to answer the research
question.
• Hypothesis or Hypotheses are defined as the
formal statement of the tentative or expected
prediction or explanation of the relationship
between two or more variables in a specified
population
3. • A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement of
the expected relationship between two or
more variables under study.
• • A hypothesis helps to translate the research
problem and objective into a clear explanation
or prediction of the expected results or
outcomes of the study.
4. CONTRIBUTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS
It provides clarity to the research problem and research objectives.
• It describes, explains or predicts the expected results or outcome
of the research.
• It indicates the type of research design.
• It directs the research study process.
It identifies the population of the research study that is to be
investigated or examined.
It facilitates data collection, data analysis and data interpretation
5. FUNCTIONS
• It enables an investigator to start his research
work.
• It may lead to formulations of another
hypothesis.
• It leads to interpret results drawing
conclusions related to original purpose.
6. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
• Simple
• Complex
• Empirical
• Null
• Alternative
• Logical
• statistical
7. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
• Simple hypothesis is that one in which there
exits relationship between two variables one
is called independent variable or cause and
the other is dependent variable or effect.
• Ex. Smoking leads to cancer
• The higher ratio of unemployment leads to
crimes.
8. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
• Complex hypothesis is that one in which as relationship
among variables exists.
• In this type dependent and independent variables are
more than two
• Ex. Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension,
chest infections etc.
• The higher ration of unemployment poverty illiteracy
leads to crimes like dacoit etc.
9. EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS
• Empirical which means it is based on
evidence.
• In scientific method the word "empirical"
refers to the use of working hypothesis that
can be tested using observation and
experiment.
• Empirical data is produced by experiment and
observation.
10. QUESTION FORM OF HYPOTHESIS
• It Is the simplest form of empirical hypothesis.
• In simple case of investigation and research
are adequately implemented by resuming a
question.
• Ex. how is the ability of 9th class students in
learning moral values?
11. NULL HYPOTHESIS
• Null the hypothesis that there is no significant
difference between specified populations, any
observed difference being due to sampling or
experimental error.
• It is denoted by H0
12. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
• The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or
Ha,
• Is the hypothesis that sample observations
are influenced by some non-random cause.
13. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
• A hypothesis which can be verified statistically
called statistical hypothesis.
• The statement would be logical or illogical but
if statistic verifies it, it will be statistical
hypothesis..
14. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
• Directional Hypothesis predicts the direction
of the relationship between the independent
and dependent variable.
• Example- High quality of nursing education
will lead to high quality of nursing practice
skills.
• Girls ability of learning moral science is better
than boys.
15. NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
• Non -directional Hypothesis predicts the
relationship between the independent
variable and the dependent variable but does
not specific the directional of the relationship.
• Example- teacher student relationship
influence student’s learning.
• There is no significant difference between 9th
class boys and girls abilities of learning moral
values.
16. CASUAL HYPOTHESIS
• Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects
relationship or interaction between the
independent variable and dependent variable.
• This hypothesis predicts the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent
variable
17. ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative
relationship between the independent
variable and the dependent variable.
• When there is a change in any one of the
variables, changes also occurs in the other
variable
18. CHARACTERISTICS
A Hypothesis must be Capable of Verification.
A Hypothesis must be Related to the Existing
Body of Knowledge.
A Hypothesis Needs to be Precise, Simple and
Specific
19. REFERENCES
• John w for research methodology
• Reseach methodology methods and
techniques –Dr kapoor ,ms pooja saigal