This document provides guidance on referencing in academic writing. It begins by explaining why referencing is important, such as to avoid plagiarism and validate arguments. The key differences between references and bibliographies are defined. Various referencing styles - Harvard and Vancouver - are introduced. Detailed instructions are given on how to cite different publication types like books, book chapters, journal articles, and webpages according to these styles. The Vancouver style and its numbering system for in-text citations are explained in depth. The goal of students is to properly attribute all sources used in their academic work.
1) The document discusses various aspects of citing and referencing academic sources, including why we need to reference, the difference between references and bibliography, and how to reference using the Harvard and Vancouver styles.
2) It provides guidance on citing different types of sources like books, book chapters, journal articles, and webpages according to the Vancouver style.
3) Key requirements for references are listed, such as including author names, publication details, page numbers if applicable, and ordering references numerically in the list.
This document provides guidance on referencing styles and citing sources in academic work. It discusses the importance of referencing to avoid plagiarism and add credibility. It also differentiates between references cited in text and additional sources in a bibliography. The document outlines the Vancouver and Harvard styles for citing sources like books, book chapters, journal articles and webpages in references. It provides examples of how to format citations in these styles.
Referencing others' work correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to trace your research. You must provide enough detail in references for readers to locate cited sources, whether books, articles, or webpages. References should be listed numerically at the end of your work in the order they appear, and citations in text should match reference list entries. Proper formatting of references is important.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, and conference presentations. The key points covered are:
- References should be listed numerically and in the same order they appear in the text.
- In-text citations use numbers in round brackets to correlate with the reference list.
- The reference list must include sufficient detail for readers to locate each reference.
- Examples are provided of how to format references for different source types, including required elements like author, title, publisher, date.
- Consistency is important when applying the Vancouver style within and across documents.
The document discusses proper citation and referencing of sources. It states that referencing the work of others prevents plagiarism and allows readers to trace lines of research. References must include sufficient detail for readers to locate the cited work, whether it is a book, article, or webpage. The document then provides examples and guidelines for formatting references according to the Vancouver style.
Petunjuk Daftar Pustaka Vancouver (en)Anggit T A W
This document provides guidelines for citing references in the Vancouver style. It discusses citing books, journal articles, newspaper articles, conferences, legal materials, and other sources. Key points include:
- References are listed numerically in the order they appear in the text.
- Author names, publication dates, titles, publishers and page numbers are required details for citations.
- Journal article citations include the title, journal abbreviation, volume, issue, and page numbers.
- Book citations include author names, title, edition, place of publication, publisher and date.
- Examples are provided for different source types following the specified format.
practicaciting lsession citation and referencing .pptxaidamohamed12
The document provides guidance on using Vancouver style for citing and referencing academic sources. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, tables, figures, and websites according to Vancouver style. Key points include listing all authors for references with six or fewer authors, and listing the first six authors followed by "et al." for references with seven or more authors. Journal titles should be abbreviated according to the style used in Medline. The document also notes that tables should be numbered consecutively and have brief titles, while figure captions should include legends, numbers, and labels. Plagiarism can be avoided by properly citing sources using quotes or paraphrasing and including references.
1) The document discusses various aspects of citing and referencing academic sources, including why we need to reference, the difference between references and bibliography, and how to reference using the Harvard and Vancouver styles.
2) It provides guidance on citing different types of sources like books, book chapters, journal articles, and webpages according to the Vancouver style.
3) Key requirements for references are listed, such as including author names, publication details, page numbers if applicable, and ordering references numerically in the list.
This document provides guidance on referencing styles and citing sources in academic work. It discusses the importance of referencing to avoid plagiarism and add credibility. It also differentiates between references cited in text and additional sources in a bibliography. The document outlines the Vancouver and Harvard styles for citing sources like books, book chapters, journal articles and webpages in references. It provides examples of how to format citations in these styles.
Referencing others' work correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to trace your research. You must provide enough detail in references for readers to locate cited sources, whether books, articles, or webpages. References should be listed numerically at the end of your work in the order they appear, and citations in text should match reference list entries. Proper formatting of references is important.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, and conference presentations. The key points covered are:
- References should be listed numerically and in the same order they appear in the text.
- In-text citations use numbers in round brackets to correlate with the reference list.
- The reference list must include sufficient detail for readers to locate each reference.
- Examples are provided of how to format references for different source types, including required elements like author, title, publisher, date.
- Consistency is important when applying the Vancouver style within and across documents.
The document discusses proper citation and referencing of sources. It states that referencing the work of others prevents plagiarism and allows readers to trace lines of research. References must include sufficient detail for readers to locate the cited work, whether it is a book, article, or webpage. The document then provides examples and guidelines for formatting references according to the Vancouver style.
Petunjuk Daftar Pustaka Vancouver (en)Anggit T A W
This document provides guidelines for citing references in the Vancouver style. It discusses citing books, journal articles, newspaper articles, conferences, legal materials, and other sources. Key points include:
- References are listed numerically in the order they appear in the text.
- Author names, publication dates, titles, publishers and page numbers are required details for citations.
