This document provides an overview of crop production and its management. It discusses key topics such as autotrophs and heterotrophs, different types of crops including Kharif and Rabi crops, and various agricultural practices for growing crops. These practices include soil preparation through ploughing, sowing seeds, adding manures and fertilizers, irrigation, crop protection from weeds and pests, harvesting, and storage. The document also describes differences between fertilizers and manure and the role of leguminous plants in increasing soil nitrogen.

1. CHAPTER - 1
CROP PRODUCTION & ITS
MANAGEMENT
CLASS :- VII
MADE BY :- RAVI PRAKASH SINGH
SUBJECT :- CHEMISTRY
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2. CROP PRODUCTION & ITS MANAGEMENT
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3. AUTOTROPHS
Organism which can prepare their own food with help of photosynthesis.
HETROTROPHS
Organism which cannot prepare their own food. They are dependent on plant for food.
CROP PRODUCTION
Cultivation of one types of plants on large scale is called Crop Production.
AGRICULTURE
Practice of cultivating land for growing crops and raising animals for food or profit is called Agriculture. It not
only provide food but also provide fiber, medicines, flowers, & ornamental plants.
AGRICULTURE PRACTICES
The Activities used for growing crops to maintain steady supply of food is called Agriculture practices.
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4. Different crops require different climatic conditions,
temperature and duration of sunlight (photoperiods).
Kharif crops :- In Arabic, kharif means “autumn”
Crops that are grown during the rainy season from June to
October like paddy, soya-bean, maize, pigeon pea, green
gram, black gram, cotton etc.
Rabi crops :- In Arabic, Rabi means “spring”
Crops that are grown during winter season from November
to April like wheat, gram, peas, mustard, linseed etc.
AGRICULTURE PRACTICES
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5. THE VARIOUS PRACTICES REQUIRED FOR GROWING DROPS ARE:
1) Preparation of Soil
2)Sowing of Seed
3)Addition of manures & fertilizers
4)Irrigation (supply of water)
5)Crop Protection (from Weeds & Pests)
6)Harvesting
7)Storage
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6. PREPARATION OF SOIL
Preparation of soil is the first step before growing of crop.
It helps to turn the soil and loosen it to allow the root to
penetrate deep into it.
The loosening of the soil helps in the growth of several soil microbes,
earthworms etc., which enrich the soil with humus and other essential
nutrients.
PLOUGHING OR TILLING
The process of turning and loosening the soil is called ploughing. This is
done using a plough, hoe and tractor.
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7. ADVANTAGE OF PLOUGHING
Ploughing has following advantage:
• It improves air circulation, so that roots can respire easily.
• Roots can penetrate deeper into the soil, thus hold the plant
firmly.
• Ploughing enhances the water retaining capacity of the soil.
• Ploughing uproots the weeds growing in the field
• Helps in growth of microbes, earthworms etc., which enrich
nutrients.
 Ploughing field has big pieces of soil called crumbs.
Crumbs are crushed with wooden plank.
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8. SOWING OF SEED
Sowing is the process of putting the seeds into the soil for growing crops.
We use quality of seeds for sowing.
Different ways of sowing are:
• Sowing which is done manually (by hand) by scattering seeds in the field is
called Broadcasting.
• By use of mechanical equipment like Seed Drill.
 Seeds of few plants like rice, tomato, chilly etc. is first grown in a separate area
called Nursery and then transplanted in the fields when seedling formed is
called Transplantation.
 Transplantation helps to cultivate (select) only healthy plants.
 Transplantation ensures uniform availability of sunlight water & nutrients to
the plant
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9. MANURING
Manure are substances which are added to provide nutrients for the healthy growth of crop plants
Plant consume nutrients from soil & make it infertile. So to replenish fertility of the soil, manuring is
done
METHODS OF MANURING
Methods of manuring are
• Field fallow: Left Agricultural land uncultivated for one or more seasons.
• Crop rotation: The growing of different crops in succession on a piece of land to avoid
exhausting the soil nutrient and to control weeds, pests, and diseases.
• Manures: Manure is an organic substance like waste of animals & plants
• Fertilizers: fertilizers are the inorganic substances that are enriching the soil with nutrients.
• VERMICOMPOSTING: It is process of using earthworm s to prepare manure from plant waste
(dry leaves, vegetable peels etc.).
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10. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FERTILIZERS AND MANURE.
S.No. Fertilizers Manure
1 Fertilizers are commercially available plant
nutrients.
manure is a natural substance prepared by the
decomposition of animal excreta and plant wastes.
2 They can be organic or inorganic in nature. manure is known to have a large quantity of
organic materials and very little amount of plant
nutrients.
3 They ensure healthy growth and development of
plants by providing them with nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, etc.
They help in enriching the soil with organic matter
and nutrients.
4 The addition of fertilizers to the soil requires
special guidelines such as dose time, post
addition precautions, etc., to be followed.
The addition of manure does not require any
special guidelines.
5 A fertilizer does not provide any humus
to the soil.
manure provides humus to the soil
and increases soil fertility.
6 Its excessive use causes water pollution. It cannot
replenish organic matter of soil
It protects the environment and helps in recycling
farm waste.
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Role of leguminous plants in increasing
the nitrogen content of the soil
Leguminous plants like pea, beans, & soyabean etc.
has ability to fix gaseous nitrogen into nitrogenous
salts which reduce requirement of nitrogen fertilizer
for plant
Leguminous plants have root nodules on the roots
that are associated with bacteria like rhizobium who
fix gaseous nitrogen into nitrogenous salts.

