Corynebacterium diptheriae
•
2 likes•217 views
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacillus that causes diphtheria. It produces a potent exotoxin that can lead to respiratory complications by causing necrosis of epithelial cells and formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat. The toxin inhibits protein synthesis and can cause systemic effects if it enters the bloodstream. Diphtheria is prevented through vaccination with diphtheria toxoid vaccines as part of the DPT series, which provides active immunity without risk of disease from vaccination.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria in humans. It appears as small, gram-positive bacilli that form short chains or clumps. It produces a toxin that causes a local pseudomembrane and can lead to systemic effects on the heart, nerves, and other tissues. Diagnosis involves isolating the organism from throat or skin lesions and confirming its identity and toxin production through culture and biochemical tests. Treatment involves antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin to prevent complications.
Corynebacterium
This document provides information on Corynebacterium, including Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria. It discusses the morphology, cultural characteristics, biotypes, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, laboratory diagnosis and epidemiology of C. diphtheriae. The key points are that C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacillus that produces a powerful exotoxin causing diphtheria, a serious infection of the upper respiratory tract, and immunization is important for control of the disease.
9. clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that causes the disease tetanus. It forms spores that allow it to survive in environments without oxygen. The spores can enter the body through wounds and germinate under anaerobic conditions, producing a toxin that travels along the nervous system to the spinal cord. This toxin blocks neurotransmitters and causes painful muscle spasms, starting with the jaw and potentially leading to death if the respiratory muscles are affected. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture studies, and biochemical tests to identify the bacterium, as well as animal inoculation experiments. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, and vaccines to prevent further cases.
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococci are Gram positive cocci that commonly cause localized suppurative lesions. Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogenic species that can cause a variety of infections like food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, and nosocomial infections. S. aureus has developed resistance to many antibiotics like penicillin through production of beta-lactamases. Methicillin resistant S. aureus strains are a major concern as they are resistant even to methicillin and related antibiotics.
Clostridium
Clostridium are anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Certain Clostridium species cause diseases like tetanus, gas gangrene, and food poisoning. They produce potent exotoxins and can be diagnosed through gram staining, culture techniques, and toxin detection assays. Treatment involves surgery, antibiotics, antitoxins, and in some cases hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Vaccination provides protection against tetanus.
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes anthrax. It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. Anthrax spores can survive in soil for years and infect animals that ingest the spores. Humans can become infected through contact with infected animals or inhaling anthrax spores. There are three main types of anthrax in humans - cutaneous, pulmonary, and intestinal. Cutaneous anthrax causes skin lesions, pulmonary anthrax causes infection in the lungs after inhaling spores, and intestinal anthrax results from consuming infected meat. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining samples under microscopy, culturing on selective media, and animal inoculation. Anthrax is treated with antibiotics
Candida
Candida is a common yeast-like fungus that normally inhabits human skin and mucosa. It can cause infections, known as candidiasis, in individuals with weakened immune systems. The most common disease-causing species is Candida albicans. Candidiasis ranges from superficial mucosal infections to deep-seated invasive infections. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and tests for species identification like the germ tube test or growth at 45°C. Treatment depends on the type of candidiasis and may include topical or oral antifungal azole drugs for superficial infections or amphotericin B for invasive infections.
12. mycobacterium leprae
This document discusses Mycobacterium leprae, the bacteria that causes leprosy. It describes the cultural characteristics of M. leprae, noting that they are unable to be cultivated in other medias. It then discusses the pathogenesis and types of leprosy. There are four main types described - lepromatous, tuberculoid, dimorphic/borderline, and indeterminate. The types are distinguished based on the appearance of skin lesions and presence of bacteria. Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nerves, biopsy of skin or nerves, and acid fast staining to look for the bacteria. Treatment recommended is multidrug therapy using dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine
Recommended
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria in humans. It appears as small, gram-positive bacilli that form short chains or clumps. It produces a toxin that causes a local pseudomembrane and can lead to systemic effects on the heart, nerves, and other tissues. Diagnosis involves isolating the organism from throat or skin lesions and confirming its identity and toxin production through culture and biochemical tests. Treatment involves antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin to prevent complications.
Corynebacterium
This document provides information on Corynebacterium, including Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria. It discusses the morphology, cultural characteristics, biotypes, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, laboratory diagnosis and epidemiology of C. diphtheriae. The key points are that C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacillus that produces a powerful exotoxin causing diphtheria, a serious infection of the upper respiratory tract, and immunization is important for control of the disease.
9. clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that causes the disease tetanus. It forms spores that allow it to survive in environments without oxygen. The spores can enter the body through wounds and germinate under anaerobic conditions, producing a toxin that travels along the nervous system to the spinal cord. This toxin blocks neurotransmitters and causes painful muscle spasms, starting with the jaw and potentially leading to death if the respiratory muscles are affected. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture studies, and biochemical tests to identify the bacterium, as well as animal inoculation experiments. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, and vaccines to prevent further cases.
