Synchronous Machines: Construction, cooling, working, excitation systems

1. Construction
of
Synchronous Machines
Prof.Anu Singla
H.O.D.
Department of
Electrical Engineering
Chitkara University, Punjab

2. Physical Description of a
Synchronous Machine
Consists of two sets of windings:
3 phase armature winding on the stator distributed with centres 120° apart in space
field winding on the rotor supplied by DC
Two basic rotor structures used:
salient or projecting pole structure for hydraulic units (low speed)
Cylindrical/round rotor structure for thermal units (high speed)Cylindrical/round rotor structure for thermal units (high speed)
Salient poles have concentrated field windings; usually also carry damper
windings on the pole face.
Cylindrical/Round rotors have solid steel rotors with distributed
windings
Nearly sinusoidal space distribution of flux wave shape obtained by:
distributing stator windings and field windings in many slots (round rotor);
shaping pole faces (salient pole)

3. TypesTypesTypesTypes ofofofof synchronoussynchronoussynchronoussynchronous machinesmachinesmachinesmachines
1. Hydrogenerators : The generators which are driven by hydraulic turbines are
called hydrogenerators.These are run at lower speeds less than 1000 rpm.
2. Turbogenerators: These are the generators driven by steam turbines.These
generators are run at very high speed of 1500rpm or above.
3. Engine driven Generators: These are driven by IC engines. These are run at a
speed less than 1500 rpm.
Hence the prime movers for the synchronous generators are Hydraulic turbines, Steam
turbines or IC engines.
HydraulicTurbines:HydraulicTurbines:
Pelton wheelTurbines:Water head 400 m and above
Francis turbines:Water heads up to 380 m
KeplanTurbines:Water heads up to 50 m
Steam turbines: The synchronous generators run by steam turbines are called
turbogenerators or turbo alternators. Steam turbines are to be run at very high speed
to get higher efficiency and hence these types of generators are run at higher speeds.
Diesel Engines: IC engines are used as prime movers for very small rated generators.

4. StatorStatorStatorStator
The stator is the outer stationary part of the machine, which consists of
• The outer cylindrical frame called yoke, which is made either of
welded sheet steel, cast iron.
• The magnetic path, which comprises a set of slotted steel
laminations called stator core pressed into the cylindrical space
inside the outer frame. The magnetic path is laminated to reduce
eddy currents; reducing losses and heating. CRGO laminations of
0.5 mm thickness are used to reduce the iron losses.0.5 mm thickness are used to reduce the iron losses.
A set of insulated electrical windings are placed inside the slots of
the laminated stator. In case of generators where the diameter is too
large stator lamination can not be punched in on circular piece. In
such cases the laminations are punched in segments. A number of
segments are assembled together to form one circular laminations.
All the laminations are insulated from each other by a thin layer of
varnish.

5. Stator lamination

6. Stator slots
For a given slot mmf, reluctance offered by (i) open slots is more
(ii) semi-closed slots is less and (iii) closed slots is still less.
Consequently the open slots have less leakage reactance than
semi-closed slots, whereas the closed slots have more leakage
reactance than semi closed.
The wide open type slot has the advantage of permitting easy
installation of form wound coils and their easy removal in case ofinstallation of form wound coils and their easy removal in case of
repair. But it has the disadvantage of distributing the air gap flux
into bunches or tufts, that produces ripples in the wave of the
generated emf.
The semi closed type slots are better in this respect, but do not
make the use of form wound coils.

7. Stator slots
The wholly closed slots do not disturb the air gap flux but
they tend increase the inductance of the windings
The armature conductors have to be threaded through, thereby
increasing initial labour and cost of winding and
They present a complicated problem of end connection. HenceThey present a complicated problem of end connection. Hence
they are rarely used.

8. Stator winding
The stator winding of all synchronous generator is star
connected with neutral earthed. This arrangement has the
advantage that the winding has to be insulated to earth for
the phase voltage and not the line voltage. Star connection
also has the advantage that it eliminates all triple frequencyalso has the advantage that it eliminates all triple frequency
harmonics from the line voltage.

9. Synchronous machines areAC machines that have a field circuit supplied by
an external DC source.
In a synchronous generator, a DC current is applied to the rotor winding
producing a rotor magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by external
means producing a rotating magnetic field, which induces a 3-phase voltage
within the stator winding.within the stator winding.
In a synchronous motor, a 3-phase set of stator currents produces a rotating
magnetic field causing the rotor magnetic field to align with it. The rotor
magnetic field is produced by a DC current applied to the rotor winding.
Field windings are the windings producing the main magnetic field (rotor
windings for synchronous machines); armature windings are the windings
where the main voltage is induced (stator windings for synchronous
machines).

