This document provides information on referencing and citation styles. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to identify sources. Different citation styles are covered, including Vancouver, Harvard and APA systems. Guidance is given on citing various sources like journal articles, books, book chapters, websites and more. Standard formats are outlined for structuring citations for each source type.

1. REFERENCE
WRITING

2. Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging
the sources of information and ideas that we
have used in our assignments and which allows the
sources to be identified.
Obligation
Avoid plagiarism
To verify quotations
To enable readers to follow up
Understand what we have written and the cited
author’s work.

3. CITATION-using another persons work in our work and
acknowledging them
SECONDARY REFERENCING- when an author refers to
another authors work and the primary source is not
available
BIBLIOGRAPHY-there may be many articles which we
have referred but not cited, these can be listed at
the end of our assignment in a bibliography. These
articles should be listed in alphabetical order

4. 1. When we copy word or a paragraph from a journal
article/book
2. When we copy word or a paragraph from a web site
3. When we write in our own words or ideas from a
journal article/book
4. When we write in our own words or ideas from a
web site
If you do not make reference to someone else’s
ideas/work you may be accused of passing it off as
your own (plagiarism).

5. Plagiarism –What is it & How to
avoid it
“The practice of taking someone
else's work or ideas and passing
them off as one's own. Recorded
from the early 17th century, the
word comes from Latin plagiarius
‘kidnapping’.”

6. Vancouver system
Harvard system
APA system- American Psychological Association
(APA) style
Combined Alphabet-Number system

7. Numbered referencing style
commonly used in medicine and science
• When we cite someone’s work in our essay, we use a
number to refer the reference
• Our reference list at the end of our document, will
provide full details of the reference and correspond in
sequence to the numbers in the text using
consecutive numbers

8. If the same reference is cited elsewhere again, the same
number is used for that reference.
Numbers in-text can be in
superscript 1 or can be displayed
in brackets (1)
Numbers must appear after a full
stop or comma, but before colons
and semi-colons.

9. • When citing more than one reference, join
consecutive references with a hyphen (1-5)
• When citing multiple references that are non-inclusive,
separate the references with commas. (2,5,
8, 10)

10. Name of authors (six et al- if more than six authors)
Title of article
Title of journal (abbreviated)
Year (month/day not necessary) of publication
Volume number (and issue/part)
Page number (no use of unnecessary digits)

11. 2. Jain A, Jain S, Rawat S. Emerging fungal infections
among children: A review on its clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention. J Pharm
Bio allied Sci. 2010;2:314–20
Abbreviate title according to the style used in
Medline. A list of abbreviations can be found at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=jou
rnals
No punctuation marks are used in the abbreviated
journal name – just spaces.

12. Title of article
Rosenthal Ann K. Osteoarthritis: The need for therapeutic interventions. Current
rheumatology reviews. 2012;11(3):24-27
Date of publication
Author of
article
Title of
journal
Volume & issue
number
Page
numbers
How to cite
a journal
article

13. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical pharmacology.
6thed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical
publishers (p) Ltd; 2008. p.757-765.
EDITION (FULL STOP ONE SPACE)
PLACE OF PUBLICATION (COLON ONE SPACE)
PUBLISHER(SEMI-COLON ONE SPACE)
YEAR OF PUBLICATION(FULL-STOP ONE SPACE )

14. How to identify a book
Place of publication &
publisher
Zimmer C. A planet of viruses. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press; 2011. p 109.
Author of
Book
Title of Book
Date of publication

15. Required: City, Abbreviated State, and Publisher
If multiple cities, name of first city listed only
Place COMMA between city & state
Separate state & publisher with colon ( : );
place semicolon after name of publisher.
Add year published + PERIOD.
e.g. Boston, Mass:Ebony;2001.
Add page numbers to report only one article in a book
(These rules for punctuation vary widely)
e.g., Boston, Mass:Ebony;2001. p. 345-378.

16. CHAPTER OR PART OF A BOOK TO WHICH A
NUMBER OF AUTHORS HAVE CONTRIBUTED
Hay RJ, Ashbee HR. Mycology. In: Rook’s textbook of
dermatology. Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths
C editors.8thed. Edinburgh: Wiley Blackwell;2010;Vol
2 p.36.1-36.93

17. Capitalize initial letter of only proper nouns
(Santhosh, Omaha) and the first word in the title (but
not first word of sub-title)
Articles in journals or in edited books:
Entry requires two titles:
 In book: the book’s title preceded by In:
+ Editor name(s) + , editor. or , editors.

18. Wadsworth P. Microinjection of mitotic cells. In: Rieder CL, editor. Mitosis and meiosis. San Diego:
Academic Press; 1999. p 219-31.
How to identify a
Chapter in a book
Author of Chapter
Title of
Chapter Editor of Book
Title of book
Place of publication &
publisher
Date of publication
Page numbers of
Chapter
IN

19. SPONSORED BY INSTITUTION, CORPORATION
OR OTHER ORGANISATION
1. World Health Organization. Laboratory manual for
diagnosis of fungal opportunistic infections in
HIV/AIDS patients. Geneva: World Health
Organization;2009. p.4-10 .

20. Indicate type of source in square brackets after title
(But this practice varies widely according to
journal/instructor)e.g., [monograph on the
Internet] or [serial online]
Internet sources require a final sentence beginning
Ex: Available from:
http://nursingworld.org/member2.htm
Place period only after an ending slash (/)
Rules to cite Internet sources vary widely in practice

21. Indexing friendly
Librarian friendly
Editor/Reviewer friendly
It reflects a librarian’s world view.
An author or writing is just a number
A journal, its vol are other items helpful for
categorising.
To help indexing for NLM
Detecting plagiarism
Helpful for editor/reviewer