This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a computer network as multiple computers connected together to share information and resources. It describes different types of networks including private networks, public networks, and virtual private networks. It also discusses various components of networks such as computers, network interface cards, hubs, cables, and protocols. Additionally, it covers topics like network topologies, protocols, bandwidth, communication channels, network security, and firewalls. The overall purpose is to familiarize students with networking concepts and help them appreciate the role of networks in computing.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in the Microsoft Technology Associate 98-366: Networking Fundamentals exam preparation course. It discusses network fundamentals including local area networking, network topologies, IP addressing, and common network devices. The course materials cover topics such as Ethernet, wireless networks, IP addressing, network infrastructure, and network security.
Chapter 3 networking and internetworkingAbDul ThaYyal
This document discusses principles of computer networking and different types of networks. It covers the following key points:
- Networking principles include using packet switching for communication between nodes, employing layered network architectures with protocols at each layer, and selecting routes and streaming data packets.
- Different network types include local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless networks, and internetworks that connect multiple physical networks using protocols like TCP/IP.
- LANs connect nodes within a small area like a building using technologies like Ethernet. MANs and WANs operate over larger regions and connect multiple LANs, but have higher latency. The Internet is an
This document discusses computer networks and network classification. It begins with an agenda for the class that includes a warm up, presentation, quiz, student presentations, and group work. Networks are defined as collections of connected computing devices that communicate and share resources. Main types of networks include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Networks use various protocols like TCP/IP and standards like OSI to facilitate communication between different systems.
The document discusses network models and protocol layering. It describes the TCP/IP model which consists of five layers - application, transport, network, data link, and physical. It also mentions the OSI model. Each layer in the TCP/IP model has specific responsibilities like the application layer supporting network applications, the transport layer handling end-to-end data transfer, the network layer routing data, the data link layer transferring data between neighboring elements, and the physical layer dealing with transmission of raw bits. Layering allows for modularity and abstraction which helps manage network complexity.
A WAN is a network that covers a broad geographic area using multiple interconnected networks. The largest WAN is the Internet, which many organizations use to connect distributed sites. WANs transmit data over various technologies including telephone networks, wireless networks, fiber optic networks and protocols like Frame Relay and ATM. Error correction is important in WANs to ensure reliable data transmission over long distances between sites.
Topic 1.1 basic concepts of computer networkAtika Zaimi
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including their components, characteristics, and classifications. It defines peer-to-peer and client-server networks, describing their advantages and disadvantages. Various network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh are explained. The document also outlines the key standards organizations that set networking guidelines and lists common network hardware functions. Learners will gain an understanding of fundamental network concepts.
Networks connect computers and other devices together to allow sharing of resources and data. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) spanning geographical locations, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Networks use various technologies like copper cabling, fiber optic cabling, and wireless to transmit data. They provide benefits such as reduced costs, increased communication and collaboration, and centralized administration.
This document discusses the concept of internetworking. It defines an internetwork as a collection of individual networks connected by routers and other devices that function as a single large network. The document covers the history of internetworking, challenges in implementing internetworks, the OSI reference model, and types of internetwork addressing including data link layer addresses, MAC addresses, and network layer addresses. It explains how different network technologies can be interconnected and addresses assigned at various OSI layers to enable communication across the internetwork.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in the Microsoft Technology Associate 98-366: Networking Fundamentals exam preparation course. It discusses network fundamentals including local area networking, network topologies, IP addressing, and common network devices. The course materials cover topics such as Ethernet, wireless networks, IP addressing, network infrastructure, and network security.
Chapter 3 networking and internetworkingAbDul ThaYyal
This document discusses principles of computer networking and different types of networks. It covers the following key points:
- Networking principles include using packet switching for communication between nodes, employing layered network architectures with protocols at each layer, and selecting routes and streaming data packets.
- Different network types include local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless networks, and internetworks that connect multiple physical networks using protocols like TCP/IP.
- LANs connect nodes within a small area like a building using technologies like Ethernet. MANs and WANs operate over larger regions and connect multiple LANs, but have higher latency. The Internet is an
This document discusses computer networks and network classification. It begins with an agenda for the class that includes a warm up, presentation, quiz, student presentations, and group work. Networks are defined as collections of connected computing devices that communicate and share resources. Main types of networks include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Networks use various protocols like TCP/IP and standards like OSI to facilitate communication between different systems.
The document discusses network models and protocol layering. It describes the TCP/IP model which consists of five layers - application, transport, network, data link, and physical. It also mentions the OSI model. Each layer in the TCP/IP model has specific responsibilities like the application layer supporting network applications, the transport layer handling end-to-end data transfer, the network layer routing data, the data link layer transferring data between neighboring elements, and the physical layer dealing with transmission of raw bits. Layering allows for modularity and abstraction which helps manage network complexity.