- Journal article citations include the title, journal abbreviation, volume, issue, and page numbers.
- Book citations include author names, title, edition, place of publication, publisher and date.
- Examples are provided for different source types following the specified format.
practicaciting lsession citation and referencing .pptxaidamohamed12
The document provides guidance on using Vancouver style for citing and referencing academic sources. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, tables, figures, and websites according to Vancouver style. Key points include listing all authors for references with six or fewer authors, and listing the first six authors followed by "et al." for references with seven or more authors. Journal titles should be abbreviated according to the style used in Medline. The document also notes that tables should be numbered consecutively and have brief titles, while figure captions should include legends, numbers, and labels. Plagiarism can be avoided by properly citing sources using quotes or paraphrasing and including references.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines for academic writing. It discusses the two main types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports. It also outlines common paper components like introductions, methods, and references. The document answers questions about how assigned papers may differ from typical APA manuscripts. It emphasizes asking the professor to clarify expectations. Overall, the document is a useful introduction and reference for students learning to write papers in APA style.
The document provides information about the American Psychological Association (APA) style for formatting papers and citations. It discusses key aspects of APA style such as page layout, headings, the cover page, abstracts, and in-text citations. For page layout, it specifies using 1-inch margins, double spacing, and 12-point Times New Roman font. The cover page should include a running head and page number. Headings use title case or sentence case capitalization. It also describes how to format citations within the text and references list, including citing one or multiple authors and quotations. Citations include the author's last name and year, and references follow a standard format including author name, publication year, title, and
This document provides an agenda and guidance for students on their Paper 2 assignment for EWRT 1A. It covers revising papers, formatting citations properly, writing an outline with categories and types, tips for the essay such as using anecdotes and definitions, how and when to cite sources, and MLA citation guidelines. Students are instructed to meet with the teacher, work on their outline and thesis, and bring a completed draft to the next class for a writing workshop.
This document provides instructions for formatting a research paper using APA style. It discusses formatting the title page, abstract, body, citations, references page, footnotes, and appendices. The key points are: the title page should include a running head and page number on every page, the abstract is a 150-250 word summary, the body uses headings and in-text citations, the references page alphabetically lists full citations, and footnotes and appendices can provide additional information.
The document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites, and other materials. Key steps outlined are recording bibliographic details of sources, inserting citations within the text, and providing a numbered reference list at the end with full details of all citations. Referencing software like EndNote is recommended to assist in creating accurate reference lists using the Vancouver style.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites and other materials. Key elements that must be included in each reference are author, publication date, title and publisher. Punctuation and formatting must be exact according to the Vancouver style.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites and other materials. Key elements that must be included in each reference are author, publication date, title and publisher. Punctuation and formatting must be exact according to the Vancouver style.
The document provides an overview of the MLA (Modern Language Association) style manual and its application in academic research writing. It discusses key aspects of MLA style such as formatting the research paper, using in-text citations, and compiling the Works Cited list. The document explains that MLA style is commonly used in the humanities and requires parenthetical citations within the text that refer to sources listed in a Works Cited page. It provides examples and guidelines for various citation components in both the parenthetical in-text citations and the Works Cited list entries according to the MLA handbook.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting papers and citations. It discusses the general paper format, including title page layout, section headings, font, margins and page numbers. It also reviews in-text citation formats, reference list entries, and guidelines for quoting and paraphrasing sources. The key aspects of APA style covered include title case, active voice, signal phrases, and citing multiple authors.
bibliography and references.
various kind of bibliography and references.
elements of bibliography and references.
sources of bibliography and references.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It discusses defining the research problem, identifying relevant literature, analyzing and synthesizing findings from previous studies, and writing the literature review. The key purposes of a literature review are to place the current study in historical context, identify relationships among prior works, and relate previous knowledge to the present research. When writing a literature review, it is important to follow APA style guidelines, cite sources properly, organize topics rather than using chronology, and write in a concise and objective voice.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for papers in the social sciences. It discusses the structure and formatting of APA papers, including general paper formatting, section headings, in-text citations, and references. The document serves as a guide for writing and formatting papers according to APA style.
Review of related literature presentation Hotaru Imai
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, which is a critical analysis and synthesis of previous research on a topic. The purposes of a literature review are to define the problem, place the study in context, avoid duplication, evaluate methods, and relate findings to previous work. The document outlines the steps to write a literature review, including reviewing APA style guidelines, identifying relevant literature, analyzing and summarizing sources, and synthesizing the information into a coherent essay. It provides tips for writing such as using an objective voice, concise writing, and properly citing sources.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
APA POWERPOINT REPORT WRITING GUIDELINES.pptxBONNIEPARRISH1
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using author-date citations, order of sections, title page formatting for student and professional papers, reference list creation, and citing different source types such as personal communications.