10. The rotor of a synchronous machine is a large electromagnet.The magnetic poles can be either salient
(sticking out of rotor surface) or non-salient construction.
Non-salient-pole rotor: usually two- and four-pole rotors. Salient-pole rotor: four and
more poles.
Rotors are made laminated to reduce eddy current losses.

11. Rotors of Steam Turbine Generators
Traditionally, North American manufacturers normally did not
provide special “damper windings”
solid steel rotors offer paths for eddy currents, which have effects
equivalent to that of amortisseur currents
European manufacturers tended to provide for additional damping
effects and negative sequence currents capability
wedges in the slots of field windings interconnected to form a damper
case, orcase, or
separate copper rods provided underneath the wedges
Solid round rotor construction

12. Rotor Construction
Cylindrical
Difference in coil spacing creates non-linear
variation in flux around the rotor surface
Non-linear variation in flux around
rotor surface produces sinusoidal change
in the induced EMF

13. In case of turbo alternator the rotors are manufactured form solid
steel forging. The rotor is slotted to accommodate the field winding.
Normally two third of the rotor periphery is slotted to accommodate
the winding and the remaining one third unslotted portion acts as the
pole. Rectangular slots with tapering teeth are milled in the rotor.
Generally rectangular aluminum or copper strips are employed forGenerally rectangular aluminum or copper strips are employed for
field windings. The field windings and the overhangs of the field
windings are secured in place by steel retaining rings to protect
against high centrifugal forces.
Hard composition insulation materials are used in the slots which can
with stand high forces, stresses and temperatures. Perfect balancing of
the rotor is done for such type of rotors.

14. Rotors of Hydraulic Units
Normally have damper windings or amortisseurs
non-magnetic material (usually copper) rods embedded in pole face
connected to end rings to form short-circuited windings
Damper windings may be either continuous or non-continuous
Space harmonics of the armature mmf contribute to surface eddy
current therefore, pole faces are usually laminatedcurrent therefore, pole faces are usually laminated
Salient pole rotor construction

15. Salient pole-Rotor Construction
Salient Pole
Difference between pole face curvature and
stator creates non-linear variation in flux across
pole face
Non-linear variation in flux across pole face
produces sinusoidal change in the induced
EMF

16. Rotor of water wheel generator consists of salient poles. Poles are built with thin
silicon steel laminations of 0.5mm to 0.8 mm thickness to reduce eddy current
laminations. The laminations are clamped by heavy end plates and secured by studs or
rivets. Generally rectangular or round pole constructions are used for such type of
alternators. However the round poles have the advantages over rectangular poles.
Generators driven by water wheel turbines are of either horizontal or vertical shaftGenerators driven by water wheel turbines are of either horizontal or vertical shaft
type. Generators with fairly higher speeds are built with horizontal shaft and the
generators with higher power ratings and low speeds are built with vertical shaft
design. Vertical shaft generators are of two types of designs (i) Umbrella type where
in the bearing is mounted below the rotor. (ii) Suspended type where in the bearing is
mounted above the rotor.

17. Damper Windings
Damper windings are provided in the pole faces of salient pole
alternators. Damper windings are nothing but the copper or
aluminum bars housed in the slots of the pole faces. The ends
of the damper bars are short circuited at the ends by short
circuiting rings similar to end rings as in the case of squirrelcircuiting rings similar to end rings as in the case of squirrel
cage rotors.
These damper windings are serving the function of providing
mechanical balance; provide damping effect, reduce the effect
of over voltages and damp out hunting in case of alternators.
In case of synchronous motors they act as rotor bars and help
in self starting of the motor.

18. Relative dimensions of Turbo and water wheel alternatorsRelative dimensions of Turbo and water wheel alternatorsRelative dimensions of Turbo and water wheel alternatorsRelative dimensions of Turbo and water wheel alternators
Turbo alternators are normally designed with two poles with a speed
of 3000 rpm for a 50 Hz frequency. Hence peripheral speed is very
high. As the diameter is proportional to the peripheral speed, the
diameter of the high speed machines has to be kept low. For a given
volume of the machine when the diameter is kept low the axial length
of the machine increases. Hence a turbo alternator will have small
diameter and large axial length.diameter and large axial length.
However in case of water wheel generators the speed will be low and
hence number of poles required will be large. This will indirectly
increase the diameter of the machine. Hence for a given volume of
the machine the length of the machine reduces. Hence the water
wheel generators will have large diameter and small axial length in
contrast to turbo alternators.

