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1. CROP PRODUCTION
Powered by Class 8
By Aman Raj R

2. Crop production is the branch of agriculture that deals with the
production of crops for food and fiber.”

3. What is Crop Production
• Crop production is a common agricultural practice followed by worldwide
farmers to grow and produce crops to use as food and fibre. This practice
includes all the feed sources that are required to maintain and produce
crops. Listed below are few practices used during crop production.
• Preparation of Soil.
• Sowing of Seeds.
• Irrigation.
• Application of manure, pesticides, and fertilizers to the crops.
• Protecting and Harvesting Crops.
• Storage and Preserving the produced Crops.

4. Preparation of Soil
Preparing soil is the first step in agriculture. This aids the soil to be turned and slackened thereby allowing the roots to seep deep into it. One of the important aspects of soil
preparation is the loosening of the soil. This soil loosening enables the microorganisms and earthworms to grow in the soil and hence thrive. This checks for soil enrichment
with humus and several other essential nutrients.
Soil preparation, in turn, includes the following steps:
Ploughing – also known as tilting, is the turning and loosening of soil which is carried out with the help of a plough, cultivators, and hoe. This allows roots to penetrate deep
into the soil, securing the plant firmly. It also enables better aeration to the roots facilitating easy breathing. Also, this step ensures the removal of weeds and other wastes
from the field. The growth of the plant is promoted as it raises the nutrient-rich soil to the top.
Levelling – after ploughing, soil tends to become loose which increases the possibility of rains and strong winds to wash the topsoil away, hence soil needs to be leveled for a
strong foundation. An iron plank or a heavy wooden plank is used as a leveler which also ensures uniform distribution of water during irrigation.
Manuring – The fertility of soil can be increased with the addition of manure to the soil before seeds are sown. In order to properly incorporate manure into the soil,
manuring is done before the ploughing step

5. Sowing of Seeds

6. • Sowing seeds is an essential part of crop production. After the preparation of soil,
the previously selected seeds are scattered in the field. This process is called
sowing. Sowing should be done carefully and evenly. If seeds are not sown
uniformly, overcrowding of crops happens. For sufficient sunlight, water and other
requirements congestion need to be prevented. There are two different methods
of sowing the seeds. Traditionally, sowing is done manually by hands and in some
places, seed drilling machines are used.
• Traditional method or Sowing by hands
• This is the most common and generally practised method by all the farmers. This is
a very simple process, in which seeds are scattered by hands. This process is
called broadcasting, which is the most economical method. Here, seeds are sown
either by hand or by using tools. Sowing of seeds by hand is called broadcasting.
This is common, but a uniform distribution is not maintained.

7. Sowing by seed drilling machines
• This is a modern method used in some part of the world for sowing seeds.
In this method, iron drills or the funnels filled with seeds are connected to a
tractor. As the plough moves, seeds are distributed into the furrow made by
the plough and are covered. This method is more advantageous than the
traditional method. In this method, seeds are distributed evenly at regular
distances and depth. This is profitable in terms of both labour and time.

8. Irrigation

9. • Water is an essential element for survival. About seventy per cent of the
human body consists of water while plants contain almost 90 per cent of
water. Still, we have to depend on some outside sources to fulfil the water
requirements of our body.
•
• Similarly, crops require water for their growth and development. The process
of supplying water to the crops is known as irrigation.

10. 7 types of Irrigation
SURFACE IRRIGATION
In this system, no irrigation pump is involved. Here, water is distributed across
the land by gravity
LOCALIZED IRRIGATION
In this system, water is applied to each plant through a network of pipes under
low pressure.

11. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
Water is distributed from a central location by overhead high-pressure
sprinklers or from sprinklers from the moving platform.
DRIP IRRIGATION
In this type, drops of water are delivered near the roots of the plants. This type
of irrigation is rarely used as it requires more maintenance.

12. CENTRE PIVOT IRRIGATION
In this, the water is distributed by a sprinkler system moving in a circular pattern.
SUB IRRIGATION
Water is distributed through a system of pumping stations gates, ditches and canals by raising the water table.
MANUAL IRRIGATION
This a labour intensive and time-consuming system of irrigation. Here, the water is distributed through watering
cans by manual labour.

13. Types of Irrigation
• Irrigation can be carried out by two different methods:
•
• Irrigation can be carried out by two different methods:
• Traditional Methods
• Modern Methods

14. Traditional methods of Irrigation

15. • In this method, irrigation is done manually. Here, a farmer pulls out water from wells or
canals by himself or using cattle and carries to farming fields. This method can vary in
different regions.
•
• The main advantage of this method is that it is cheap. But its efficiency is poor because of
the uneven distribution of water. Also, the chances of water loss are very high.
•
• Some examples of the traditional system are pulley system, lever system, chain pump.
Among these, the pump system is the most common and used widely.