A WAN is a network that covers a broad geographic area using multiple interconnected networks. The largest WAN is the Internet, which many organizations use to connect distributed sites. WANs transmit data over various technologies including telephone networks, wireless networks, fiber optic networks and protocols like Frame Relay and ATM. Error correction is important in WANs to ensure reliable data transmission over long distances between sites.
Topic 1.1 basic concepts of computer networkAtika Zaimi
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including their components, characteristics, and classifications. It defines peer-to-peer and client-server networks, describing their advantages and disadvantages. Various network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh are explained. The document also outlines the key standards organizations that set networking guidelines and lists common network hardware functions. Learners will gain an understanding of fundamental network concepts.
Networks connect computers and other devices together to allow sharing of resources and data. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) spanning geographical locations, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Networks use various technologies like copper cabling, fiber optic cabling, and wireless to transmit data. They provide benefits such as reduced costs, increased communication and collaboration, and centralized administration.
This document discusses the concept of internetworking. It defines an internetwork as a collection of individual networks connected by routers and other devices that function as a single large network. The document covers the history of internetworking, challenges in implementing internetworks, the OSI reference model, and types of internetwork addressing including data link layer addresses, MAC addresses, and network layer addresses. It explains how different network technologies can be interconnected and addresses assigned at various OSI layers to enable communication across the internetwork.
The document discusses networking concepts such as protocols, protocol layering, and network devices. It describes how protocols define rules for communication and how protocol layering separates networking functions into layers. The key networking layers and their responsibilities are outlined, such as the physical layer handling signal transmission and the network layer handling routing. Common network devices like switches, routers, and wireless access points are also explained in terms of their functions.
Computer network is a distributed system consisting of loosely coupled computers and other
devices. Any two of these devices, which we will from now on refer to as network elements or
transmitting elements, can communicate with each other through a communication medium. In
order for these connected devices to be considered a communicating network, there must be a set
of communicating rules or protocols each device in the network must follow to communicate wit
another device in the network.ThesisScientist.com
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It describes what a computer network is, different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It explains common network devices, topologies, and technologies. The document also covers topics such as packet switching, open systems, protocols, IP addressing, domain name system (DNS), and firewalls.
This document provides an overview of various networking components and devices, including hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and more. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each device. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port, providing better performance. Switches can also operate in full-duplex mode for double the data throughput of half-duplex connections. The document provides details on ports, cables, speeds, and considerations for working with hubs and switches.
This document discusses various networking devices and topologies. It describes physical topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh. It also discusses logical topologies like broadcast and token passing. The document explains how devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches operate at different layers and work to extend networks and reduce collisions. Routers are also introduced as layer 3 devices that can connect different networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
Network topologies describe the layout of connections between devices in a network. The main types are ring, star, bus, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Ring topology uses a closed loop connection where data passes through each node sequentially. Bus topology connects all devices to a single cable. Star topology connects all devices to a central node. Mesh topology connects each device to every other device. Tree topology branches out from a root node.
This document provides an introduction to networks. It defines a network as connecting two or more devices to communicate and share resources and information. A network consists of both hardware and software - the hardware carries signals between points, while the software enables expected network services. The document then categorizes networks by size (PAN, LAN, etc.), architecture (peer-to-peer, client/server), topology (bus, ring, star, etc.), delivery schemes (unicast, broadcast, etc.), network devices (NICs, hubs, switches, routers), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex) and other network concepts.
The document provides information on DCS networks from ABB and Siemens. The ABB network uses Ethernet cables for the operation network and a high-speed serial network for communications. It discusses improvements made to the network design to enhance HMI availability. The Siemens network uses a CS275 bus system that uses token passing and distributed control to improve availability. Both networks aim to maximize availability of operator interfaces and communication between field devices, controllers, and engineering stations.
This document discusses network protocols and structure. It defines what a network protocol is and describes some common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. It also discusses different types of network models and structures including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, virtual private networks (VPNs), backbone networks, and global area networks (GANs). Finally, it covers different network topologies like bus, star, mesh, and ring topologies.
This document provides an overview of common TCP/IP tools including the command prompt, ipconfig, ping, and tracert for basic network testing and troubleshooting. More advanced tools covered are netstat, nbtstat, pathping, nslookup, netsh, route, net, and telnet. The objectives are to understand basic and advanced TCP/IP commands and their functionality for working with TCP/IP networks. Additional resources listed include books, instructor-led courses, and exams for further learning.