This document provides information and guidelines about referencing and citation styles, including MLA and APA styles. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to acknowledge the ideas and work of others to avoid plagiarism. The document outlines the general guidelines for formatting a research paper in MLA style, such as double spacing, font, margins, and headers. It provides examples of how to format in-text citations in MLA style for different source types, such as books, articles, and websites. The document also discusses setting up the Works Cited page in MLA style, including entry structure for different source formats. Finally, it briefly outlines APA citation style and formatting references in APA style.
This document provides a brief introduction and guidelines for the Vancouver referencing style. It explains what referencing is, why it is important, and the basic steps to follow, including noting bibliographic details, inserting in-text citations, and compiling a reference list. Examples are given for a variety of common reference types such as books, journal articles, websites, and other media. The document stresses the importance of adhering to the specific punctuation and formatting required for the Vancouver style. It directs readers to more authoritative style guides for comprehensive referencing instructions.
The document provides guidance on using quotations effectively in academic writing according to MLA style. It discusses when and how to incorporate direct quotes into essays, including using signal phrases, giving credit to sources, formatting short and long quotes, and constructing the Works Cited page. Direct quotes should be sparingly used and must always be properly introduced, cited, and discussed in the text. Both in-text citations and a reference list are needed to give credit to original sources.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for manuscripts in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, general paper formatting, title pages for student and professional papers, types of APA papers such as quantitative, qualitative, and literature reviews, and how to write summaries, paraphrases, and quotations with citations. The document serves as a guide for students on how to properly format and cite sources in APA style.
communication and behaviour change, sociocultural dimensionsaidamohamed12
This document provides information about a communication course taught by Professor Aida Mohey Mohamed. The course aims to help students communicate effectively at various levels and use different media to mobilize communities. Students will demonstrate their skills through exams, discussions, designing a public education poster, and oral presentations. The syllabus outlines 14 weekly topics that will be covered, including communication processes, verbal and listening skills, technology, and health behavior change. Students will be assessed through a midterm, quizzes, assignments, presentations, and a final exam. Reference materials and expectations for the class are also outlined.
Lecture 10.pdf: vaccine recommendations in specific groupsaidamohamed12
This document provides recommendations for vaccine administration in specific groups. It discusses routine and catch-up vaccinations for adolescents including Tdap, meningococcal, HPV, and influenza vaccines. It recommends annual influenza and pneumococcal vaccines for the elderly to prevent complications. For international travelers, it advises assessing destination risk and updating routine vaccines plus typhoid, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal, rabies, and COVID vaccines if needed. Occupational workers may require hepatitis B, influenza, varicella, tuberculosis screening and vaccines depending on their exposure risks. Common refugee vaccines include routine, hepatitis A & B, meningococcal, tuberculosis screening, influenza, pneumococcal and HPV vaccines.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines for academic writing. It discusses the two main types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports. It also outlines common paper components like introductions, methods, and references. The document answers questions about how assigned papers may differ from typical APA manuscripts. It emphasizes asking the professor to clarify expectations. Overall, the document is a useful introduction and reference for students learning to write papers in APA style.
The document provides information about the American Psychological Association (APA) style for formatting papers and citations. It discusses key aspects of APA style such as page layout, headings, the cover page, abstracts, and in-text citations. For page layout, it specifies using 1-inch margins, double spacing, and 12-point Times New Roman font. The cover page should include a running head and page number. Headings use title case or sentence case capitalization. It also describes how to format citations within the text and references list, including citing one or multiple authors and quotations. Citations include the author's last name and year, and references follow a standard format including author name, publication year, title, and
This document provides an agenda and guidance for students on their Paper 2 assignment for EWRT 1A. It covers revising papers, formatting citations properly, writing an outline with categories and types, tips for the essay such as using anecdotes and definitions, how and when to cite sources, and MLA citation guidelines. Students are instructed to meet with the teacher, work on their outline and thesis, and bring a completed draft to the next class for a writing workshop.
This document provides instructions for formatting a research paper using APA style. It discusses formatting the title page, abstract, body, citations, references page, footnotes, and appendices. The key points are: the title page should include a running head and page number on every page, the abstract is a 150-250 word summary, the body uses headings and in-text citations, the references page alphabetically lists full citations, and footnotes and appendices can provide additional information.
The document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites, and other materials. Key steps outlined are recording bibliographic details of sources, inserting citations within the text, and providing a numbered reference list at the end with full details of all citations. Referencing software like EndNote is recommended to assist in creating accurate reference lists using the Vancouver style.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites and other materials. Key elements that must be included in each reference are author, publication date, title and publisher. Punctuation and formatting must be exact according to the Vancouver style.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, websites and other materials. Key elements that must be included in each reference are author, publication date, title and publisher. Punctuation and formatting must be exact according to the Vancouver style.
