FIRST CHAPTER (NCERT)

1. CROP PRODUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT
BY : DWARIKA

2. Contents
 CROP AND AGRICULTURE
 TYPES OF CROPS
 AGRICULTURE PRACTICES
 PREPARATION OF SOIL
SOWING
ADDING MANNURE AND FERTILISER
IRRIGATION
PROTECTING FROM WEEDS
HARVESTING
STORAGE

3. CROP
• When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at one place
on a large scale, it is called a crop.
• Example : tea , maize, rice ,wheat.

4. AGRICULTURE
• Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and
many other desired products by the cultivation of certain
plants and the raising of domesticated animals.

5. TYPES OF CROPS
Depending on the season, there are two major types of crops:
Kharif Crops
• The crops which are grown in the monsoon season in the month of
June-September are known as Kharif crops. For e.g.-maize, millet,
and cotton.
Rabi Crops
• The crops that are grown in the winter season and harvested in
the spring, i.e., from the month of October to March are called Rabi
crops. For e.g.- wheat , pea ,gram, mustard.
Zaid Crops*
• Such crops are grown between the Kharif and Rabi seasons, i.e.,
between March and June.
• Cucumber, pumpkin, bitter gourd, and watermelon are Zaid crops.

6. AGRICULTURE PRACTICES
• Cultivation of crop involves several activities .
• This activities are referred as agricultural practices.
 PREPARATION OF SOIL
 SOWING
 ADDING MANNURE AND FERTILISER
 IRRIGATION
 PROTECTING FROM WEEDS
 HARVESTING
 STORAGE

7. PREPARATION OF SOIL
Preparation of soil is the first step before growing of
crop.
It involves ploughing , levelling , and applying
fertilisers.
It helps to turn the soil and loosen it to allow the
root to penetrate deep into it.
The loosening of the soil helps in the growth of
several soil microbes, earthworms etc., which enrich
the soil with humus and other essential nutrients.

8. CONTI…
The process of loosening and turning the soil is called
tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a
plough.
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS FOR TILLING:
Plough: In old days people use wooden plough, but in now a
days people use iron plough.
Wooden Plough : Iron Plough:

9. CONTI…

10. SOWING
Sowing is the process of placing seeds in
the soil. Sowing may be done manually or
with the help of an implement called seed
drill.
Selection of seeds: Before sowing, good
quality seeds are selected. Good quality seeds
are clear and healthy seeds of a good variety.
• Farmers prefer to use seeds which give a high
yield.

11. TOOLS USED FOR SOWING SEEDS
Traditional Tool: The tool used traditionally for
sowing seeds is shaped liked funnel. The seeds are filled in the
funnel, passed down through two or three pipes having sharp
ends. These ends pierce into the soil and place seeds there.

12. TOOLS USED FOR SOWING SEEDS
 Seed Drill: Now a days the seed drill is used for sowing with
the help of tractors. This tool sows the seeds uniformly at
proper distances and depths. It also insures that seeds get
covered with the soil.

13. ADDING MANNURE AND FERTILISER
The substances which are added to the soil in the
form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants
are called manure and fertilisers.
Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. These
nutrients are essential for the growth of plants.
The continuous growing of crops makes the soil
poorer in certain nutrients. Therefore, farmers have
to add manure to the field to replenish the soil with
nutrients. This process is called manuring.
Improper or insufficient manuring results in weak
plants.

14. CONTI…
Sr.No Fertiliser Manure
1. Fertiliser is a man-made
inorganic salt.
Manure is a natural substance
obtained by the decomposition of
cattle dung and plant residues.
2. Fertiliser is prepare in factors. Manure can be prepared in the
field.
3. Fertiliser does not provide any
humus to the soil.
Manure provides a lot of humus to
the soil.
4. Fertilisers are very rich in
plant nutrients like nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium.
Manure is relatively less rich in
plant nutrients.
 VERMICOMPOSTING: It is process of using earthworm s to
prepare manure from plant waste (dry leaves, vegetable peels
etc.).
Crop rotation- is the Practice of growing a series of
dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in
sequenced season.

15. IRRIGATION
 The supply of water to the crops at different intervals is called
irrigation.
• Sources of irrigation: The sources of irrigation are wells, tube
wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dam and canals.

16. TYPES OF IRRIGATION
1) Traditional Method :

17. MORDEN METHOD

18. MORDEN METHOD

19. PROTECTING FROM WEEDS
Weed : Undesirable plants that grow naturally along
with the crop are called weeds.
• Weeding : The process of removing weeds is called
wedding.
• Weedicides : Weeds can be controlled by using certain
chemicals called weedicides.
For Example: 2,4-D(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) ,
Ethyle ester, Glyphosate etc.
The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds
by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground from
time to time. This is done with the help of sickle(khurpi)
or a seed drill.

20. PROTECTING FROM WEEDS

21. HARVESTING
Harvesting : Cutting of crop after it matures is
called Harvesting.
It can be done manually with the help of sickle or by a machine
called harvester or combine. In the harvested crop, the grain are
separated from the chaff by the process of winnowing and
threshing.

22. CONTI…
THRESHING: Threshing is the process of separating grains
or seeds from the cut crop (chaff).

23. CONTI…
• WINNOWING
• Winnowing is the process of separating chaff
from grain using air.

24. STORAGE
Farmers have to store grains in jute bags or metallic bin.
However large scale storage of grains is done in silos and
granaries to protect them from pests like rats and insects.

25. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
 Animals reared at home or in farms have to provided with
proper food, shelter and care. When it is done on a large
scale it is called animal husbandry.