19. Construction of synchronous machines
A synchronous rotor with 8 salient poles
Salient pole with field
windings
Salient pole without field
windings – observe
laminations

20. Two common approaches are used to supply a DC current to the field circuits on the rotating rotor:
1. Supply the DC power from an external DC
source to the rotor by means of slip rings and
brushes;
2. Supply the DC power from a special DC power
source mounted directly on the shaft of the
machine.
Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but insulated from it. One end of
a DC rotor winding is connected to each of the two slip rings on the machine’s shaft. Graphite-like
carbon brushes connected to DC terminals ride on each slip ring supplying DC voltage to field windings
regardless the position or speed of the rotor.

21. Construction of synchronous machines
Slip rings
Brush

22. Cooling system should be provided in the generator or alternator to
remove the heat generated in the windings (I2R loss) of the generator.
Inability to remove the heat results in damage to the winding insulation
of the generator and can lead to reduction in the life span of the
generator.
Natural air cooling and forced air cooling is provided for the small
rating generators.
Ventilation / Cooling of an Alternator
rating generators.
The slow speed salient pole alternators are ventilated by the fan action
of the salient poles which provide circulating air.
Cylindrical rotor alternators are usually long, and the problem of air
flow requires very special attention.
However for the generators rated above 60MW the amount heat
generated will be enormous and air cooling is insufficient to cool the
generator.

23. Therefore hydrogen cooling is employed to remove the heat
generated. Hydrogen cooling is chosen because of few
characteristics of the hydrogen gas.
Along with hydrogen cooling water cooling is provided in the
stator winding circuit for large generators
The cooling medium, air or hydrogen is cooled by passing over
Ventilation /Cooling of an Alternator
The cooling medium, air or hydrogen is cooled by passing over
pipes through which cooling water is circulated and ventilation
of the alternator.
Liquid cooling is used for the stators of cylindrical rotor
generators.

24. The density of the hydrogen is 1/14th that of the air, the power
required to circulate hydrogen (pumping capacity) is about 1/14thof
the power required for an equivalent quantity of air. Hence the losses
are reduced and the efficiency of the machine is improved by about 1%
of the full load power of the machine. For example consider 500MW
generator, the amount of energy saving constitutes almost 5MW which
is a much more power
Hydrogen has specific heat 14 times, heat transfer coefficient 1.5 times
and thermal conductivity 7 times that of the air. So it has excellent heat
Advantages of Hydrogen Cooling
and thermal conductivity 7 times that of the air. So it has excellent heat
carrying capacity compared to air. A generator using hydrogen as a
coolant may be rated about 20% higher than the same physical size
using the air
The life of the generator is decided by the life of the winding
insulation. By using hydrogen cooling which has better heat transfer
coefficient, life of winding insulation increases resulting in the more
life of the generator
Smaller size of heat exchanger/cooler is required to cool the heated
hydrogen

25. Excitation System is the source of field current for the excitation of a
principle electric machine including means for it control.
An excitation system therefore includes all of the equipment required to supply field
current to excite a principle electric machine, which may be an a.c. or d.c. machine
and any equipment provided to regulate or control the amount of field current
delivered.
Excitation System
Exciter Ceiling Voltage is the maximum voltage that may be attained by an
exciter with specified conditions of load. For rotating exciters, ceiling
should be determined at rated speed and specified field temperature.
Exciter Response is the rate of increase or decrease of the exciter voltage
when a change in this voltage is demanded.
IEEE standard 421-1972 ‘IEEE Standard Criteria and Definitions for
Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines’

26. Static Excitation systemStatic Excitation systemStatic Excitation systemStatic Excitation system
Field Flashing: The field flashing circuit is necessary when a generator is started,
because of self excitation system. A DC battery is usually used as the initial excitation
power supply. An AC power supply can also be adopted by means of rectifiers and a
transformer.
Field suppression: The de-excitation function is to reduce rapidly field energy when
needed and also to separate the rotor circuit from the excitation system. The DC field
circuit breaker is generally used. For better cost performance, a static field circuit
breaker system can be supplied. This system reduce the field energy by reversing thebreaker system can be supplied. This system reduce the field energy by reversing the
excitation voltage by rectifier gate controls.
Over voltage protections: The C-R absorbers and varisters are installed in each AC
and DC circuit for over voltage protections of thyristor elements. In large capacitance
system, a crowbar circuit is adapted on DC circuit.
Excitation transformer: The excitation transformer reduces the supply voltage to
the level required for excitation. A dry-type for small capacity or a oil-type for large
capacity is generally used.
The ratings of Static Exciter are principally defined by the rating current and the ceiling voltage.