The document provides an overview of the MLA (Modern Language Association) style manual and its application in academic research writing. It discusses key aspects of MLA style such as formatting the research paper, using in-text citations, and compiling the Works Cited list. The document explains that MLA style is commonly used in the humanities and requires parenthetical citations within the text that refer to sources listed in a Works Cited page. It provides examples and guidelines for various citation components in both the parenthetical in-text citations and the Works Cited list entries according to the MLA handbook.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting papers and citations. It discusses the general paper format, including title page layout, section headings, font, margins and page numbers. It also reviews in-text citation formats, reference list entries, and guidelines for quoting and paraphrasing sources. The key aspects of APA style covered include title case, active voice, signal phrases, and citing multiple authors.
bibliography and references.
various kind of bibliography and references.
elements of bibliography and references.
sources of bibliography and references.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It discusses defining the research problem, identifying relevant literature, analyzing and synthesizing findings from previous studies, and writing the literature review. The key purposes of a literature review are to place the current study in historical context, identify relationships among prior works, and relate previous knowledge to the present research. When writing a literature review, it is important to follow APA style guidelines, cite sources properly, organize topics rather than using chronology, and write in a concise and objective voice.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for papers in the social sciences. It discusses the structure and formatting of APA papers, including general paper formatting, section headings, in-text citations, and references. The document serves as a guide for writing and formatting papers according to APA style.
Review of related literature presentation Hotaru Imai
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, which is a critical analysis and synthesis of previous research on a topic. The purposes of a literature review are to define the problem, place the study in context, avoid duplication, evaluate methods, and relate findings to previous work. The document outlines the steps to write a literature review, including reviewing APA style guidelines, identifying relevant literature, analyzing and summarizing sources, and synthesizing the information into a coherent essay. It provides tips for writing such as using an objective voice, concise writing, and properly citing sources.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
APA POWERPOINT REPORT WRITING GUIDELINES.pptxBONNIEPARRISH1
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using author-date citations, order of sections, title page formatting for student and professional papers, reference list creation, and citing different source types such as personal communications.
This document provides information and guidelines about referencing and citation styles, including MLA and APA styles. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to acknowledge the ideas and work of others to avoid plagiarism. The document outlines the general guidelines for formatting a research paper in MLA style, such as double spacing, font, margins, and headers. It provides examples of how to format in-text citations in MLA style for different source types, such as books, articles, and websites. The document also discusses setting up the Works Cited page in MLA style, including entry structure for different source formats. Finally, it briefly outlines APA citation style and formatting references in APA style.
This document provides a brief introduction and guidelines for the Vancouver referencing style. It explains what referencing is, why it is important, and the basic steps to follow, including noting bibliographic details, inserting in-text citations, and compiling a reference list. Examples are given for a variety of common reference types such as books, journal articles, websites, and other media. The document stresses the importance of adhering to the specific punctuation and formatting required for the Vancouver style. It directs readers to more authoritative style guides for comprehensive referencing instructions.
The document provides guidance on using quotations effectively in academic writing according to MLA style. It discusses when and how to incorporate direct quotes into essays, including using signal phrases, giving credit to sources, formatting short and long quotes, and constructing the Works Cited page. Direct quotes should be sparingly used and must always be properly introduced, cited, and discussed in the text. Both in-text citations and a reference list are needed to give credit to original sources.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for manuscripts in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, general paper formatting, title pages for student and professional papers, types of APA papers such as quantitative, qualitative, and literature reviews, and how to write summaries, paraphrases, and quotations with citations. The document serves as a guide for students on how to properly format and cite sources in APA style.
communication and behaviour change, sociocultural dimensionsaidamohamed12
This document provides information about a communication course taught by Professor Aida Mohey Mohamed. The course aims to help students communicate effectively at various levels and use different media to mobilize communities. Students will demonstrate their skills through exams, discussions, designing a public education poster, and oral presentations. The syllabus outlines 14 weekly topics that will be covered, including communication processes, verbal and listening skills, technology, and health behavior change. Students will be assessed through a midterm, quizzes, assignments, presentations, and a final exam. Reference materials and expectations for the class are also outlined.
Lecture 10.pdf: vaccine recommendations in specific groupsaidamohamed12
This document provides recommendations for vaccine administration in specific groups. It discusses routine and catch-up vaccinations for adolescents including Tdap, meningococcal, HPV, and influenza vaccines. It recommends annual influenza and pneumococcal vaccines for the elderly to prevent complications. For international travelers, it advises assessing destination risk and updating routine vaccines plus typhoid, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal, rabies, and COVID vaccines if needed. Occupational workers may require hepatitis B, influenza, varicella, tuberculosis screening and vaccines depending on their exposure risks. Common refugee vaccines include routine, hepatitis A & B, meningococcal, tuberculosis screening, influenza, pneumococcal and HPV vaccines.
This document provides an orientation for a research step 1 course, which is the first step in a 4-step medical research curriculum. It introduces the course coordinator and outlines the course objectives, topics, assignments, assessment, and resources. Over the course of 5 lectures and 4 tutorials, students will learn about introducing medical research, searching literature, citing and referencing sources, writing literature reviews, and research ethics. Students will work in groups to write a literature review on an approved topic and submit it along with a reflection form for a total of 5 marks. The course will also include a 20 question multiple choice exam worth 20 marks.
1. The document introduces immunity and vaccines, outlining the benefits of immunization programs. It discusses the immune system and how it protects the body from infection through antibodies, memory cells, and herd immunity.