SYSTEM NETWORK ADMINISTRATIONS GOALS and TIPSProf Ansari
The goal of network administration is to ensure that the users of networks receive the information and technically serves with the quality of services they expect.
Network administration means the management of network infrastructures devices (such as router and switches)
Network administration compromises of 3 majors groups:
1. Network provisioning
2. Network operations
3. Network maintenance
This document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) technologies and routing. It defines routing as managing data flow between network segments and hosts. Routers use routing tables and IP addresses to determine the path for sending data. Dynamic routing protocols like RIP and OSPF dynamically determine routes and update them when network changes occur. Common WAN technologies discussed include Frame Relay, X.25, ATM, SONET, FDDI, and various types of DSL. The document also covers topics like interior gateway protocols, exterior gateway protocols, virtual circuits, and leased lines.
Cisco Routing and Switching by yateendra sahu pptyateendrasahu
A network connects computing devices like computers, printers, and routers that can communicate with each other. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) that connect devices within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) that connect LANs across a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that connect LANs over a larger geographic area. Networks use devices like switches, routers, and bridges to direct data between connected devices and allow communication. Routers in particular send data packets between different networks by maintaining routing tables that contain addressing information.
This chapter discusses network hardware in depth, including switches, routers, wireless access points, and network interface cards. It describes the operation and advanced features of switches, such as creating the switching table, frame forwarding methods, and features like VLANs and port security. For routers, it explains routing tables, routing protocols, and access control lists. It also covers wireless security options, advanced wireless settings, and bus and feature options for network interface cards.
The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.
The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose of the TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.
CS101- Introduction to Computing- Lecture 45Bilal Ahmed
This lecture provides a review and wrap-up of the CS101 Introduction to Computing course. It summarizes key topics covered over the past 44 lectures such as programming methodology, readable code, algorithm design, testing and debugging. It reviews objectives of the course which were to build an appreciation of fundamental computing concepts, familiarize students with popular productivity software, and achieve beginner proficiency in web development. The lecture concludes by asking for student feedback on how well the course objectives were achieved.
The document discusses networking concepts such as protocols, protocol layering, and network devices. It describes how protocols define rules for communication and how protocol layering separates networking functions into layers. The key networking layers and their responsibilities are outlined, such as the physical layer handling signal transmission and the network layer handling routing. Common network devices like switches, routers, and wireless access points are also explained in terms of their functions.
Computer network is a distributed system consisting of loosely coupled computers and other
devices. Any two of these devices, which we will from now on refer to as network elements or
transmitting elements, can communicate with each other through a communication medium. In
order for these connected devices to be considered a communicating network, there must be a set
of communicating rules or protocols each device in the network must follow to communicate wit
another device in the network.ThesisScientist.com
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It describes what a computer network is, different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It explains common network devices, topologies, and technologies. The document also covers topics such as packet switching, open systems, protocols, IP addressing, domain name system (DNS), and firewalls.
This document provides an overview of various networking components and devices, including hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and more. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each device. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port, providing better performance. Switches can also operate in full-duplex mode for double the data throughput of half-duplex connections. The document provides details on ports, cables, speeds, and considerations for working with hubs and switches.
This document discusses various networking devices and topologies. It describes physical topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh. It also discusses logical topologies like broadcast and token passing. The document explains how devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches operate at different layers and work to extend networks and reduce collisions. Routers are also introduced as layer 3 devices that can connect different networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
Network topologies describe the layout of connections between devices in a network. The main types are ring, star, bus, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Ring topology uses a closed loop connection where data passes through each node sequentially. Bus topology connects all devices to a single cable. Star topology connects all devices to a central node. Mesh topology connects each device to every other device. Tree topology branches out from a root node.
This document provides an introduction to networks. It defines a network as connecting two or more devices to communicate and share resources and information. A network consists of both hardware and software - the hardware carries signals between points, while the software enables expected network services. The document then categorizes networks by size (PAN, LAN, etc.), architecture (peer-to-peer, client/server), topology (bus, ring, star, etc.), delivery schemes (unicast, broadcast, etc.), network devices (NICs, hubs, switches, routers), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex) and other network concepts.
The document provides information on DCS networks from ABB and Siemens. The ABB network uses Ethernet cables for the operation network and a high-speed serial network for communications. It discusses improvements made to the network design to enhance HMI availability. The Siemens network uses a CS275 bus system that uses token passing and distributed control to improve availability. Both networks aim to maximize availability of operator interfaces and communication between field devices, controllers, and engineering stations.