27. Thyristor type Static Excitation SystemThyristor type Static Excitation SystemThyristor type Static Excitation SystemThyristor type Static Excitation System

28. D C Exciters

29. Slip rings and brushes have certain disadvantages: increased friction and
wear (therefore, needed maintenance), brush voltage drop can introduce
significant power losses. The cooling and maintenance problems associated
with slip rings, brushes and commutators increases with rise in alternator
ratings. Still this approach is used in most small synchronous machines.
On large generators and motors, brushless exciters are used.
A brushless exciter is a small AC generator whose field circuits are
Excitation System
A brushless exciter is a small AC generator whose field circuits are
mounted on the stator and armature circuits are mounted on the rotor
shaft. The exciter generator’s 3-phase output is rectified to DC by a 3-phase
rectifier (mounted on the shaft) and fed into the main DC field circuit. It is
possible to adjust the field current on the main machine by controlling the
small DC field current of the exciter generator (located on the stator).
Since no mechanical contact occurs between the rotor and the stator, exciters of this
type require much less maintenance.

30. A brushless exciter: a low 3-
phase current is rectified
and used to supply the field
circuit of the exciter
(located on the stator). The
output of the exciter’soutput of the exciter’s
armature circuit (on the
rotor) is rectified and used
as the field current of the
main machine.

31. Brushless Excitation System
Pilot exciter is a permanent-magnet alternator with permanent –magnet poles on the rotor and three
phase armature winding on the stator. Three phase power from pilot exciter is fed to thyristor
controlled bridge placed on the floor. After rectification, the controlled dc output is supplied to
stationary field winding of main exciter. The three phase power, developed in the rotor of main exciter
is fed through hollow shaft to the rotating silicon-diode rectifier mounted on the same shaft. The dc
power from diode rectifier bridge is delivered , along the main hollow shaft, to the main alternator
field without brushes and slip rings.

32. To make the excitation of a
generator completely
independent of any
external power source, a
small pilot exciter is often
added to the circuit. The
pilot exciter is an ACpilot exciter is an AC
generator with a
permanent magnet
mounted on the rotor shaft
and a 3-phase winding on
the stator producing the
power for the field circuit
of the exciter.

33. Advantages of brushless excitation system
• Completely eliminates commutator,slip rings, carbon brushes, excitor
bus or cable.
• Eliminates the problems of current transfer at commutator and slip
rings.
•The system is simple and requires practically no maintenance except
for an occasional inspection.
• Eliminates the hazard of changing brushes under load or the need of• Eliminates the hazard of changing brushes under load or the need of
shutdown to change brushes.
• Carbon dust is no longer produced.
•Brushless system with shaft mounted pilot excitor is of self generating
and the excitation is unaffected by system faults and disturbances.
• Reliability is better.

34. A rotor of large synchronous
machine with a brushless
exciter mounted on the same
shaft.
Many synchronous
generators having brushless
exciters also include slip
rings and brushes to provide
emergency source of the
field DC current.

35. A large
synchronous
machine with the
exciter
and salient poles.and salient poles.

36. Rotation speed of synchronous generator
By the definition, synchronous generators produce electricity whose
frequency is synchronized with the mechanical rotational speed.
f=Ns P/120
where f is the electrical frequency, Hz;
Ns is mechanical speed of magnetic field (rotor speed for
synchronous machine), rpm;
P is the number of poles.P is the number of poles.
Steam turbines are most efficient when rotating at high speed; therefore, to
generate 50 Hz, they are usually rotating at 3000 rpm and turn 2-pole
generators.
Water turbines are most efficient when rotating at low speeds (200-300
rpm); therefore, they usually turn generators with many poles.