2. Specific types of immunity are described, including naturally acquired active immunity from infection, naturally acquired passive immunity from maternal antibodies, and artificially acquired active immunity from vaccination.
3. The goal of immunization programs is to provide artificially acquired active immunity through vaccination and raise herd immunity levels to over 80% to protect communities from communicable diseases.
The document discusses key concepts related to health including defining health from narrow and broad perspectives, components of health, and approaches to achieve health. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Health has physical, mental/psychological, and social components. The document differentiates disease, illness, and sickness and lists legal, administrative, and educational approaches to improve health.
This document discusses social media for health communications. It provides definitions of social media and quick facts about social media usage. It then discusses the importance of social media at the CDC and how it complements traditional communications, increases engagement, and allows for rapid communication. The document reviews specific social media tools like buttons, widgets, videos, blogs, Twitter, and social networking sites. It also discusses challenges of social media and examples of CDC's successful social media campaigns around flu and a TV show about a disease outbreak. The document concludes with developing a social media communications strategy and identifying CDC resources.
This document discusses various materials used in health education, including print media, audiovisual aids, folk media, mass media, and more specialized tools. It provides details on the purpose and proper use of different materials like pamphlets, posters, flip charts, photographs, films, and counseling. The document emphasizes selecting materials based on the target population and intended outcomes, and provides guidance on developing effective printed resources and counseling skills.
This document provides guidance on planning a health education session, including how to write educational objectives and select appropriate strategies, methods, learning aids, and assessment. Educational objectives should be SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound) and cover who, what, how much, when and where. Objectives related to knowledge and beliefs can be achieved through communication strategies, while objectives targeting skills require training strategies. A variety of methods should be selected including at least one audiovisual method. Learning aids must be specified. Achievement of objectives can be assessed through questioning, discussion products, and observing skills practices using checklists.
Reference manager software helps researchers and authors organize and cite references. It allows users to collect bibliographic references, insert citations, and automatically generate bibliographies. Popular reference manager programs include EndNote, Mendeley, and Zotero. EndNote is a commercial software that stores reference information and permits collaboration. It offers various formatting styles but can be expensive and complex. Overall, reference managers save time and help keep track of references.
This document provides guidance on referencing and avoiding plagiarism in academic work. It discusses what referencing is, why it is important, and the key components of referencing like citations in text, reference lists, and bibliographies. The document outlines the various types of sources that should be referenced like books, journal articles, websites, and personal communications. It also covers topics like what plagiarism is, how to properly cite sources in the body of the text, and how to format reference lists.
This document summarizes key concepts in health psychology, including how both physiology and psychology impact health. It discusses lifestyle, stress, the general adaptation syndrome, and the autonomic nervous system. It also examines the relationship between stress and health, stress buffers like social support and exercise, and coping strategies for optimists and pessimists. Finally, it outlines several models for health education and prevention.
The document discusses Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche and various defence mechanisms. Freud proposed that the psyche is composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates moral standards. Defence mechanisms function to reduce anxiety by distorting or blocking unconscious impulses. The document classifies defences into narcissistic-psychotic, immature, neurotic, and mature categories and provides examples to illustrate different defences such as projection, rationalization, and sublimation.
This document provides an overview of personality and personality theories. It defines personality as individual differences in behavior and consistency across situations. It identifies key determinants of personality like brain structure, physical factors, heredity, culture, family and social groups. It describes the "Big Five" personality traits and four personality types. It also outlines several theories of personality including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive theories.
Active listening is an important communication skill that involves fully focusing on the speaker, understanding their message, and responding thoughtfully. It requires paying attention not just to the words but also non-verbal cues like tone of voice and body language. While hearing is a physical process, listening is a mental activity that uses the brain to comprehend sounds. Barriers like distractions, biases, disinterest, and close-mindedness can prevent effective active listening.
This document discusses social and cultural determinants of health and provides examples of how culture impacts health behaviors and healthcare. It defines culture and lists its key elements. It distinguishes between collectivistic and individualistic cultures and how they differ in communication styles and decision making. The document outlines factors healthcare providers should consider regarding patients' views of health, illness, treatment, and interactions with providers to provide culturally competent care.
This document outlines various health education strategies and methods. The three main categories of strategies are communication, training, and community organization. Communication strategies aim to build awareness and influence beliefs through both direct methods like counseling and indirect methods like mass media campaigns. Training strategies include educational group activities like lectures, discussions, and demonstrations. Community organization strategies mobilize communities and institutions to address health issues. Selection of the appropriate strategy depends on the target factors to be influenced, such as knowledge, attitudes, or enabling skills. Common communication methods include print materials, folk media, mass media, and personal interactions.
The document summarizes some of Sigmund Freud's key concepts regarding the structures of the psyche and defense mechanisms. It describes:
1) Freud proposed the id, ego, and superego as the three structures of the psyche. The id operates on the pleasure principle, the ego balances id urges with reality, and the superego incorporates moral standards.
2) Defense mechanisms like projection, denial, and distortion are used by the ego to protect the psyche from anxiety by distorting or blocking unconscious urges.
