The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.

1. Defining Networks with the OSI Model
Module 2

2. Objectives
Skills Concepts Objective Domain
Description
Objective Domain
Number
Understanding OSI Basics
Defining the Communications
Subnetwork
Defining the Upper OSI Layers
Understand the OSI
Model
3.1
Defining the Communications
Subnetwork
Understand Switches 3.1

3. • Standards are sets of rules that ensure hardware and software released
from different companies work together
• Examples of Organizations that Coordinate Standards:
Standards
International
Organization for
Standardization (ISO) –
Federation of standards
organizations from multiple
nations

4. • The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is used to
define how data communication occurs between devices
• The model is divided into 7 layers, each layer providing services to the
layers above and below
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Layer Defines
Layer 7 – Application Layer Enables users and applications to access network services
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer Translates data into a common format
Layer 5 – Session Layer Establishes a communication session between devices
Layer 4 – Transport Layer Manages message fragmentation and reassembly
Layer 3 – Network Layer Manages data routing and creating sub networks
Layer 2 – Data Link Layer Provides error-free transfer of data frames
Layer 1 – Physical Layer Physical network media and signal methods

5. OSI Model Layers
Layer Protocol Data Unit
(PDU)
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport Segment
Network Packet
Data Link Frame
Physical Bits
Layer Protocol Data Unit
(PDU)
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport Segment
Network Packet
Data Link Frame
Physical Bits
The Wire

6. • Defines the physical and electrical medium for data transfer
• Physical layer components: cables, jacks, patch panels, punch blocks,
hubs, and MAUs
• Physical layer concepts: topologies, analog versus digital/encoding, bit
synchronization, baseband versus broadband, multiplexing, and serial
data transfer
• Unit of measurement: Bits
Layer 1 – Physical Layer

7. • LAN standard providing a communication method for high speed data
exchange among devices
• Defined Physical and Data Link Layer
• 100BASE-T
• 100 for 100 Mbps
• BASE for baseband
• T for twisted-pair cabling
• Baseband refers to the fact that devices on the network use digital
signaling over a single frequency
• Broadband systems use analog signaling over a range of frequencies
enabling multiple channels over the same physical medium
Ethernet Standards

8. • Establishes, maintains, and decides how transfer is accomplished over
the physical layer and ensures error-free transmission over the physical
layer
• Physical addresses (the hexadecimal address that is burned into the
ROM of the NIC), known as the MAC address uniquely identify each
hardware device work at the Data Link Layer
• Data Link Layer components: network interface cards and bridges
• Unit of measurement: frames
Layer 2 – Data Link Layer

9. • Network adapters on an Ethernet network have unique Media Access
Control (MAC) addresses
• MAC addresses are unique identifiers assigned to network adapters by
the manufacturer
• MAC address is six octets in length written in hexadecimal
Media Access Control Address

10. • Layer 2 switches are hardware-based and use the MAC address of each
host computer’s network adapter when deciding where to direct data
frames
• Ports on the switch are mapped to the specific MAC address of the
device attached
Layer 2 Switches

11. • Layer 2 switching can also allow for a virtual LAN (VLAN) to be
implemented.
• A VLAN is implemented to segment and organize the network, to
reduce collisions, boost performance
• IEEE 802.1Q is the standard that supports VLANs
• A tag is added to the data frame to identify the VLAN
Virtual LAN (VLAN)

12. • Controls the operations of routing and switching information to
different networks
• Translates logical addresses or names to physical addresses
• Internet Protocol (IP) is a Network Layer protocol
• Devices that work at the network layer are routers and IP switches
• Network Layer components: IP addresses, subnets
• Unit of measurement: packets
Layer 3 – Network Layer

13. • Switches can also reside on the network layer
• A layer 3 switch determines paths for data using logical addressing (IP
addresses) instead of physical addressing (MAC addresses for a layer 2
switch)
• Layer 3 switches forward packets, whereas layer 2 switches forward
frames
Layer 3 Switches

14. • This layer ensures messages are delivered error-free, in sequence and
with no losses or duplications
• Protocols that work at this layer segment messages, ensure correct
reassembly at the receiving end, perform message acknowledgement
and message traffic control
• The Transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and
connectionless protocols
• Unit of measurement used: segments or messages
Layer 4 – Transport Layer

15. • Require both devices involved in the communication establish an end-
to-end logical connection before data can be sent
• These communications are considered reliable network services
• Packets not received by the destination device can be resent by the
sender
Connection Oriented Communications
Hello! I am a
PC
Hello! I am a
Server!
Ok, I will
watch for it!
I want to send
you something
important!