37. Synchronous machine ratings
The speed and power that can be obtained from a synchronous motor or generator are
limited. These limited values are called ratings of the machine. The purpose of ratings is to
protect the machine from damage. Typical ratings of synchronous machines are voltage,
speed, apparent power (kVA), power factor, field current and service factor.
1.Voltage, Speed, and Frequency
The rated frequency of a synchronous machine depends on the power system to which it isThe rated frequency of a synchronous machine depends on the power system to which it is
connected. The commonly used frequencies are 50 Hz (Europe, Asia), 60 Hz (Americas),
and 400 Hz (special applications: aircraft, spacecraft, etc.). Once the operation frequency is
determined, only one rotational speed in possible for the given number of poles:
Ns =120 f/P

38. Synchronous machine ratings
A generator’s voltage depends on the flux, the rotational speed, and the mechanical
construction of the machine. For a given design and speed, the higher the desired
voltage, the higher the flux should be. However, the flux is limited by the field current.
The rated voltage is also limited by the windings insulation breakdown limit, which
should not be approached closely.
Is it possible to operate a synchronous machine at a frequency other than the machine is
rated for? For instance, can a 60 Hz generator operate at 50 Hz?
The change in frequency would change the speed. Since EA = Kφω, the maximum
allowed armature voltage changes when frequency changes.
Specifically, if a 60 Hz generator will be operating at 50 Hz, its operating voltage must
be derated to 50/60 or 83.3 %.

39. Synchronous Machine Ratings
2.Apparent power and Power factor
Two factors limiting the power of electric machines are
1) Mechanical torque on its shaft (usually, shaft can handle much more torque)
2) Heating of the machine’s winding
The practical steady-state limits are set by heating in the windings.
The maximum acceptable armature current sets the apparent power rating for a generator:
3 AS V Iφ= 3 AS V Iφ=
If the rated voltage is known, the maximum accepted armature current determines the
apparent power rating of the generator:
, ,max , ,max3 3rated A L rated LS V I V Iφ= =
The power factor of the armature current is irrelevant for heating the armature windings.

40. Synchronous machine ratings
The stator copper losses also do not depend on the power factor angle
2
3SCL A AP I R=
The rotor (field winding) copper losses are:
Since the current angle is irrelevant to the armature heating, synchronous generators are
rated in kVA rather than in kW.
2
RCL F FP I R=
Allowable heating sets the maximum field current,
which determines the maximum acceptable armature
voltage EA. These translate to restrictions on the lowest
acceptable power factor:
The current IA can have different angles (that depends
on PF). EA is a sum of Vφ and jXSIA. We see that, (for a
constant Vφ) for some angles the required EA exceeds
its maximum value.

41. Synchronous machine ratings
If the armature voltage exceeds its maximum allowed value, the windings could
be damaged. The angle of IA that requires maximum possible EA specifies the rated
power factor of the generator. It is possible to operate the generator at a lower
(more lagging) PF than the rated value, but only by decreasing the apparent
power supplied by the generator.
Synchronous motors are usually rated in terms of real output power and the
lowest PF at full-load conditions.
Short-time operation and service factorShort-time operation and service factor
A typical synchronous machine is often able to supply up to 150% of its rated
power for a while (until its windings burn up). This ability to supply power above
the rated values is used to supply momentary power surges during motor starts.
It is also possible to use synchronous machine at powers exceeding the rated
values for longer periods of time, as long as windings do not have time to hit up
too much before the excess load is removed. For instance, a generator that could
supply 1 MW indefinitely, would be able to supply 1.5 MW for 1 minute without
serious harm and for longer periods at lower power levels.

42. Synchronous machine ratings
The maximum temperature rise that a machine can stand depends on the insulation
class of its windings.The four standard insulation classes with they temperature ratings
are:
A – 600C above the ambient temperature
B – 800C above the ambient temperature
F – 1050C above the ambient temperature
H – 1250C above the ambient temperature
The higher the insulation class of a given machine, the greater the power that can beThe higher the insulation class of a given machine, the greater the power that can be
drawn out of it without overheating its windings.
The overheating is a serious problem and synchronous machines should not be overheated
unless absolutely necessary. However, power requirements of the machine not always
known exactly prior its installation. Because of this, general-purpose machines usually
have their service factor defined as the ratio of the actual maximum power of the machine
to the rating on its plate.
For instance, a machine with a service factor of 1.15 can actually be operated at 115% of
the rated load indefinitely without harm.

