An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
Today, nearly every piece of electrical equipment generates harmonic currents and voltages. This Application Note gives a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the subject. It explains why harmonic problems have been increasing over recent years, how they are generated, and by which type of equipment. It presents an overview of the various problems harmonic currents can create. Most of them are either related to different kinds of overloading – leading to problems of efficiency loss and overheating – or to disturbances of control and safety devices.
This Application Note also presents a brief overview of the available solutions. The four main mitigation solutions are passive shunt filters, passive series filters, isolation transformers, and active harmonic conditioners. The Application Note concludes that good design practice, the right electrical equipment, and good maintenance are the keys to preventing future problems.
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
Today, nearly every piece of electrical equipment generates harmonic currents and voltages. This Application Note gives a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the subject. It explains why harmonic problems have been increasing over recent years, how they are generated, and by which type of equipment. It presents an overview of the various problems harmonic currents can create. Most of them are either related to different kinds of overloading – leading to problems of efficiency loss and overheating – or to disturbances of control and safety devices.
This Application Note also presents a brief overview of the available solutions. The four main mitigation solutions are passive shunt filters, passive series filters, isolation transformers, and active harmonic conditioners. The Application Note concludes that good design practice, the right electrical equipment, and good maintenance are the keys to preventing future problems.
1. Concept on drives
2. What is drives ?
3. How drive does ?
4. What is torque ?
5. What is Motor Torque ( Tm )?
6. What is Motor Speed?
7. Drive are two types
8. AC Drive
9. DC Drive
10. Pulse Width Modulation
11. Sinusoidal PWM
12. Components of ASTAT
13. What is DTC ?
14. Direct Torque Control
15. Control Display Panel
16. ABB ACS800 DRIVE FOR CRANE
Self control of synchronous motor drives
Phase-Controlled Cycloconverters
Synchronous Motor Drive
Self controlled sync. Motor drive using a cycloconverter
Owen’s bridge and measurement of increment inductancevishalgohel12195
Owen’s bridge and measurement of increment inductance
Effect On Induced Voltage.
Measurements Of Incremental Inductance
Diagram Of Increment Inductance.
Description Of Ø-i Magnetizing Curve
Initial and final condition for circuit
Explain the transient response of a RC circuit
As the capacitor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
Explain the transient response of a RL circuit
As the inductor stores energy when there is:
a transition in a unit step function source, u(t-to)
or a voltage or current source is switched into the circuit.
RC Circuit
RL Circuit
FSK , FM DEMODULATOR & VOLTAGE REGULATOR ICS
Application of PLL in FSK & FM demodulation three terminal regulator ics.
Adjustable output voltage regulator LM 317, LM 337 & LM 340 series power supply ics.
Basic design considerations for designed regulated power supply
Concept of general terms pertaining to rotating machinesvishalgohel12195
Concept of general terms pertaining to rotating machines
Physical concept of force and torque production.
Concept of general terms pertaining to rotating machines.
Generated emf in full pitched and short pitched winding.
Transfer Function and Mathematical Modeling
Transfer Function
Poles And Zeros of a Transfer Function
Properties of Transfer Function
Advantages and Disadvantages of T.F.
Translation motion
Rotational motion
Translation-Rotation counterparts
Analogy system
Force-Voltage analogy
Force-Current Analogy
Advantages
Example
Winding
What is Armature winding?
Terms related to armature winding.
Single layer and double layer windings.
Comparison between closed and open windings.
Types of DC armature winding.
Types of AC armature winding.
Protection against overvoltage
overvoltage
causes of overvoltage
lightning
types of lightning strokes
harmful effect of lightning
protection against lightning
On load tap changer in a.c. locomotive transformer & air blast circuit b...vishalgohel12195
On load tap changer In A.C. locomotive transformer & Air blast circuit breaker
Introduction
Block diagram of A.C. Locomotive
Equipment of locomotive & their function
Advantages
Disadvantages
Logical instruction of 8085
Instruction Set of 8085
Classification of Instruction Set
Logical Instructions
AND, OR, XOR
Logical Instructions
Summary Logical Group
Effect of non sinusoidal waveform of a.c. machine performancevishalgohel12195
Effect of Non sinusoidal waveform of A.C. Machine performance
Nonsinusoidal Waveforms
Key Similarities and Differences between Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Waveforms
Effect of harmonics in motor drives
Square wave inverter with 180° mode
Effect of leakage reactance on the harmonic content of current
Parasitic torques due to non-sinusoidal voltages
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...vishalgohel12195
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between power and communication lines
Introduction
Disadvantages of corona.