16. • End-to-end connection is not necessary before data is sent
• Every packet that is sent has the destination address in the header
• Sufficient to move independent packets, such as in streaming media
• Datagram delivery is not guaranteed and lost packets cannot be resent
Connectionless Communications
LISTEN TO ME!!!
AAAaaaahhh!!!! .

17. • The Transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and
connectionless protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides a connection-based,
reliable, byte-stream service to programs
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides a connectionless, unreliable
transport service
Connection-based Protocols

18. • TCP transport is used for logging on, file and print sharing, replication
of information between domain controllers, transfer of browse lists, and
other common functions. TCP can only be used for one-to-one
communications.
• UDP is often used for one-to-many communications, using broadcast
or multicast IP datagrams
TCP and UDP
Protocol Type Example
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
Connection-oriented Web browser
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Connectionless Streaming media

19. • Ports are a Layer 4 protocol that a computer uses for data transmission
• Ports act as logical communications endpoint for specific program on
computers for delivery of data sent
• There are a total of 65,536 ports, numbering between 0 and 65,535
• Ports are defined by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority or IANA
and divided into categories
Ports

20. Ports

21. • The Session Layer manages session establishment, maintenance and
termination between network devices
• Example: when you log on and log off
• This layer controls the name and address database for the OS
• NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System) is a protocol that works
at this layer
Layer 5 – Session Layer

22. • This layer translates the data format from sender to receiver in the
various OSes that may be used
• Presentation Layer concepts include: character code conversion, data
compression, and data encryption
• Redirectors work on this layer, such as mapped network drives that
enable a computer to access file shares on a remote computer
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer

23. • Serves as a the window for users and application processes to access
network services
• This layer is where message creation begins
• End-user protocols such as FTP, SMTP, Telnet, and RAS work at this layer
• This layer is not the application itself, but the protocols that are initiated
by this layer
Layer 7 – Application Layer

24. OSI Model Revisited
Layer Protocol Device
7 – Application FTP, HTTP, POP3, SMTP Gateway
6 – Presentation Compression, Encryption N/A
5 – Session Logon/Logoff N/A
4 – Transport TCP, UDP N/A
3 – Network IP, ICMP, ARP, RIP Routers
2 – Data Link 802.3, 803.5 NICs, Switches, Bridges,
WAPs
1 – Physical 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-X Hubs, Patch Panels, RJ45
Jacks

25. • The TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model
• This model is composed of only four layers
TCP Model
Layer Description Protocols
Application Layer Defines TCP/IP application protocols HTTP, Telnet, FTP, SMNP, DNS
Transport Layer Provides communication session
management
TCP, UDP, RTP
Internet Layer Packages and routes data IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP
Network Interface Details how data is physically sent through
the network
Ethernet, Token Ring, Frame
Relay

26. • The OSI Physical layer is skipped altogether on the TCP model
OSI Model compared to TCP Model
OSI Model TCP Model
Application Layer
Application LayerPresentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Internet Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Access Layer
Physical Layer

27. • Understand the OSI model by defining each of the layers from a theory
perspective
• Be able to separate the functions of the lower levels of the OSI model,
from the upper levels where message creation begins.
• Understand the differences between layer 2 and layer 3 switches, and
gain a basic understanding of how they operate.
• Differentiate between the OSI model and the TCP model.
Summary

28. Additional Resources & Next Steps
Books
• Exam 98-366: MTA
Networking
Fundamentals (Microsoft
Official Academic
Course)
Instructor-Led Courses
• 40033A: Windows Operating System and Windows
Server Fundamentals: Training 2-Pack for MTA
Exams 98-349 and 98-365 (5 Days)
• 40349A: Windows Operating System Fundamentals:
MTA Exam 98-349 (3 Days)
• 40032A: Networking and Security Fundamentals:
Training 2-Pack for MTA Exams 98-366 and 98-367
(5 Days)
• 40366A: Networking Fundamentals: MTA Exam 98-
366
Exams &
Certifications
• Exam 98-366:
Networking
Fundamentals