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IRRIGATION
Supply of water to crops at appropriate intervals is called Irrigation. The time and
frequency of irrigation varies according to different seasons, crops, and soil types.
Different kinds of irrigation systems are used to supply water to agricultural land. They are wells, canals,
rivers, tanks, check dams etc.
i) Wells :- There are two types of wells called dug wells and tube wells.
In dug wells water is collected from water bearing strata. In tube wells water is collected from deeper strata.
ii) Canals :- In this system, canals receive water from reservoirs or rivers and distributes it to fields.
iii) River lift systems :- In this system water is lifted from rivers to irrigate fields close to rivers.
iv) Tanks :- These are small storage reservoirs which supply water to fields.
v) Check dams :- These are used to stop rain water from flowing away and helps to increase groundwater
levels and reduce soil erosion

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Two methods of irrigation which help in conservation of water are:
1) Sprinkler system: In this method, water is supplied using pipes to one or more central
locations within the field. When water is allowed to flow under high pressure with the help of a
pump, it gets sprinkled on the crops. This system is more useful on uneven land, having fewer water
supplies.
2) Drip system: In this system, water is delivered at or near the roots of plants, drop by drop. This
is the most efficient method of irrigation as there is no wastage of water at all. This method is
important in areas where water availability is poor.
WATER LOGGING
WATER LOGGING is excessive supply of water to plant which reduces air in the soil.
LODGING
LODGING is untimely rains & strong winds result in falling down of crop plant at the grain maturation stage. It
affect quality & yield of grain.
IRRIGATION OF CROP

14. 6) CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT :-
Crops in the field are damaged by weeds, insect pests and diseases.
Weeds are unwanted plants which grow in the field. Or Weeds are undesirable plants may grow along with the crop.
The removal of weeds is called Weeding.
A. PROTECTION FROM WEED
Weeding can be done by following methods:-
1) Manual removal : uprooting weeds by help of khurpi (trowel) or harrow henga
2) Tilling before sowing : uproot weeds by ploughing field before sowing that dry up & mixed up with soil.
3) Weedicides : weedicides are chemicals which kill weeds but not harm crop
4) Cutting weeds close to the ground,
B. PROTECTION FROM PESTS
Pests are strayed animals bird & insects. Animals and birds are scared away by beating drum & fixing
scarecrows in field.
PESTS are organisms which specifically attack and damage the crop. Ex- Rats, Locusts, weevils, larval
stages of some insects & termites
PESTICIDES are chemical which sprayed on the crops to kill pest. It is done manually or small aircraft.
Using Lady birds & wasps are method for biological control of pest.
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CROP PRESERVATION:
The objective of crop preservation is to retain crop quality during post harvest storage. Drying, Canning
and Freezing are some of the methods of preservation.
They compete with the crop for food, space and sunlight and use nutrients and reduce crop
yield.
Insect pests cause damage to the root, stem and leaves, suck cell sap and bore into stems
and fruits. They can reduce crop yield.
Diseases in plants are caused by pathogens like virus, bacteria and fungi and reduces crop
yield.
Weeds, insect pests and diseases can be controlled by using chemicals like weedicides,
pesticides, fungicides etc. They are sprayed on crop plants or used for treating seeds and
soil. Since these chemicals are poisonous, excessive use are dangerous.

16. HARVESTING
Harvesting is cutting and gathering of crops after maturation.
THRESHING
Threshing is the process of separating grains or seeds from the cut crop (chaff).
It is done after harvesting the crop. It is either done manually by sickle or by a
machine called harvester or thresher. It is also carried out with the help of a machine
known as ‘Combine’.
This machine is a combined harvester and thresher. It harvests plants as well as cleans
grains.
WINNOWING
Winnowing is the process of separating chaff from grain using air
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STORAGE OF GRAINS :-
The factors responsible for the damage and loss of grains are following:
• biotic factors like bacteria, fungi, insects, rodents etc. and
• abiotic factors like moisture and temperature in the place of storage.
Before storage, the grains are cleaned and dried in sunlight to remove moisture and the
storage places are fumigated to kill pests.
Storage of grains is done by food corporation of India (FCI) &State Warehousing
Corporations.
Perishable items are stored in large cold storages or deep freezers.

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CROP IMPROVEMENT :-
Crop variety improvement is done by selecting good varieties of crops. This is done
by hybridization.
HYBRIDIZATION is the crossing between genetically dissimilar plants to obtain crops
having useful characteristics like disease resistance, good quality and high yields.
During hybridization, the removal of anthers from one types of plant is called
EMASCULATION.
Hybridization may be
• INTERVARIETAL (between different varieties,
• INTERSPECIFIC (between different species of the same genus) or
• INTERGENERIC (between different genera).
Another way of improving crop variety is by introducing a gene to obtain the desired
characteristic. This produces genetically modified crops.
To Feed Every Citizen Of India , a revolution was brought in India in 1960s.

19. Producing Food by Traditional Techniques
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Types of Interplanting
 POLYVARIETAL CULTIVATION – planting several varieties of the
same crop
 INTERCROPPING – grow two or more different crops at the
same time (grain + nitrogen fixing plant)
 AGROFORESTRY (ALLEY CROPPING) – crops and trees are
grown together
 POLYCULTURE – many different types of plants that mature at
different times are grown together
 INTERPLANTING – simultaneously grow several crops on the same
ground. Reduces chance of losing year’s crop to pests, bad weather,
etc.
 POLYCULTURE – many different types of plants that mature at
different times are grown together
 CROP ROTATION - growing different crops in the same field in
succession. Growing leguminous crops after growing cereal crops
helps to increase soil fertility.

20. Traditional
Industrialized
Plantation
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