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2. W W W . T H O U G H T F U L M I N D S . O R G
5 Referencing Styles-
APA, Harvard, MLA,
IEEE, Chicago Guide

3. • The academic and research writing has always been a puzzle for the students
and scholars trying to battle out the question- ‘How to Begin?’.
• Let us find out about the referencing styles that are popular among the
students of academic writing in the countries such as New Zealand, United
States, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, UAE, etc.
• While describing these styles and methods we are going to stress upon the
referencing styles (as well as footnote style in a variant) while preparing
research papers in various subjects across continents.
Introduction
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4. APA REFERENCING STYLE
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5. • APA or American Psychological Association
referencing style is used in the research
thesis in different fields of social sciences
including nursing.
What Is APA Referencing?
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6. How To Cite APA Style Of Referencing?
• The writing style deploys parenthetical system where the reference text
appears in the following format: (<author name>, <publication year>,
<page number/s>)
• A comma (,) is placed after the publication year in case a page number is
mentioned subsequent to it; e.g. (Holmes, 2003, p 40)
• The format also allows the name of the author to be written out of the
bracket; e.g. Holmes (2003, p 40) finds …………
• You must keep in mind the fact that references are listed on a different page
by the end of the document.
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7. How To Cite APA Style Of Referencing?
• The title indicating ‘References’ is provided to the list, settled at the center
and in bold font.
• If there are more than one sources having the same first author, but the
following authors are different, then the references are listed on priority by
the first author’s name and subsequently arranged alphabetically by the
remaining author/s credit/name.
• In case there are sources in which the surnames of the authors are same but
there is a difference in initials, then the references are first listed by the
surname of the first author’s and then chronologically by the first name
initials.
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8. How To Cite APA Style Of Referencing?
• In case a corporate author or a title has been used rather than author’s
name, then the reference is enlisted under the first significant word. It is not
enlisted under A, An or The.
• The first word of a reference is not an alphabet but a numeric digit, then the
reference is listed prior the references carrying alphabetical start.
• It is essential to mention a page number only in case when a part of work is
utilized; in case the whole work is taken into account then there is no
requirement of highlighting the page number. In case there is a single page
reference then p. is used, and pp. is used for the references of multiple
pages.
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9. How To Cite APA Style Of Referencing?
• If there are bigger source titles like a journal or a book, then they are
italicized.
• In case you wish to mention the sources that have been exploited in the
quest of knowledge but are not cited in the research paper, then they must
be mentioned under the title “Bibliography” over a separate page.
• As far as writing down author’s name is concerned, then your research thesis
writing must include the name in a special format where the last name is
written down first and then initials of the first name is mentioned. It is
essential to put comma after the surname and a full stop once after each
initial. e.g. Albert Rosenberg is written down as Rosenberg, A. And Gilbert
Wolfgang Petersen is written down as Petersen, G. W
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10. HARVARD REFERENCING STYLE
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11. • Harvard is basically a generic term used to
refer the referencing styles that are based
on “author-date” format.
• It applies parenthetical style of
referencing and used in different subjects
of humanities.
What Is Harvard Referencing?
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12. How To Cite Harvard Style Of Referencing?
• The reference text appears in the following format: (<author name>
<publication year>, <page number/s>)
• In case of in-text citation only surname (the last name) of the concerned
author is used; the name of the author and publication year are not
separated by a comma (,). E.g. (Clinton 2003)
• Please note that a comma (,) is placed after the publication year in case a
page number is subsequently highlighted. (Clinton 2003, p 40)
• The special privilege of writing down the name of the author out of the
bracket is also permitted. E.g. Clinton (2003, p 45) observes…………
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13. How To Cite Harvard Style Of Referencing?
• Please note in Harvard reference styling you are required to keep in mind the
fact that detailed references are enlisted on a different page by the end of
the research document. The list is provided under the title ‘References’ and
it is placed in center and with bold font.
• It is noteworthy that no reference carries any hanging indent. There is a
double line spacing between each entry.
• The whole list is arranged in an alphabetical order comprising the reference
to the surname of the first author or the first important word provided in the
title.
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14. How To Cite Harvard Style Of Referencing?
• In case more than one sources have the identical first author but the
different later authors, then references are listed foremost by the name of
first author and the names of subsequent author/s are arranged
subsequently. e.g. W. H. Clinton (2016): A Manual for Referencing Styles in
Research 20
• In case a corporate author or a title has been used rather than author’s
name, then the reference is enlisted under the first significant word. It is not
enlisted under A, An or The.
• The first word of a reference is not an alphabet but a numeric digit, then the
reference is listed prior the references carrying alphabetical start.
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15. How To Cite Harvard Style Of Referencing?
• It is essential to mention a page number only in case when a part of work is
utilized; in case the whole work is taken into account then there is no
requirement of highlighting the page number. In case of a single page
reference then p. is used, and pp. is used for the references of multiple
pages.
• If there are bigger source titles like a journal or a book, then they are
italicized.
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16. How To Cite Harvard Style Of Referencing?
• In case you wish to mention the sources that have been exploited in the
quest of knowledge but are not cited in the research paper, then they must
be mentioned under the title “Bibliography” over a separate page.
• In case of the reference list, the author’s name is written in a way: the last
name is written first and then the initials of the first name(s) are to be
mentioned; no full stop or comma is placed after the initials. E.g. Wally
Clinton is written as Clinton W and Wally Edward Clinton is written as Clinton
WE
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17. MLA REFERENCING STYLE
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18. • Modern Language Association of America or MLA
is a referencing style that has two variety of
documents i.e. MLA Handbook for Writers of
Research Papers and MLA Style Manual and Guide
to Scholarly Publishing.