This document discusses network protocols and structure. It defines what a network protocol is and describes some common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. It also discusses different types of network models and structures including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, virtual private networks (VPNs), backbone networks, and global area networks (GANs). Finally, it covers different network topologies like bus, star, mesh, and ring topologies.
This document provides an overview of common TCP/IP tools including the command prompt, ipconfig, ping, and tracert for basic network testing and troubleshooting. More advanced tools covered are netstat, nbtstat, pathping, nslookup, netsh, route, net, and telnet. The objectives are to understand basic and advanced TCP/IP commands and their functionality for working with TCP/IP networks. Additional resources listed include books, instructor-led courses, and exams for further learning.
SYSTEM NETWORK ADMINISTRATIONS GOALS and TIPSProf Ansari
The goal of network administration is to ensure that the users of networks receive the information and technically serves with the quality of services they expect.
Network administration means the management of network infrastructures devices (such as router and switches)
Network administration compromises of 3 majors groups:
1. Network provisioning
2. Network operations
3. Network maintenance
This document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) technologies and routing. It defines routing as managing data flow between network segments and hosts. Routers use routing tables and IP addresses to determine the path for sending data. Dynamic routing protocols like RIP and OSPF dynamically determine routes and update them when network changes occur. Common WAN technologies discussed include Frame Relay, X.25, ATM, SONET, FDDI, and various types of DSL. The document also covers topics like interior gateway protocols, exterior gateway protocols, virtual circuits, and leased lines.
Cisco Routing and Switching by yateendra sahu pptyateendrasahu
A network connects computing devices like computers, printers, and routers that can communicate with each other. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) that connect devices within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) that connect LANs across a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that connect LANs over a larger geographic area. Networks use devices like switches, routers, and bridges to direct data between connected devices and allow communication. Routers in particular send data packets between different networks by maintaining routing tables that contain addressing information.
This chapter discusses network hardware in depth, including switches, routers, wireless access points, and network interface cards. It describes the operation and advanced features of switches, such as creating the switching table, frame forwarding methods, and features like VLANs and port security. For routers, it explains routing tables, routing protocols, and access control lists. It also covers wireless security options, advanced wireless settings, and bus and feature options for network interface cards.
The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.
The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose of the TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.
CS101- Introduction to Computing- Lecture 45Bilal Ahmed
This lecture provides a review and wrap-up of the CS101 Introduction to Computing course. It summarizes key topics covered over the past 44 lectures such as programming methodology, readable code, algorithm design, testing and debugging. It reviews objectives of the course which were to build an appreciation of fundamental computing concepts, familiarize students with popular productivity software, and achieve beginner proficiency in web development. The lecture concludes by asking for student feedback on how well the course objectives were achieved.
This vinyl decal wall quote measures 26"x20" and features the inspirational phrase "All you need is faith and trust and a little bit of pixie dust". The decal is easy to install, fits well in various home areas, and makes a nice gift. It adheres to walls without damage but cannot be reapplied once removed.
Dokumen tersebut membahas konsep dasar jurnalistik, termasuk definisi, ciri, dan fungsinya. Jurnalistik didefinisikan sebagai proses kerja informasi yang menghasilkan karya berita melalui pencarian, pengumpulan, seleksi, dan pengolahan informasi untuk disajikan kepada masyarakat lewat media. Ciri jurnalistik mencakup skeptis, bertindak, berubah, serta seni dan profesi. Fungsinya antara lain memberi inform
IT security - continuïteit van uw onderneming - OrbidOrbid
Hoe waarborgt u in tijden van cybercrime een sterke en vooral continue dienstverlening naar uw externe en interne klanten? Hoe past u dit in uw IT-beleid? Welke tips & tricks zijn er rond online back-ups, disaster recovery en hybrid IT?
ENG101- English Comprehension- Lecture 31Bilal Ahmed
This document discusses topic sentences and paragraph structure. It begins by defining the key elements of a well-written paragraph: a topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding sentence. It then examines the characteristics of a good topic sentence, noting that it should contain both a topic and controlling idea. The document provides examples and exercises for writing effective topic and concluding sentences. It emphasizes that a topic sentence can appear in different locations within a paragraph and sometimes serves to summarize the main points.
Makalah ini membahas tentang pemahaman terhadap tiga konsep penting dalam hukum Islam, yaitu syariat, fiqih, dan hukum Islam sendiri. Makalah ini menjelaskan pengertian masing-masing konsep tersebut serta hubungan antara ketiganya dalam merumuskan aturan-aturan hukum bagi umat Islam.