43. Run-away speed
The run-away speed is defined as the speed which the prime mover
would have, if it is suddenly unloaded when working at its rated load.
When the prime mover is working at full load it receives its feed (
water, steam or diesel ) corresponding to full load conditions and
therefore when it is suddenly unloaded it tries to race. This is because
there is no load on the prime mover while it is receiving its input
corresponding to full load. Steam turbine are equipped with a quickcorresponding to full load. Steam turbine are equipped with a quick
acting over speed governor set to trip at 1.1 times the rated speed and
therefore the operation of the governor is reliable.

44. Run-away speed for turbogenerator may be set at 1.25 p.u.
speed.
For hydro turbines, the run away speeds are much higher (at
full gate opening):
• 1.8 p.u. for Pelton(impulse) turbines
•2.0 to 2.2 p.u. for Francis turbines
•2.5 to 2.8 p.u. for Kaplan (reaction) turbines
Run-away speed
•2.5 to 2.8 p.u. for Kaplan (reaction) turbines
The synchronous generators are designed to withstand
mechanical stress at runaway speed. The maximum peripheral
speed is about 140 to 150 m/s for salient pole synchronous
generator and 175 to 180 m/s for turbo generator. The rotor
diameter design is limited by this maximum peripheral speed.

45. Options and Accessories
AutomaticVoltage Regulation (AVR)
The AVR utilizes a fast response microprocessor to control its AC to DC converter power
stage output that provides excitation to the generator to regulate the difference between
the generator stator voltage reference set point and feedback signal to zero. Reactive
power sharing during parallel operation of generator with other generators or a power
system is achieved by the use of droop compensation where the voltage feedback signal is
increased by typically 0% to 5% as lagging reactive load current increases from 0% to
100%. The following four operating control modes with a bumpless transfer between
modes are available to suit the site requirements:modes are available to suit the site requirements:
• Sequence of events recording & oscillography, which is useful during commissioning
diagnostics
• AVR automatic voltage regulation (with switchable reactive power droop compensation
for basic parallel operation)
• Generator PF power factor control (for connection to large power system)
• GeneratorVAR reactive power control (for connection to large power system)
• Brushless exciter field current (manual mode) regulation
Other functions of the AVR include:
•Voltage soft-start build up
• Minimum and maximum excitation and stator current limiters

46. Options and Accessories

47. Neutral Grounding Resistor (NGR)Neutral Grounding Resistor (NGR)Neutral Grounding Resistor (NGR)Neutral Grounding Resistor (NGR)
The NGR acts to limit generator fault
current to a low level when a phase-to-
ground fault occurs. It also serves to
protect the generator from excessively
high magnetic stresses and temperatures
caused by high fault currents. The NGR
is time-rated.is time-rated.

48. AccessoriesAccessoriesAccessoriesAccessories
•Partial discharge sensor kits
•Bearing RTD (Resistance Temperature
Detector)
•Space heater 50/60 Hz
•Large oversized fabricated steel main terminal
box – frame mounted
•Fabricated steel neutral terminal box – frame
mountedmounted
•SurgeArrestors and/or Surge Capacitors
•Current and PotentialTransformers
•Vibration monitoring equipment
•Water leakage detector
•Couplings
•Generator control and protection panel –
optional
• Medium voltage switchgear – optional

49. Balanced Steady State Operation
The mmf wave due to the three phases are:

+=






−=
=
2
3
2
cos
cos
π
γ
π
γ
γ
bb
aa
KiMMF
KiMMF
(((( ))))





 ππππ
++++ωωωω====





 ππππ
−−−−ωωωω====
ωωωω====
3
2
tcosli
3
2
tcosIi
tcosIi
sma
smb
sma






+=
3
2
cos
π
γcc KiMMF
 3
(((( ))))tcosKI
2
3
MMFMMFMMFMMF
sm
cbatotal
ωωωω−−−−γγγγ====
++++++++====

50. Balanced Steady State Operation
Magnitude of stator mmf wave and its relative angular position with respect to
rotor mmf wave depend on machine output
for generator action, rotor field leads stator field due to forward torque of prime
mover;
for motor action rotor field lags stator field due to retarding torque of shaft load
Stator and rotor mmf wave shapes

51. Transient Operation
Stator and rotor fields may:
vary in magnitude with respect to time
have different speed
Currents flow not only in the field and stator windings, but also in:
damper windings (if present); and
solid rotor surface and slot walls of round rotor machinessolid rotor surface and slot walls of round rotor machines
Current paths in a round rotor

52. ThankYouThankYou