This document discusses crop production and management techniques. It explains that manure and fertilizers are added to soil to provide nutrients for plant growth. Some examples of fertilizers include urea and ammonium sulfate, while examples of manure include cattle dung and plant residue. The document then discusses various irrigation methods like traditional well irrigation as well as modern techniques like sprinkler and drip irrigation. It also covers weed control, harvesting, threshing, winnowing, grain storage, and animal husbandry.

1. CROP PRODUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT
Part 2
Class VIII
By SANDHYA K J
K R Puram, B’lore

2. ADDING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
•The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients
for the healthy growth of plants are called manure and fertilizers.
• E.g for fertilizers:-urea , ammonium sulphate , super phosphate ,
• E.g for manure:- Cattle dung , and plant residue

3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FERTILIZER AND
MANURE

4. ADVANTAGES OF MANURE
1. It Enhances the water holding
capacity of the soil
2. It makes the soil porous due to
which exchange of gases becomes
easy
3. It increases the number of friendly
microbes
4. It improves the texture of soil

5. IRRIGATION
The supply of water to crops at regular intervals
is called irrigation .
Sources of irrigation
Wells ,Tube wells, Ponds, Lakes, Rivers, Dams
and Canals

6. TRADITIONAL
METHODS OF
IRRIGATION

8. MODERN
METHODS OF
IRRIGATION

9. SPRINKLER METHOD
•This system is more
usefull on the uneven land
where sufficient water is
not available.
•The perpendicular pipes,
having rotating nozzles on
the top, are joined to the
main pipe at regular
intervals.
•When water is allowed to
flow through the main pipe
under pressure with the
help of a pump , it escapes
from the rotating nozzles.
•It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it
is raining . Sprinkler is useful for
lawns coffee plantation and several
other crops

10. DRIP IRRIGATION
•In this system water falls
drop by drop directly
near the roots, so it is
called Drip system.
• It is the best technique
for watering fruit plants ,
gardens and trees.
•Water is not wasted at all
• It is a boon in regions
where availability of
water is poor

11. PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
•The removal of weeds is
called weeding
•Weeding is necessary
since weeds compete
with the crop plants
for water ,nutrients ,
space and light
•Some weeds interfere
even in harvesting and
may be poisonous for
animals and human
beings
•Manual removal includes physical
removal of weeds by uprooting and
cutting them close to the ground this
is done by KHURPI.
•Weeds are also controlled by using
certain chemicals called weedicides
like 2,4-D
WEEDS -The undesirable plants are called Weeds

12. HARVESTING
The Cutting Of Crop After It Is Mature Is
Called Harvesting

13. THRESHING
The harvested crop , the grain seeds need to be seperated
from the chaff . This process is called Threshing
•This is carried out with
the help of a machine
called combine
•Which is in fact a
harvester as well as a
thresher

14. WINNOWING
Farmers with small holdings of land do the
separation of grain and chaff by winnowing .
Manual winnowing Winnowing machine

15. STORAGE OF HARVESTED GRAIN
•Harvested grains have to be
stored for a longer time,
•They should be safe from
moisture , insects, rats, and
microorganisms
•Before storing them the grains
are properly dried in the sun to
reduce the moisture
•This prevents the attack of
insects, pests, bacteria and
fungi
•Farmers use jute bags or
metallic bins
•Large scale storage of grains is
done in SILOS and
GRANARIES to protect them
from pests like rats and insects.

16. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Rearing of animals on a large scale for food is
called animal husbandry

17. THANK YOU