16. Modern methods of Irrigation

17. • The modern method compensates the disadvantages of
traditional methods and thus helps in the proper way of
water usage.
• The modern method involves two systems:
• Sprinkler system
• Drip system

18. Sprinkler system
• A sprinkler system, as its name suggests, sprinkles water over the crop and
helps in an even distribution of water. This method is much advisable in
areas facing water scarcity.
•
• Here a pump is connected to pipes which generate pressure and water is
sprinkled through nozzles of pipes.

19. Drip System
In the drip system, water supply is done drop by drop exactly at roots using a
hose or pipe. This method can also be used in regions where water availability
is less.

20. Application of manure pesticides and fertilizers

21. What is Manure?
• Manure is obtained from the decomposition of
dead plants and animals. They essentially function as
sustenance to the crops. They help in the proper
cultivation of crops. Addition of manure enables the soil to
hold more water. Organic manures have acids that dissolve
the nutrients with soil and make it available to the plants.

22. Advantages of Manure
• It increases the water-holding capacity of the soil.
• It makes the soil porous and facilitates the exchange of gases.
• The texture of the soil improves.
• The number of microbes increases in the soil.
• The process of adding manures is known as manuring. Manuring should be done at
regular intervals, otherwise, the plants become weak. However, the use of manure
has many drawbacks too. They can be rather difficult to transport and are not
nutrient specific.

23. Fertilizers
• A fertilizer is a chemical substance that contains necessary nutrients such as
nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous to make the soil fertile. Popular
examples of fertilizers are urea, potash, and ammonium sulphate.

24. Advantages of Fertilizers
• They are quick in providing plant nutrients and restoring soil fertility.
• They are portable and easy to transport.
• Plants easily absorb fertilizers.
• Fertilizers improve and increase the productivity of many crops such as
wheat, maize, and rice.
• However, these are chemicals, and they have the potential to decrease the
fertility of soil if used constantly. Furthermore, it also pollutes water bodies.

25. Pesticides

26. What are Pesticides?
• Pesticides are chemical substances that are meant to kill pests. In general, a pesticide is a chemical
or a biological agent such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant that deters,
incapacitates, kills, pests.
•
• This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with
plant protection product. It is commonly used to eliminate or control a variety of agricultural
pests that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm productivity. The most commonly
applied pesticides are insecticides to kill insects, herbicides to kill weeds, rodenticides to kill
rodents, and fungicides to control fungi, mould, and mildew.
•
•

27. Protecting and harvesting crops

28. Harvesting
• Once the crop is matured or fully ripen, they are cut and gathered (Reaping) which are collectively
called as harvesting. Harvesting depends on many factors like season, crop variety, maturity
period, etc.
•
• Over-irrigation, irregular sunlight can prolong ripening of crop which thus delays the harvesting
time. Early harvesting causes loss of unripened grains while delayed harvesting leads to shedding
off of grains.
•
• Besides this, rodents and even birds eat the grains. Therefore regular examination of the crop is
necessary as harvesting period approaches. The golden yellow colour is the indication of ripened
crops for paddy, rice, and wheat.

29. Storage
• In the case of small-scale cultivation, farmers use the harvested crop for themselves while large-scale production is mainly for marketing. Thus
the cultivators have to store the grains. For this, proper storage space has to be arranged. Inadequate storage space and improper storage
methods can lead to a huge grain loss.
•
• In addition to pest and rodents, microbes like bacteria, fungi, and environmental conditions such as moisture and temperature might attack the
stored grains. Therefore, proper treatment is required before the grains are stored.
•
• Rodent infestations can be prevented by pesticides. A moist environment results in fungal growth on grains. This can be avoided by proper
drying of grains in sunlight.
•
• Another method is fumigation where chemicals are used to prevent bacteria and other microorganisms. After proper treatments, grains have to
be stored in gunny bags or granaries and deposited in godowns.
•
• Thus we see how harvesting and storage of grains form an important part of crop production.

30. About Himachal
Himachal Pradesh describe by the ancients as “DevBhoomi” (Abode of the
Gods), is situated in the heart of the Himalayas in the northern part of India.
It has a geographical area of 55.67 lakh hectrares by professional surveys.
Most of which is under forests, pastures and grazing lands. Less than ten
per cent (5.6 lakh hectares) of the state’s net area is under cultivation. The
state has a large range of mountains and valleys rising from 350 meters to
7000 meters above mean sea level. Its climate ranges from sub-tropical to
sub-arctic cold with an annual rainfall of 350 millimeters to 3800 millimeters.
Its temperatures vary from -25 C to 42 C. The state has snow fed parts. In
addition, there are some natural lakes. The topography, soil, climate, rainfall
and temperature provide the state with wide opportunities and potential for
agriculture and horticulture.