Radio interference.
Inductive interference between power and communication lines
Design, Planning and Layout of high voltage laboratory vishalgohel12195
Design, Planning and Layout of high voltage laboratory
Test equipment provided in high voltage lab
Activity and study in high voltage lab
Classification of high voltage lab
Clearance of high voltage Lab
Layout of high voltage lab
Safety
Shielding of the high voltage lab
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
3. Design of series field winding
The series field winding is wound with rectangular
conductors.
The conductors may be flat wound or wound on
edge.
The insulation between the turns of series field
depends mainly upon whether the coil is flat-
wound or wound on edge.
In flat wound copper coils, the inter turn insulation
consists of a tape slightly wider than the copper
strip.
The tape is composed of dry asbestos paper with
thickness of asbestos varying between 0.2 to 0.4
mm in thickness
4. In flat-wound coils, which usually consist of two or
more sections, the insulation between section is a
washer of about 0.1 to 0.5 mm thickness,
consisting of micanite or of a composite material
made up from asbestos paper and woven glass
cloth polyester varnish bonded and pressed to
size.
In order to provide the main insulation, the series
field conductors along with those of shunt field are
epoxide moulded or cast resin insulated.
5. The mmf to be provided on series field at full load
usually lies between 15 to 25 per cent of armature
mmf and for normal machines it may be taken as
20 per cent.
The current density used for the series field has a
somewhat higher value than that for the shunt field
owing to better cooling conditions.
6. In compound machines, each pole carries a shunt field
coil and a series field coil.
In each pole approximately 80% of the height is
occupied by shunt field coil and 20% by series field
coil.
The series field coil is provided to compensate for the
reduction in field mmf due to armature reaction.
In case of series machines each pole carries a series
field coil and all the field all the field coils are
connected in series to form series field winding.
The ampere turns to be developed by the series field
coil in dc series machine is 1.15 to 1.25 times the full
load armature mmf.
7. Design of series field coil
The step-by-step procedure for design of series
field coil is given below.
Step-1 :- Estimate the ampere turns to be
developed by series field coil.
Armature ampere turns at full load (per pole) =
current through a turn No. of armature turn
number of poles
= Iz (Z / 2) = IzZ
p 2p
×
×
×
8. For compound machines,
Ampere turns to be developed by series field coil
ATse = 0.15 to 0.25 (IzZ /
2p)
For series machines,
Ampere turns to be developed by series field coil
ATse = 1.15 to 1.25 (IzZ / 2p)
×
×
9. Step-2 :- calculate the num. of turns in the series
field coil.
Number of turns in series field coil ,
Tse = ATse
Ise
where,
Ise = Ia = current through series field
winding at full load.
(wounded to integer)
10. Step-3 :- determine the area of cross-section of
the series field conductor
Area of cross-section of series field conductor,
ase = Ise
§ςse
where, §ςse = Current density in series field
conductor.
The current density is chosen as 2 to 2.3 A/mm .
For low capacity machines circular conductors are
used and for higher capacity machines rectangular
conductors are used.
2
11. Step-4 :-Estimate the dimensions of the field coil.
Conductor area in field coil = Tsease
Also, conductor area in field coil =
Copper space factor Height of coil Depth of coil
= s fse hse dse
Where, s fse = copper space factor for series field
coil.
When circular conductors are employed the value
of copper space factor is 0.6 to 0.7.
× ×
12. When rectangular conductors are employed, the
space factor depends on thickness and type of
insulation.
On equating the two equations area of field coil we
get, s fse hse dse = Tse ase
Height of field coil, hse = (Tse ase ) / (s fse dse)
Choose a suitable depth and calculate the height
of series field coil using the equation.
In case of compound machine, the total height of
pole required to accommodate field winding will be
sum of the height of shunt field coil and series field
coil.
13. Step-5 :- Estimate the resistance of series field
coil.
Resistance of series field coil =
= ρ Lmtse Tse
ase
Where, Lmtse = Length of mean tuen of series
field coil.
The length of mean turn of series field coil can be
estimated from the dimensions of the pole.
Length of mean turn of series field coil,
Lmtse = 2 ( Lp + bp + 2dse ).