Este documento describe los tipos básicos de controles, incluyendo controles discretos para activar/desactivar o cambiar estados de una máquina, y controles continuos para ajustes graduales. También cubre ejemplos comunes como botones pulsadores, volantes de mano y mandos según la acción o esfuerzo requerido.
Kids Party Decoration Supplies Online JoeCavallaro
This website provides party theme ideas and planning services to help create the perfect party and make children feel like stars. It is owned and operated by Synectic Innovations P/L, located inside the Haberfield Newsagency at 139 Ramsay Street in Haberfield, NSW, Australia. Customers can contact them by phone at 1300 735 170 or email at sales@thispartystarted.com.au for help planning children's birthday parties and themes.
Tiga kalimat ringkasan:
Dokumen tersebut membahas pengertian syariah Islam dan hukum Islam, termasuk sumber-sumber syariah seperti Al-Quran dan hadis, serta klasifikasi syariah ke dalam ibadah dan muamalah. Dokumen juga menjelaskan tujuan dan fungsi penerapan hukum Islam.
Describing different childrens party themes JoeCavallaro
People are really crazy about partying and crazier than adults are the kids who want to enjoy every bit and moment of the event. The event becomes even more special for them, if it is their birthday party.
1. Makalah ini membahas perkembangan hukum Islam sejak masa Nabi hingga dinasti Abbasiyah, dengan menjelaskan sumber dan proses penetapan hukum pada masing-masing periode. 2. Pada masa Nabi, hukum bersumber dari al-Quran dan Sunnah, sedangkan pada masa sahabat sumbernya ditambah dengan ijtihad. 3. Pada masa dinasti Abbasiyah, hukum Islam semakin berkembang dengan diterapkannya ijtihad
Wat is nu die nieuwe manier van samenwerken? Om ondernemers te inspireren over dit thema, organiseerden we een lunch & learn 'Online samenwerken anno 2017'. Met een live demo. Bekijk hier de inleidende presentatie.
Planning a child's birthday party requires careful consideration as children can be very particular about what they like. When choosing a venue and decorations, it is important to consult the birthday child and consider their interests, age, and the time of year. Popular party themes like Angry Birds appeal to children of various ages and are currently trending. Proper theme selection helps set the mood and ensures the birthday child enjoys the decoration elements of their celebration. Gender should also be taken into account for color schemes and themes.
Explaination of Computer Network start to endRanaJunaid48
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines a computer network as multiple computers connected together to share information and resources. It discusses different types of networks including private networks restricted to authorized users and public networks open to many organizations. The document examines components of networks like computers, network interface cards, hubs, cables, and protocols. It also covers topics such as packets, network topologies (point-to-point, star, bus, ring), protocols (Ethernet, Token Ring), and bandwidth.
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two or more parties through various means such as writing, talking, images, and electronic communication like emails and calls. An effective data communication model includes a source that generates data, a transmitter that converts it into signals, a transmission system that carries the data, a receiver that converts it back into data, and a destination that receives the incoming data. Computer networks allow for sharing of resources like files, printers, and applications between connected computers. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations that determine how the connected computers are physically laid out and communicate with each other.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the internet. It defines what a network is and discusses the advantages of using networks. It describes different types of networks including LANs, MANs, and WANs. It also covers network architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer, common network topologies like star, bus and ring, intranets, examples of communication devices, and defines what the internet is.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and network concepts. It discusses the following key points:
1. It introduces the syllabus for the CST303 Computer Networks course, which will cover network reference models, network hardware, network software, and performance indicators.
2. It defines computer networks as interconnected collections of autonomous computers that can exchange information. Common network hardware includes routers, servers, and end user devices connected by cables, wireless technologies, or satellites.
3. Popular uses of computer networks include business applications for resource sharing and communication, as well as personal uses like accessing remote information, communication, and entertainment from home. Social issues also arise from widespread network introduction.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN, WAN, MAN), management (peer-to-peer, client/server), and topology. Common transmission media are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. Local area networks connect computers within a building while wide area networks connect locations further apart like across cities. Protocols like TCP/IP and domains names are used to transmit data packets across interconnected networks.
This document discusses computer networks and network design. It aims to minimize downtime, allow users to work together regardless of computer, expand as new users are found, prevent unauthorized access, and manage networked devices from one place. A network is defined as a collection of connected computers and devices that share resources like data, hardware, and software. All networks require something to share, a transmission medium, and protocols. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Popular LAN topologies are peer-to-peer and client/server. Common transmission media and protocols are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a computer network as a collection of connected computers that can communicate and exchange information. It describes different types of network connections including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. It also outlines common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree. Additionally, it explains important networking hardware and standards including network interface cards, switches, routers, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, IEEE 802 standards, and more.