3) Defense mechanisms range from immature ones like acting out and passive aggression seen in children, to more mature defenses like humor and sublimation used by healthy adults.
This document discusses health education and health promotion. It defines health education as the process by which individuals and groups learn to promote, maintain, and restore their health. Health promotion encompasses various activities aimed at behaviors and living conditions conducive to health. The document provides objectives for health education skills training. It outlines tips for effective health education, including using demonstration, audiovisual aids, and role-playing to convey messages clearly and make a strong positive impression on patients.
This document discusses strategies and methods for health education. It describes three main strategies: communication, training, and community organization. Communication strategies aim to build awareness and change attitudes using individual, group, and mass methods. These include health talks, counseling, interviews, print materials, folk media, and mass media. Training strategies involve teaching necessary skills. Community organization strategies mobilize communities. The document provides details on various communication methods and how to plan and deliver health talks effectively. It emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate strategies and methods based on the target audience and objectives.
The document discusses the principles of health education, including educational diagnosis, participation, using multiple methods, planning and organizing, basing education on facts, segmenting audiences, assessing needs, and respecting local culture. It also describes the targets of health education as individuals, groups, and communities. There are three levels of health education for disease prevention: primary aims to prevent disease onset, secondary aims to prevent disability, and tertiary aims to avoid major disability for chronic conditions. Finally, it lists schools, workplaces, healthcare settings, and homes as common locations for delivering health education.
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1. Aida Mohey
Head of Community Medicine department
Research Coordinator
2023
2. Lecture Outlines
• Why do we need to reference?
• What is the difference between reference and bibliography?
• Harvard style for referencing
• Vancouver style for referencing
• Citing a book
• Citing a chapter in a book
• Citing a journal article
• Citing from Webpage
• Additional notes on Vancouver style
• Reference manager: Endnote X7 program
3. In academic writing you
are obliged to attribute
every piece of material
you use to its author
7. Why do you need to reference?
1. To distinguish your own ideas from those of
someone else.
2. To cite different points of view.
3. To validate what you are writing, by referring to
documented evidence. Published work for instance
can be used to support your argument and add
credibility to your writing.
4. To inform readers of the scope and depth of your
reading.
8. Why do you need to reference?
5. To integrate information by assessing, comparing,
contrasting or evaluating it, to show understanding.
6. To emphasize a position that you agree or disagree
with.
7. To refer to other research that leads up to your
study.
9. Why do you need to reference?
8. To highlight a pertinent point by quoting the
original.
9. To enable readers to consult the original
source independently. For instance the
interpretation you give may be different
from the one intended.
11. What kind of information do I need to reference?
Reference when you are WORDS OR IDEAS FROM
SOMEONE FROM
1. Books and journal articles
2. Newspapers and magazines
3. Conference proceedings
4. Films, documentaries, television programs or
advertisements
5. Websites or electronic resources
6. Letters, emails, online discussion forums
7. Personal communication (e.g Interviews)
8. Reference when you reprint any diagrams,
illustrations, charts or pictures
12.
13. When you are writing
YOUR OWN observations
or experiment results
(for example, a report on
a field trip)
When you are writing
about YOUR OWN
experiences
When you are writing
YOUR OWN thoughts,
comments or conclusions
in an assignment
When you are using 'common
knowledge' (facts that can be
found in numerous places and
are likely to be known by a lot of
people). E.g Driver fatigue is
well recognised as a cause of
accidents.
15. What is the difference between Reference
and Bibliography?
16. What is the difference between Reference
and Bibliography?
So, use the term 'References' to cover works cited, and
'Additional Bibliography' to refer to works read as general
background
17. Basic referencing systems: in the text
(Numbering) which links
to the reference list
Vancouver
(Author and date )
Harvard
18. Harvard system for writing references
• At the end of the paper, the order is strictly alphabetical,
regardless of the chronology.
• In the text of the paper, references are cited by giving in
parentheses the name of the author and the year of
publication. When the author’s name is part of a sentence,
only the year is put in parentheses.
• When several references are given together, they should be
listed in chronological order and separated by a semicolon.
21. INTRODUCTION TO VANCOUVER STYLE
• The Vancouver style began with a meeting of medical journal editors
in Vancouver in 1978. This group eventually developed into the
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).
• ICMJE’s webpage (http://www.icmje.org) states that the National
Library of Medicine’s Citing Medicine
(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine) should be consulted for
creating citations.
• Citing Medicine presents standard and optional formats for each
type of resource.
22. • The Vancouver System is COMMONLY used in medical and
scientific journals.
• Your reference list should identify references cited (eg. book, journal
article, pamphlet, internet site, cassette tape or film) in sufficient
detail so that others may locate and consult your references.
INTRODUCTION TO VANCOUVER STYLE
24. • Your reference list should appear at the end
of your essay/report with the entries listed
numerically and in the same order that they
have been cited in the text.
• If you have cited sources from the Internet,
these should be in your reference list.
