The document provides information on various aspects of crop production and management. It discusses preparing the soil, sowing seeds, manuring, irrigation, crop protection, harvesting, and storage. It describes sowing seeds at the right depth and spacing for proper germination. Crop transplantation involves initially growing seedlings in a nursery and then transplanting them to the main field. Manuring involves adding manure, fertilizers, or compost to soil. Irrigation provides water to crops, while crop protection methods prevent damage from pests. Harvesting is when fully grown crops are cut and gathered, while storage preserves and protects the harvested crops.

3. SMT. S. M CHOKHAWALA
LITTLE ANGLES SCHOOL
STD 8 TH SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1
CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

4. Basic agricultural practice
•Preparation of soil
•Sowing of seed
•Manuring
•Irrigation
•Protection of crop
•Harvesting
•storage

5. Sowing of seed:-The process of
putting seed in the soil for
germination is called sowing.
Germination:- conversion of seed in
to seedling

6. Germination

7. 1.Seed should be sown in
proper season and moist soil
2.Seed should be sown at a
correct depth
3.Seed should be sown at
proper spacing to prevent
overcrowding.

12. Crop transplantation:- The seed are
sown in to small area called
nursery.
When they germinate in small
seedlings this are transferred to a
main field this is called
crop transplantation

17. Advantage of crop
transplantation:-
•It help farmer to select only
healthy seed
•Help to keep distance
between the plant
•Crop yield increase

18. MANURING
The process of adding manure
fertilizer to soil is called manuring

19. Manure is a
organic substance
obtain from the
decomposition of
plant and animal
waste

20. Types of
manure
Farm yard
manure
Green
manure
compost
Prepared by the
decomposition of
farmyard waste like
dung,leaves,vegitable
s etc
Prepared by
decomposition of
green plant which
are plough along
with the soil
Prepared by the
decomposition of
kitchen waste with
the help of bacteria
and fungi in soil

21. Farm yard manure

22. Green manure

23. compost

25. FERTILISER

26. Fertiliser is a chemical compound that
is manufactured in factories. It provide
specific nutrient like
phosphurous,potassium etc to crops.
For ex. Urea supplies nitrogen CAN(
CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE)
supplies calcium and nitrogen. They are
easy to transport and easily stored.
They are easily soluble in water

27. Differences between manure
and fertilizer

30. Despite the advantages fertilisers
also have some disadvantages it
reduce soil fertility, and cause soil
pollution.
And alternative to fertilisers
nutrient in soil can replenished
naturally by practicing various
methods as:

31. 1)Field fallow:- leavening land free for
one or more season to regain the
nutrient
2)Crop rotation:- it is practice of growing
a series of different type of crop in the
same area in sequential season
3)Mixed cropping :- some time two or
more crops are growing together in the
same field. This method is called mixed
cropping.

32. FIELD FALLOW

40. The process of watering crop in the
field at different interval is called
irrigation
In our country farmer are not depend
an rain for irrigation because when the
crop require water it may not rain. To
get good crop produce, crop need to be
irrigated properly. The time and
frequency of irrigation differs from
crop to crop and soil to soil

41. Source of
irrigation

47. Methods of
irrigation
Modern
method
Traditional
method

48. Traditional
method

50. Modern
method of
irrigation

51. These method are more
efficient . In these method
water is equally distributed
in the field. and also water
conserving.
1)Sprinkler system
2)Drip system

53. Advantage of irrigation
1. Irrigation help seed to germinate
2. Help to absorb nutrient from soilby
plant
3. Water protect crop from frost and dry
hot air current

54. Disadvantage of
irrigation
It is important to provide plant with right
amount of water at the right time. Excessive
amount of water cause following problems
•Water logging occur in the soil that inhibits
germination of seed
•Root do not hold the crop upright
•Plant which can not resist strong wind fall
down

55. Crop
protection
scarecrow
Use of
pesticides
weeding
Mechanical
method( khurpi
or harrow)
Chemical
method(2.4 D
and MCPA )
Biological(
cochineal)

62. Harvesting

63. The process of cutting and gathering of
crop when fully grown is called
harvesting.
Harvesting can be done by manually by
sickle or by machine called harvester.
The harvested grain is stored. In case of
cereals
Harvesting is followed by threshing

64. Threshing
The process of separating chaff in
the harvested crop is called
threshing.
It can be done by manually or by
machine called thresher. A
machine called ‘combine’ is use
for both harvesting and threshing.

65. Winnowing
Farmer that have small land
holding separate grain from
chaff by dropping the
harvested crop on the ground
from height by the use of
blowing wind. This is called
winnowing

69. Storage
Types of storage
Dry
storage
Cold
storage

74. Food from
animals
Milk, eggs, honey ,meat and
fish

81. Animal
husbandry

82. The domestication of
animal on a large scale
is called animal
husbandry

83. •All domestic and useful animal constitute
livestock. Livestock are domesticated animal raised
in an agricultural setting. produce commodities
such as food, fibre and labor. Livestock are
generally raise for profit.
•The practice of raising birds like chicken, ducks
and fowls is called poultry farming.
•Honey bees are rared for honey. Called apiculture
•The breeding, hatching and rearing of fish under
controlled on a large scale called pisciculture
•The place where goats,sheeps are rear for meat
and fibre are called goatry

90. Dr. Simran A
Diwate