32. Crop production in Himachal Pradesh
• Due to its hilly terrain, the economy of the state is predominantly mixed farming,
agro-pastoral, silvi-pastoral and agro-horticultural. Most of the group based
farming systems, engaging a majority of the farmers are found in the valleys of
Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi, ChanderaBhaga and their tributaries. Agriculture
accounts for over 30 per cent of the state’s net domestic product and provides
employment to about 71 per cent of its residents. The annual growth rate of the
state during 1999-2000 was 5.8 per cent against India’s 6.4 per cent. Earlier, during
the Eighth Plan the annual growth rate of the state was 6.3 per cent. The state
enjoys the special category status and thus gets special funds from the centre for its
development activities.

33. Main Crops of Agriculture in Himachal
Pradesh:
• Agriculture contributes over 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and
employment in Himachal. Over 93% of the population in Himachal depend directly upon agriculture which
provides direct employment to 71% of its people.
•
• The entire population of the state more or less depends directly upon the Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh.
The major portion of the revenue earning in the state’s economy is carried out by the cash crops in
theAgriculture in Himachal Pradesh. The chief food crops cultivated in Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh
include wheat, maize, rice, barley, seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds,
hops, olives, and fig. Himachal Pradesh is also known as the ‘Apple State of India’ for its large-scale
production of fruits. Farmers have engaged themselves highly in the fruit cultivation and it is also a great
blessing to the economy of the state. Some very important factors that has led to the outstanding
development in the Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh are an efficient irrigation system, accessibility of low-
cost cargo, and marketing facilities structured in an organized form.

34. • However Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh suffers from certain limitations,
especially in the production of food grains. One of the reasons is that the
area under cultivation cannot be extended to any appreciable extent.
Reclamation of land on slopes of hills for cultivation of food grains is
neither economical nor beneficial. The farmers can profit more by raising
cash crops suited to the agro-climatic conditions. Another reason is that
reclamation of land from the hills increases the menace of soil erosion.

35. Terrace Farming of Agriculture in Himachal
Pradesh
• The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and barley. Kangra, Mandi
district and to some extent Paonta valley of Sirmur district are the major
producers of the 1st three cereals, while barley is mostly grown in Shimla
district. Although the state is deficit in food grains, it has gained
tremendously in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed-
potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops,
olives and fig especially vegetables and seed potato which is disease free and
good quality are providing a good source of income to the farmers. Seed-
potato is mostly grown in Shimla, Kulu and Lahaul areas

36. Fruit Cultivation of Agriculture in Himachal
Pradesh:

37. • Fruit cultivation is another field which has proved to be an economic boon to the
farmers. There are vast tracts of land in Himachal suitable only for growing fruits.
Fruit cultivation does not add to the problem of soil erosion and its employment
potential is much more than that of conventional farming. The yield per acre in
terms of money is also much higher. Apples yield the maximum income. Fruit
growing in Himachal is presently fetching over Rs.300 crore annually. Special efforts
are being made to promote cultivation of new crops like olives, figs, hops,
mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Himachal has earned
the name of the ‘Apple State of India’.

38. About kerala
• Kerala, known as the “land of coconuts”, derives its name from the
Malayalam word “kera” i.e. Coconut. You can see coconut trees throughout
the backwaters. Nearly 70% of Indian output of coconuts is provided from
Kerala. Most of the Kerala houses have Coconut palm grown for immediate
household needs. Coconut as the main ingredient for making Kerala cuisines
• It is also known as The God’s Own Country

40. Crop production in Kerala

41. Main crops in Kerala
• Majority of the population in Kerala are dependent directly or indirectly on
agriculture for their livelihood. The main crops grown in the state are
Coconut, Paddy, Banana, Mango, Jackfruit, Pepper, Cashew, Areca nut,
Rubber etc… Kerala is an Agrarian economy. Coconut is the most important
crop in Kerala

42. Paddy
• Paddy is the other important crop in Kerala, Alleppey is known as ‘The rice
bowl of Kerala’, Where green paddy fields are spread interlaced with
enchanting backwaters lead us to the unforgettable sights. You can see rice
fields in Kuttanad region between Thottappally and Alleppey, QST & R
Block regions in Kuttanad are wonders of indigenous agriculture engineering
know-hoe of Kerala, Here the cultivation and practiced below sea level

43. Banana
• Banana is one of the common agricultural items in Kerala. Throughout the
country one can taste the different variety of Banana. Banana is a part of the
daily menu of the people of the state. Mango trees and Jackfruit trees are
inevitable components of homesteads of the state. Pepper is commonly
cultivated as a secondary crop interspersed with several other crops.

44. This was all about crop production
And comparison of Himachal Pradesh
And Kerala s agricultural methods
THANK YOU