A network connects computer systems together to share computing power and storage facilities. Computers connect through cables or phone lines and may be in the same building or across different locations. Common examples include computer networks in offices and the global Internet. Networks allow for sharing of resources like printers and files as well as easy communication. While they provide advantages, networks also involve costs and security risks. The document describes different types of computer networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs as well as various network topologies, hardware, software, and security measures used in computer networking.
This document discusses network protocols, structure, and scope. It defines what a network protocol is and describes some common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. It also discusses different types of network structures including peer-to-peer and client-server models, and various network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh. Finally, it covers the scope of different network types including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks (MANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), backbone networks, and global area networks (GANs).
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines key network concepts like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the different physical network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. It discusses network performance metrics like throughput and delay. It also covers network criteria such as reliability, security, and standards organizations that help networks communicate. Examples of different network configurations are provided to illustrate LANs, WANs, and the various physical topologies.
Computer application-chapter four lecture note. pptxgadisaAdamu
A network connects computers and devices to share resources and communicate. It can be classified based on size as a LAN, MAN or WAN. Topology refers to how devices are arranged in a network, such as in a star, bus, ring or mesh configuration. The Internet is a worldwide network that connects millions of other networks together, allowing people to access information, communicate via email, conduct business online and more. Hardware like network interface cards, hubs, bridges and routers are required to connect devices to networks and enable communication between different networks.
For beginners in Computer Networking field, know about basics about what is Computer Networks, what are ways through which we can communicate, what is meant by protocols, he famous OSI its layers and TCP/IP and its layers, What makes a Networking Device, basic topologies of Computer Networks, special purpose network devices like Switch, routers, repeter, bridges and hub, and basics of networking methods, basics of ethernet, TCP its characteristics, UDP, TCP vs UDP, One would wonder what happens when information particular to each layer is read by the corresponding protocols at target machine or why is it required?
types of computer networks, protocols and standardsMidhun Menon
This document defines and classifies computer networks. It discusses how networks allow computers to be interconnected and exchange information. Networks are classified based on their transmission technology (broadcast or point-to-point) and scale (LAN, MAN, WAN). LANs are within a building or campus, MANs cover a city, and WANs span large geographical areas. Wireless networks can connect components or allow communication between devices within range using technologies like Bluetooth or over larger distances using cellular networks. Protocols and standards like TCP/IP and ISO/OSI model govern network communications and interoperability.
The document discusses computer networks and communication. It begins with an introduction to how computer networks were developed in the 1960s to enable fast and real-time data transfer for scientific research. It then defines what a network is and discusses various types of networks including LANs, WANs, MANs, peer-to-peer networks, and examples like Ethernet. It also covers network topologies, the ISO-OSI reference model, and considerations for networking like cost, training, security and more.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and components. It discusses telecommunication systems, channels, media, hardware, software, and network topologies. The five main components of a telecommunications system are the sender, channel/media, hardware, software, and receiver. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh configurations.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It begins with definitions of common network types including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh. It also discusses network components such as physical media, interconnecting devices, computers, networking software, and applications. The document provides examples of networking applications and protocols like TCP/IP. It introduces concepts like packets, routers, and packet switching. It also discusses open systems, internet connections, network addressing, and the domain name system.
This document provides an overview of computer communications and networking concepts. It begins with an introduction to the evolution of computer networks from early messenger systems to the development of ARPANET and the Internet. It then discusses key network categories including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The document also covers data transmission modes, network topologies, and common networking protocols and standards such as the OSI model and TCP/IP. Overall, the document serves as an introductory guide to fundamental computer networking concepts.
Similar to CS101- Introduction to Computing- Lecture 27 (20)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
2. 2
During the last lecture …
(Web Design for Usability)
• We looked at the role of usability in Web
design
• We identified some of the factors affecting
the usability of a Web page
6. 6
What’s a Good Site?
• The one that achieves the result that it was
designed for
• Generally, that result can only be achieved by
giving the user what s/he wants, as quickly as
possible, without her/im expending much effort
• One definition of usability: Let the user have
what s/he wants, quickly, without much effort
• “Quickly” is important!
7. 7
Website Navigation
• The interface/controls that a Website
provides to the user for accessing
various parts of the Website
• It probably is the most important aspect
of the design of a Website
9. 9
Today’s Goals:
(Computer Networks)
• We will become able to appreciate the role of
networks in computing
• We will look at several different types of
networks
• We will familiarize ourselves with networking
topologies and protocols
10. 10
All of you have used
computer networks.