INTRODUCTION TO VANCOUVER STYLE
25. INDICATING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF YOUR ESSAY
• In the Vancouver Style, citations within the text of your
essay/paper are identified by Arabic numbers in round
brackets.
• This applies to references in text, tables and figures. e.g. (2)
– this is the style used by the referencing software Endnote.
28. • The Vancouver System assigns a number to each reference as it is
cited. A number must be used even if the author(s) is named in the
sentence/text. Example: Smith (10) has argued that….
• The original number assigned to the reference is reused each time
the reference is cited in the text, regardless of its previous position
in the text.
INDICATING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF YOUR ESSAY
29. • When multiple references are cited at a given place in the text, use a
hyphen to join the first and last numbers that are inclusive.
• Use commas (without spaces) to separate non inclusive numbers in a
multiple citation eg. 2,3,4,5,7,10 is abbreviated to (2-5,7,10)
• Do not use a hyphen if there are no citation numbers in between
that support your statement eg. 1- 2.
INDICATING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF YOUR ESSAY
30. • As a general rule, reference numbers should be placed AFTER full
stops (.) and commas (,), BEFORE colons (: ) and semicolons (; )
however, this may vary according to the requirements of a
particular journal.
Examples:
• There have been efforts to replace mouse inoculation testing with
invitro tests, such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (57,60) or
polymerase chain reaction, (20- 22) but these remain experimental.
Moir and Jessel maintain “that the sexes are interchangeable”. (1)
INDICATING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF YOUR ESSAY
33. 1. Name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution
responsible.
2. Title of publication and subtitle if any
3. Edition, if other than first edition
4. Place of publication
5. Publisher
6. Year of publication
7. Page numbers (if applicable)
8. Series title and individual volume (if any).
CITING A BOOK
34. CITING A BOOK
The essential details required are (in order):
1. Name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the
institution responsible.
• Where there are 6 or less authors you must list all
authors.
• Where there are 7 or more authors, only the first 6 are
listed and add “et al” (et al means “and others”).
• Put a comma and 1 space between each name. The
last author must have a full-stop after their initial(s).
35. CITING A BOOK
Format: surname (1 space) initial/s (no spaces or
punctuation between initials) (full-stop OR if further
names comma, 1 space)
• Example 1.1: Smith AK, Jones BC, editors.
• Example 1.2: Smith AK, Jones BC, Bloggs TC, Ashe
PT, Fauci AS, Wilson JD et al.
• Example 1.3: The Cardiac Society of Australia and
New Zealand.
• Example 1.4: When no author is given “Anonymous”
or “Anon” is unnecessary. Us the title of the article
or book.
36. 2. Title of publication and subtitle if any
• Do not use italics or underlining.
• Only the first word of journal articles or book titles (and words that
normally begin with a capital letter) are capitalized.
CITING A BOOK
37. Format: 1: title (full-stop, 1 space)
• Example 2.1: Harrison's principles of internal medicine.
• Example 2.2: Physical pharmacy: physical chemical principles in the
pharmaceutical sciences.
• Example 2.3: Pharmacy in Australia: the national experience
CITING A BOOK
38. 3. Edition, if other than first edition.
• Abbreviate the word edition to:- ed. (Do not confuse with editor.)
Format: edition statement (fullstop, 1 space)
• Example 3.1: 3rd ed.
( Smith AK, Jones BC, editors )
CITING A BOOK
39. 4. Place of publication
• If the publishers are located in more than one
city, cite the name of the city that is printed
first.
• Write the place name in full.
• If the place name is not well known, add a
comma, 1 space and the state or the country
for clarification.
• For places in the USA, add after the place
name the 2 letter postal code for the state.
This must be in upper case
• eg. Hartford (CN): (where CN=Connecticut).
CITING A BOOK
40. Format: place of publication (colon, 1 space)
• Example 4.1: Hartford (CN):
• Example 4.2: Texas (NSW):
• Example 4.3: Kyoto (Japan):
CITING A BOOK
41. 5. Publisher
• The publisher’s name should be spelt out in full.
Format: publisher (semi-colon, 1 space)
• Example 5.1: Australian Government Publishing Service;
• Example 5.2: Raven Press;
• Example 5.3: Williams & Wilkins;
CITING A BOOK
42. 6. Year of publication.
• Format: year (full-stop, add 1 space if page numbers follow)
• Example 6.1: 1999.
• Example 6.2: 2000. p. 12-5.
CITING A BOOK
43. 7. Page numbers (if applicable).
• Abbreviate the word page to “p.”.
• NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily – abbreviate.
Format: p (full-stop, 1 space) page numbers (full-stop).
• Example 7.1: p. 122-9.
• Example 7.2: p. 1129-57.
• Example 7.3:p.333,338,340-5. (when article not on continuous
pages)
CITING A BOOK
44. 8. Series title and individual volume (if any).
• Put in brackets.
• Abbreviate the word volume to “vol”.
Format: (Series title (semi-colon, 1 space) vol (1 space) volume
number) full stop outside brackets
• Example 8.1: (Annals of the New York academy of sciences; vol 288).