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococci are Gram positive cocci that commonly cause localized suppurative lesions. Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogenic species that can cause a variety of infections like food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, and nosocomial infections. S. aureus has developed resistance to many antibiotics like penicillin through production of beta-lactamases. Methicillin resistant S. aureus strains are a major concern as they are resistant even to methicillin and related antibiotics.
Clostridium
Clostridium are anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Certain Clostridium species cause diseases like tetanus, gas gangrene, and food poisoning. They produce potent exotoxins and can be diagnosed through gram staining, culture techniques, and toxin detection assays. Treatment involves surgery, antibiotics, antitoxins, and in some cases hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Vaccination provides protection against tetanus.
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes anthrax. It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. Anthrax spores can survive in soil for years and infect animals that ingest the spores. Humans can become infected through contact with infected animals or inhaling anthrax spores. There are three main types of anthrax in humans - cutaneous, pulmonary, and intestinal. Cutaneous anthrax causes skin lesions, pulmonary anthrax causes infection in the lungs after inhaling spores, and intestinal anthrax results from consuming infected meat. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining samples under microscopy, culturing on selective media, and animal inoculation. Anthrax is treated with antibiotics
Candida
Candida is a common yeast-like fungus that normally inhabits human skin and mucosa. It can cause infections, known as candidiasis, in individuals with weakened immune systems. The most common disease-causing species is Candida albicans. Candidiasis ranges from superficial mucosal infections to deep-seated invasive infections. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and tests for species identification like the germ tube test or growth at 45°C. Treatment depends on the type of candidiasis and may include topical or oral antifungal azole drugs for superficial infections or amphotericin B for invasive infections.
12. mycobacterium leprae
This document discusses Mycobacterium leprae, the bacteria that causes leprosy. It describes the cultural characteristics of M. leprae, noting that they are unable to be cultivated in other medias. It then discusses the pathogenesis and types of leprosy. There are four main types described - lepromatous, tuberculoid, dimorphic/borderline, and indeterminate. The types are distinguished based on the appearance of skin lesions and presence of bacteria. Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nerves, biopsy of skin or nerves, and acid fast staining to look for the bacteria. Treatment recommended is multidrug therapy using dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine
Streptococcus
This document discusses the classification, structure, virulence factors, and important pathogens of the genus Streptococcus. It describes how streptococci are classified based on their hemolytic properties and Lancefield grouping. Key pathogens like S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae are then discussed in more detail, outlining their morphology, culture characteristics, toxins/enzymes, mechanisms of pathogenesis, associated diseases, and treatment approaches.
laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcus
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococcus, including sample collection, direct smear microscopy, culture techniques, biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity testing, and typing of Staphylococcus aureus. Appropriate samples are collected based on the site of infection and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Direct smear microscopy can identify Gram-positive cocci clusters. Culture techniques help isolate and identify Staphylococcus colonies based on morphology and biochemical reactions provide further characterization. Antibiotic sensitivity testing determines effective treatment options and typing methods like bacteriophage typing are used for epidemiological purposes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.pptx
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). It is a slow-growing acid-fast rod-shaped bacterium. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets when people with active TB cough, sneeze or spit. The bacteria are able to survive inside alveolar macrophages in the lungs without being destroyed. This can lead to the formation of lesions called tubercles and caseous necrosis, causing the symptoms of TB. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples for acid-fast bacilli, culturing of samples, and radiological examinations. Treatment requires taking a combination of antibiotics for several months.
Clostridium
There are four medically important Clostridium species: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile. C. tetani causes tetanus through toxins that block inhibitory neurotransmitters. C. botulinum causes botulism by toxins blocking acetylcholine release. C. perfringens can cause gas gangrene or food poisoning depending on entry site, and produces toxins and enzymes damaging tissues. C. difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis through toxins that damage intestinal cells when normal flora is suppressed.
Hemophilus influenzae by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document discusses Haemophilus influenzae, a gram-negative coccobacillary bacteria. It was first isolated in 1892 and thought to cause influenza. There are two main types: unencapsulated and encapsulated strains. Encapsulated type b strains cause more invasive diseases like meningitis while unencapsulated commonly cause localized infections. The document outlines the virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and prevention of H. influenzae infections. It also briefly discusses the HACEK group of bacteria which can cause endocarditis.
Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and produces a potent exotoxin. The exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis and causes severe illness. Active immunization with diphtheria toxoid vaccine provides protection. Laboratory diagnosis involves isolating C. diphtheriae from lesions and confirming toxin production. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and antibiotics like penicillin. Complications can include respiratory obstruction, paralysis, and death.
Bacillus
Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
Brucella
- Brucella is a zoonotic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis in humans and animals. The three main species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis.
- Brucella is transmitted primarily through the ingestion of contaminated animal products like unpasteurized milk or cheese. Symptoms in humans include undulant fever, sweats, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain.
- Diagnosis involves blood culture, serology tests like the SAT and ELISA. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or other antibiotics over several weeks. Controlling brucellosis in animals through vaccination
Neisseria
This document provides information on Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including their morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical properties, virulence factors, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. N. meningitidis can cause meningitis and meningococcemia, while N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, neonatal conjunctivitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Both are Gram-negative diplococci that require special culture conditions and produce oxidase. Laboratory diagnosis involves Gram stain, culture, and tests for oxidase and sugar fermentation patterns. Treatment is generally with penicillin or related antibiotics.