What is a
computer network?
12. 12
Examples of Computer Network Usage
• I can send an eMail message to a remote
computer using the SMTP protocol
• I can browse documents residing on a remote
computer using the HTTP protocol
• I can download or upload files to a remote
computer using the FTP protocol
• I can run a program on a remote computer
using the TELNET protocol
14. 14
Components of Conventional Computer Networks
1. Computers
2. Network Interface Cards (NIC)
– I/O device that plugs into the computer
– Enables it to communicate over a network
3. Hub
– The network traffic controller
15. 15
Components of Conventional Computer Networks
4. Cables
– Are either electrical or optical
– Not required at all for wireless networks
4. Protocol
– Rules governing communications over the
network
16. 16
How Does a Conventional Network Work?
1. Suppose computer A wants to send a
message to D
2. Computer A sends the message to its NIC
3. The NIC translates the message into electrical
pulses suitable for the computer network in
use & transmits it to the hub through the cable
17. 17
How Does a Conventional Network Work?
4. The hub receives them and forwards them to
all computers connected to the it
5. The NICs of all computers connected to the
hub receive the forwarded electrical pulses
6. The NIC of computer D decides that the
message is for it, & translates the pulses
back to a form suitable for the computer
18. 18
Hub (1)
• A device that is used to connect several
computers to form a network
• A hub has several ports. The number generally
is 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, or 48
19. 19
Hub (2)
• Each computer in a network is connected to
one of those ports through a cable
• A computer wanting to send a message to one
of the others in the network sends a message
to the hub, which, in turn, broadcasts the
message to all others connected to it
20. 20
Packet (1)
• The smallest unit of data transmitted over a
computer network
• A message to be transferred over the network
is broken up into small packets by the sending
computer
• Each packet contains the following info:
– Sender's address
– Destination address
– Data
– Error-recovery info
21. 21
Packet (2)
• All packets travel independently
• When all packets are received by the
destination computer, it reassembles them to
form the original message
22. 22
Types of Computer Networks
according to the network access policy
• Private
• Public
23. 23
Private Networks (1)
• Organizations having many computers usually
connect them in the form of private networks
• Access to these network is restricted to
authorized computers only
24. 24
Private Networks (2)
• This allows computers from within the
organization to exchange info, but keeps the
info private and protected from outsiders
• All equipment on a private network is generally
for the exclusive use of that organization
25. 25
Public Networks
• All networks that are not private, are … public
• Example: Internet
• Communication equipment used in these
networks is generally being used by users
belonging to several (possibly thousands of)
organizations as well as those belonging to no
organization
26. 26
VPN: Virtual Private Network (1)
• From the user’s point-of-view, a VPN looks like
a secure, private network
• VPNs use public telecom infrastructure,
maintaining privacy through security procedures
27. 27
VPN: Virtual Private Network (2)
• VPNs provide secure network connections for
distance computers without using dedicated,
private channels to supply the connection
• Key benefit of VPNs over conventional PNs:
Lower cost
28. 28
Types of Computer Networks
according to the distance between nodes
• LAN: Local Area Network)
• WAN: Wide Area Network)
29. 29
LAN
• A network of computers located in the same
building or a handful of nearby buildings
• Examples:
– Computer network at your PVC
– Computer network of a University campus
30. 30
WAN
• A network in which computers are separated by
great distances, typically across cities or even
continents
• May consist of several interconnected LANs
• Example:
– The network connecting the ATM of a bank located
in various cities
– A network connecting the local and oversea offices
of a SW house
– Internet
31. 31
Connecting LANs to other Networks
Special-purpose devices are used to link
LANs to other networks
They may belong to one of the following
categories:
– Routers
– Bridges
– Gateways
– Modems
32. 32
Router
• A special-purpose computer that directs data
traffic when several paths are available
• A router examines the destination info in each
arriving packet and then routes it through the
most efficient path available
• The router either delivers the packet to the
destination computer across a local network or
forwards the packet to another router that is
closer to the final destination
33. 33
Bridge
• Used to form a connection between two
separate, but similar networks
• In a way, it creates an extended LAN by
passing information between two or more LANs
34. 34
Gateway
• A special-purpose computer that connects and
translates between networks that use different
communications protocols
• LAN’s may use a gateway (or router) to
connect to the Internet
35. 35
Modem (1)
• I/O device used for connecting two
computers over telephone lines
• modem = modulator + demodulator
36. 36
Modem (2)
• Modulator converts computer messages to
electrical pulses that are suitable for
transmission over the telephone lines
• Demodulator converts electrical pulses
received over telephone lines into
messages that are comprehensible for
computers
37. 37
Network Topologies
• The pattern in which computers are connected
to form a network
• Popular patterns:
– Point-to-point
– Star
– Bus
– Ring
• Networks are also formed by combining 2 or
more of these 4 basic patterns
41. 41
Star (1)
• A computer sends the address of the intended
receiver and the data to the server
• The server then sends the message to the
intended receiver
• This topology allows multiple messages to be
sent simultaneously
42. 42
Star (2)
• Costly, because it uses an additional computer
to direct the data
• Costly, because each node is individually wired
to the hub
• If the server goes down, so does the network
• If any of the nodes goes down, the rest of the
network is not affected
44. 44
Bus (1)
• No server is required
• One computer sends data to another by
broadcasting the address of the receiver and
the data over the bus
• All the computers in the network look at the
address simultaneously, and the intended
recipient accepts the data
45. 45
Bus (2)
• A bus network, unlike ring or star networks,
allows data to be sent directly from one
computer to another
• However, only one computer at a time can
transmit data. The others must wait to until the
bus gets idle
• If any of the nodes goes down, the rest of the
network is not affected
47. 47
Ring (1)
• No server is required
• A computer sends the message to its neighbor.