CITING A BOOK
45.
46. CITING A CHAPTER IN A BOOK
• Author. Title of chapter. In: Editors, editors. Title of book.
Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.
Page numbers.
• Daniels PJ. Australia's foreign debt: searching for the
benefits. In: Maxwell PA, Hopkins S, editors.
Macroeconomics: contemporary Australian readings. 2nd
ed. Pymble: HarperEducational; 1993. p. 200-50.
47. CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
1. Name/s of author/s of the article
2. Title of article
3. Title of journal (ABBREVATIED)
4. Year (and month/day if necessary/available) of publication.
5. Volume number (and issue/part -).
6. Page numbers
48. CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
1. Name/s of author/s of the article.
• See step 1 of "Citing a book" for full details.
49. 2. Title of article.
• See step 2 of "Citing a book" for full details.
• Example 2.1: Validation of an immunoassay for measurement of
plasma total homocysteine.
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
50. 3. Title of journal (ABBREVATIED).
• Abbreviate title according to the style used in Medline. A list of
abbreviations can be found at:
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals
• Note: NO PUNCTATIONS MARKS are used in the abbreviated journal
name – just spaces.
Format: journal title abbreviation (1 space)
• Example 3.1: J Acad Nutr Diet
• Example 3.2: J Nutr Environ Med
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
53. 4. Year (and month/day if necessary/available) of publication.
• Abbreviate the month to the first 3 letters.
Format: year (1 space) month (1space) day (semi-colon, no space) OR
year (semi-colon, no space)
• Example 4.1: 1996 Jun 1;12(5):127-33.
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
54. 5. Volume number (and issue/part -).
• *If the journal has continuous page numbering through volume’s
issues, the month/day and issue information may be omitted.
Format: volume number (no space) issue number in brackets (colon, no
space) OR volume number (colon, no space)
• Example 5.1: 1996;12(5):127-33. or 1996;12:127-33
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
55. 6. Page numbers
• NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily
Format: page numbers (full-stop)
• Example 6.1: 531-5
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
56. Examples of Citing Journals:
NOTE SOME JOURNALS MAY HAVE:
• A day, month and year
• A month and year
• A season and year eg. Autumn
2001
• Only a year
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
58. No author given in article
• Coffee drinking and cancer of the pancreas [editorial]. BMJ
1981;283:628.
CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE
59. CITING A WEBSITE
• (If the author is not documented, the title becomes the first
element of the reference.)
• Format: Author (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title (full-stop, 1
space) [Online] (full stop, 1 space) Publication Year (1 space) [cited
year month (abbreviated) day] (semi colon) Number of screens in
square brackets or pages (full-stop, 1 space) Available from (colon, 1
space) URL: (no space)
• Author. Title. [Online]. Publication Year [cited year month
(abbreviated) day]; Number of screens in square brackets or pages.
Available from: URL:URL address underlined
60. NOTE:
• The number of screens is NOT necessary. Put a semi colon and 1
space after the cited date if no pages or screen numbers are listed.
• When the date is approximated, indicate that by following the date
with a question mark and inserting the statement in square
brackets. Eg. [2001?]
CITING A WEBSITE
61. Author. Title. [Online]. Publication Year [cited year month (abbreviated) day];
[Number of screens in square brackets or pages]. Available from: URL:URL
address underlined
Examples:
• National Organization for Rare Diseases [Online]. 1999 Aug 16 [cited 1999 Aug
21]; Available from: URL:http://www.rarediseases.org/
• Royal College of General Practitioners. The primary health care team. [Online].
1998 [cited 1999 Aug 22];[10 screens]. Available from:
URL:http://ww.rcgp.org.uk/informat/publicat/rcf0021.htm
• Zand J. The natural pharmacy: herbal medicine for depression [Online].
[1999?] [cited 2001 Aug 23];[15 screens]. Available from:
URL:http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/Article.asp?PageType=Article&Id=
920
CITING A WEBSITE
63. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE VANCOUVER STYLE:
TABLES
• Each table should be given a brief TITLE .
• Number each table in the text in CONSECTIVE ORDER .
• Explanatory matter is placed in FOOTNOTES, NOT in the HEADING.
68. ILLUSTRATIONS and FIGURES
• Number each figure in the text in CONSECTIVE ORDER.
• The original source should be ACKNOWLEDED .
• The legends should be labelled with NUMERALS corresponding to the
figures etc.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE VANCOUVER STYLE:
72. MEASUREMENT
• Length, height, weight and volume should be reported in METRIC
UNITS.
• Temperatures should be in DEGREE CELCIUS.
• Blood Pressure measured in MM OF MERCURY.
• All hematological and biochemistry measurements stated in SI UNITS.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE VANCOUVER STYLE:
References in the text
PLUS
References in a list at the end of your work
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
https://www.qub.ac.uk/cite2write/vancouver3b.html
A volume is a physical book in codex format. It may be printed or manuscript. The term may be used to identify a single book that is part of a larger collection. The term is also used as an identifier for a sequence of periodicals, generally based on a single calendar year.