• It utilizes parenthetical system of referencing and
is primarily used in the subjects of literature and
linguistics.
What Is MLA Referencing?
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19. How To Cite MLA Style Of Referencing?
• It employs parenthetical system for the author’s name as well as the page
number of the related source. The reference text would look like the
following: (<author surname> <page number/s>)
• In in-text citation comprising the surname (last name) of the author is
utilized; the name of the author and the page number are not divided by a
comma (,). For instance: (Clinton 23)
• In case the page number is not available then the author’s name is
sufficient.
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20. How To Cite MLA Style Of Referencing?
• It permits the name of the author out of the bracket. For instance: Clinton
observes ……… (20).
• In case two references that are following each other belonging to the
identical source, omit the name of the author and just write the page
number in the later instance. Please note that detailed references are
enlisted on a separate page by the document’s end. The title ‘Works Cited’ is
assigned to the list.
• Each reference carries a hanging indent i.e. first line of each reference is
adjusted to the left margin and the remaining lines are indented. Each of the
reference ends up with full stop (.).
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21. How To Cite MLA Style Of Referencing?
• The arrangement of the list is done in an alphabetical order carrying
reference to the surname of the first author’s surname. In case the name of
the author is absent, then it will begin with the first word of the title.
• In case multiple sources of the same author are deployed, then an
alphabetical listing of all the references is required to be done by the name
of the first author and then by the title.
• Titles that are belonging to independently published work like a journal,
book, etc. are italicized. The titles are a segment of some larger form of
work that are basically enclosed within a double quotation mark.
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22. How To Cite MLA Style Of Referencing?
• The titles of unpublished sources also enclosed within double quotation
mark.
• The name of the author is mentioned in the following manner- Kapil Gupta is
written as Gupta, Kapil or Gupta, K. and Kapil Harilal Gupta is written as
Gupta, Kapil Harilal or Gupta, K. H.
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23. IEEE REFERENCING STYLE
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24. • Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers or IEEE Referencing Style is a
format that is highly used in writing
technical research papers in the field of
engineering and technology.
What Is IEEE Referencing?
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25. How To Cite IEEE Style Of Referencing?
• In terms of in-text citation, number to each reference is assigned in square
brackets in absence being in superscript.
• The number is here positioned either in the sentence or prior to the relevant
punctuation marks like comma, full stop, etc.
• Number to every source is allotted in the sequence as it displays in your
document.
• In order to cite the same source again within your document utilize the
identical number that has been used earlier in your work source.
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26. How To Cite IEEE Style Of Referencing?
• In case, you ought to make reference to earlier mentioned source but
carrying different page number/ chapter/ section then it can follow the
format such as [5, pp. 19-21]
• Employ the abbreviation ‘p.’ meant a single page, ‘pp.’ meant for multiple
pages, ‘Sec.’ meant for a section, and ‘Ch.’ meant for a chapter.
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27. How To Cite IEEE Style Of Referencing?
• References are assigned to a separate page with title ‘References’ is
provided to the list, can either be placed over the left margin or rather in
the center with bold font right at the top of the page.
• In the titles of journals and books all the major key words are mentioned in
capital letters.
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28. How To Cite IEEE Style Of Referencing?
• Name of the Author.
• Title of the chapter or the
article
• Title of the source.
• Edition (for the non-periodicals
only) or volume number as well
as issue number (for
periodicals only)
The information flow is given in the following format-
• Publication Place. (for non-
periodicals only)
• Publisher Name. (for non-
periodicals only)
• Publication Year.
• Page numbers
• DOI or URL
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29. CHICAGO REFERENCING STYLE
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30. • It primarily uses the note system for
referencing.
• The referencing style is primarily used in
the field of arts and humanities.
What Is Chicago Referencing?
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31. How To Cite Chicago Style Of Referencing?
• A reference is firstly provided in footnotes preceded by a numerical digit and
subsequently it is provided again by the document’s end within the page
known as reference list or bibliography.
• The footnotes format would be the following- the name of the author is
written in the footnote name as it is; in bibliography, the last name of author
is highlighted first and then the first name(s) or the initial(s) of the first
name(s) is written. The names are separated with the help of a comma.
• The amount of information in each footnote may vary.
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32. How To Cite Chicago Style Of Referencing?
• When a source is cited for the first time, the information is highlighted in the
following order- <first name of the author> < last name of the author>,
<the title> (<place of the publication>: <publisher>, <year>), <page
nos.>.
• If the same source is cited on the second or more occasions, the foot note
would look like the following- <last name of the author>, <title>, <pg.
nos.>.
• In the later footnotes, the title may also be curtailed in case it carries more
than five words. E.g. the title ‘The Order from the Central Bank of Scotland’
may reduced in the following way- ‘The Order, of Scotland’.
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33. How To Cite Chicago Style Of Referencing?
• In case a corporate author or a title has been used rather than author’s
name, then the reference is enlisted under the first significant word. It is not
enlisted under A, An or The.
• The first word of a reference is not an alphabet but a numeric digit, then
the reference is listed prior the references carrying alphabetical start.
• Writing down the name of the author- while writing down the name in
footnote; the initial of the first name, then full stop and followed by the last
name. For e.g. Khalid Ghazi is written as K. Ghazi, while Khalid Mohammed
Ghazi will be written as K. M. Ghazi.
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34. The five referencing styles that
have been mentioned above carry
their respective features making
them unique with respect to the
format meant for a particular
subject.
Final Thoughts
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35. THANK YOU
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