The neighbor examines the message to
determine if it is the intended recipient
• If the data are not intended for that particular
neighbor, it passes the message to the next
computer in the ring
48. 48
Ring (2)
• This process is repeated until the data arrive at
their intended recipient
• This topology allows multiple messages to be
carried, simultaneously
• Data transmission is slow since each message
is checked by each computer
49. 49
Ring (3)
• New nodes are difficult to add
• Messages propagate in one direction only
• The network fails if a single node fails
51. 51
Networking Protocols
• Networks use protocols, or rules, to exchange
info through shared channels
• Protocols prevent collisions of packets caused
by simultaneous transmission between two or
more computers
• Several protocols are available for various
types of networks. Here we discuss two that
are popular for LANs: Ethernet; Token Ring
52. 52
Ethernet Protocol
• A computer using this protocol checks if a
shared connection is in use before transmitting
a message
• If not, the computer transmits data
• Two computers may sense an idle connection
and may send packets simultaneously. To
account for such situations, transmitting
computers continue to monitor the connection
and re-transmit if a packet collision occurs
53. 53
Token Ring Protocol
• This protocol passes a special message called
a token through the network
• A computer that receives the token is given
permission to send a packet of information
• If the computer has no packet to send, it
passes the token to the next computer
55. 55
Types of Communication Channels
1. Wire
2. Wireless
A key characteristic of these channels is bandwidth
56. 56
Bandwidth
• Capacity of a communication channel for
carrying data
• Measured in bits/s (bps), kb/s, Mb/s, Gb/s, Tb/s
• Optical fiber channels have the highest (1 Tb/s)
• Telephone lines the lowest (56 kb/s)
57. 57
Types of Communication Channels
Wire
–Copper
• Twisted-pair
• Coaxial cable
–Optical fiber
Wireless
–Line-of-sight
• Microwave
• Optical
–Non-line-of-sight
• Satellite
• Radio
• Cellular
58. 58
Wireless (Radio) LANs Are Becoming Popular
Key benefits:
– Set-up time
– Set-up cost
– Maintenance cost
– Cost Key challenges:
– Security & privacy
– Quality of service
– Cost
59. 59
Network Security (1)
• Keeping an eye on the security of private
networks (e.g. LANs) is relatively easy
• However, their connections to other networks
(e.g. the Internet) pose a security risk because
the one has no control over users on those
networks
60. 60
Network Security (2)
• Applications transferred from the Internet to the
LAN may contain computer viruses
• External, unauthorized users may gain access
to sensitive data
• A special type of gateway - a firewall – can
keep external users from accessing resources
on the LAN while letting LAN users access the
external info
61. 61
Firewall
• A system that that guards a private network,
enforcing an access/deny policy to all traffic
going to and coming from the Internet
• It keeps an eye on all the packets that go in
and out of the private network and blocks them
or allows them to continue to their destination
according to the policy
63. 63
Firewall Policy: Example
One can configure a firewall to allow only
eMail to enter the private network, thus
shielding it from any malicious attacks
except for those via eMail
64. 64
In Today’s Lecture
• We looked at the role of networks in
computing
• We looked at several different types of
networks
• We familiarized ourselves with networking
topologies and protocols
65. 65
Next Lecture:
Introduction to the Internet
• To become able to appreciate the role of the
Internet in today’s computing
• To become familiar with the history and
evolution of the Internet