These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. It covers all data types which are used in communication of data over transmission medium. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. It covers all data types which are used in communication of data over transmission medium. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
SERVEIS I PRODUCTES SOSTENIBLES PER AL TURISME RURAL, ORGANITZACIÓ D'ACTIVITATS LÚDIQUES I MEDIAMBIENTALS, MATERIALS DE CONSTRUCCIÓ I DECORACIÓ ECOLÒGICS. AREA D'ACTUACIÓ: GIRONA I BARCELONA.
Programa Oficial
El Nuevo Hipódromo de Las Flores publica el programa oficial que la reunión extraordinaria del martes 15, con los datos de cada competidor (últimas performances, padre, madre, pelaje, edad, stud, cuidador y jockey). Además, se pueden ver los pozos que tendrán algunas apuestas durante la tarde.
Introduction, Virtual and Datagram networks, study of router, IP protocol and addressing in the Internet, Routing algorithms, Broadcast and Multicast routing
group of computers connected with each other to share information or resources. A network can be small or a large. it can be created in a building or spread all over the world. Networks are main source of communication all over the world. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet.
indroduction,Evolution of Computer Networks & Application Layer.
Transport Layer & Network Layer.
Routing & Data link Layer.
Physical Layer
Evolution of Computer Networks & Application Layer.
Transport Layer & Network Layer.
Routing & Data link Layer.
Physical Layer
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. Computer Networks ?
• A large number of separate but
interconnected computers do the specific job.
• A collection of autonomous computers
interconnected by a single technology.
6. Broadcast networks
• Have a single communication channel that is
shared by all the machines on the network.
Host
H1
H2 H3 H4
H5H6
Communication channel
7. Broadcast networks
• Short messages (also called packets) sent by
any machine are received by all the others.
• An address field within the packet specifies for
whom it is intended.
• Upon receiving a packet, a machine checks the
address field.
• If the packet is intended for the receiving
machine, it processes the packet; otherwise it is
just ignored.
• This mode of operation is called broadcasting
9. point-to-point networks
• Many connections between individual pairs of
machines.
• To go from the source to the destination, a
packet on this type of network may have to
first visit one or more intermediate machines.
10. Note:
• As a general rule, smaller, geographically
localized networks tend to use broadcasting,
whereas larger networks usually are point-to-
point
12. Local Area Networks
• Within a single building or campus of up to a
few kilometers in size.
• They are widely used to connect personal
computers and workstations in company
offices and factories to share resources (e.g.,
printers) and exchange information.
13. Three characteristics of LANs
size,
transmission
technology,
topology.
few kilometers
in size
single cable ,
speeds of 10 Mbps
to 100 Mbps
Bus, Ring
15. Wide Area Networks
• WAN, spans a large geographical area, often a
country or continent.
• The hosts are connected by a communication
subnet, or just subnet for short.
• The hosts are owned by the customers,
whereas the communication subnet is
typically owned and operated by a telephone
company or Internet service provider.
16.
17. Subnet
• The job of the subnet is to carry messages from
host to host, just as the telephone system
carries words from speaker to listener.
• The subnet consists of two distinct
components:
–transmission lines and
–switching elements.
18. Transmission lines move bits between
machines. They can be made of copper
wire, optical fiber, or even radio links.
Switching elements are specialized
computers used to connect two or more
transmission lines.
19. Principle of Subnet
• When a packet is sent from one router to
another via one or more intermediate routers,
the packet is received at each intermediate
router in its entirety, stored there until the
required output line is free, and then
forwarded.
• A subnet using this principle is called a store-
and-forward or packet-switched subnet.
20. • Routing algorithms are used to choose the
path between source and destination.
21. Wireless Networks
• wireless networks can be divided into three
main categories:
1. System
interconnecti
on
2. Wireless
LANs
3. Wireless
WANs.
22. System interconnection
• Connecting the components of a computer
together using short-range radio.
• Bluetooth to connect the components
without wires.
• Bluetooth also allows digital cameras,
camcorders, scanners, and other devices to
connect to a computer by merely bringing
them within range.
24. Wireless LANs
• These are
systems in which
every computer
has a radio
modem and
antenna with
which it can
communicate
with other
systems.
25. Wireless WAN
• Example:- cellular networks
• cellular wireless networks are like wireless
LANs, except that the distances involved are
much greater and the bit rates much lower.
28. What is a protocol?
• The formal specifications and conventions
that govern and control the communications
and data exchange.
• Protocols are the standards for
communications, networking, and
internetworking.