Salmonella typhi
This document provides an overview of Salmonella, including Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. It discusses Salmonella serotyping based on surface structures. The pathogenesis and immunity of Salmonella is described, noting how it attaches and invades the intestines. Two pathogenicity islands regulate these processes. Epidemiology sections explain the animal reservoirs and most common sources of human infections like poultry, eggs and dairy. Clinical diseases caused include gastroenteritis, septicemia, enteric fever and asymptomatic colonization. Laboratory diagnosis focuses on culturing Salmonella from blood, feces or bone marrow. Biochemical tests are used to identify isolates.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (streptococcus spp.)
This document provides an overview of Streptococcus bacteria, including characteristics, diseases caused, taxonomy, and methods for identification. Key points include:
- Streptococcus is a genus of spherical, Gram-positive bacteria that grow in chains. It includes over 50 species that are part of normal oral flora but can also cause diseases.
- Major diseases caused by different Streptococcus species include pharyngitis, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and neonatal infections.
- Identification involves examining colony morphology on blood agar plates, microscopic appearance, and biochemical tests like catalase, optochin, and bile esculin tests.
- Classification is based on carbohydrate antigens identified through Lancefield grouping
M. leprae.pptx
This document discusses leprosy, a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Key points include:
- Leprosy affects the skin and nerves and can cause deformities if left untreated. It is transmitted through droplets.
- M. leprae is an acid-fast bacillus that is intracellular and can be seen in bundles or "globi" inside cells.
- Leprosy manifestations depend on host cell-mediated immunity and range from tuberculoid leprosy with good immunity to lepromatous leprosy with poor immunity.
- Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nasal smears for acid-fast bacilli as well as le
Mycobacterium leprae - Lab diagnosis
1) Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It presents with cardinal signs such as numbness, painful nerves, and skin lesions.
2) Laboratory diagnosis involves acid-fast staining of skin and nerve biopsy specimens to identify M. leprae bacteria, as well as animal inoculation and the lepromin test.
3) The lepromin test evaluates a patient's immune response and is used to classify leprosy type and assess prognosis and resistance to the disease.
Bacillus
This document provides information on the bacteria Bacillus. It discusses two main types of Bacillus - B. anthracis, which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which can cause two types of food poisoning. For B. anthracis, it describes its morphology, culture characteristics, virulence factors including toxins, clinical manifestations of anthrax in humans and animals, and methods for laboratory diagnosis and treatment. It also provides historical context on the importance of B. anthracis. For B. cereus, it summarizes the two types of food poisoning it can cause and how they differ clinically.
Dermatophytes
Dermatophytoses, commonly known as ringworm, are fungal infections caused by dermatophytes which invade keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. There are three main genera of dermatophytes - Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. They are classified based on their morphology and site of infection. Dermatophytes are contracted through direct contact with infected skin, animals, or soil. Common clinical manifestations include tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in KOH and fungal culture. Oral antifungals like terbinaf
Superficial mycosis
1. Superficial mycoses involve infections of the skin and its appendages by fungi including Malassezia species, dermatophytes, and others.
2. Common conditions include pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur presenting as discolored patches, and tinea infections like tinea corporis caused by dermatophytes appearing as scaly rings.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves potassium hydroxide microscopy of skin and nail samples to visualize fungal elements, and culture to isolate and identify the causative agent. Topical and oral antifungal drugs are used for treatment.
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium found in soil, intestines, feces and contaminated wounds. It produces an exotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes the acute disease tetanus, resulting in painful muscle rigidity and spasms. Tetanus spores can survive for years until entering the body through a wound, where they germinate and release the toxin that is carried through the bloodstream to nerve cells.
Syphilis and VDRL Test.pptx
A brief overview of syphilis and an outlook on the frequently requested VDRL test.
An insight into other investigative modalities for the diagnosis of syphilis.
Staphylococci
This document discusses Staphylococcus, including S. aureus. It describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of S. aureus, noting it is a gram-positive coccus that grows in clusters and produces golden yellow pigment on blood agar. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through production of enzymes and toxins. Laboratory diagnosis involves gram staining, culturing, and coagulase testing of samples. Treatment often involves cephalosporins due to high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin.
Dimorphic fungi
Dimorphic fungi can exist in both a mycelial and yeast-like state. They commonly transition between these states depending on temperature, with the mycelial form growing at 25°C and the yeast-like pathogenic form at 37°C. This document discusses two specific dimorphic fungi, Sporothrix schenckii and Histoplasma capsulatum. It defines their morphology and growth characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases they cause - sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis.
Yersinia
Yersinia includes human pathogens Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. Y. pestis causes plague, a zoonotic disease transmitted by fleas that has caused several pandemics throughout history. Currently it remains endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, and Americas, causing thousands of cases annually. Yersiniosis is caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica through consumption of contaminated food or water, commonly presenting as self-limiting gastroenteritis. Both diseases are diagnosed through culture, biochemical tests, and serology to identify the Yersinia species. Prevention focuses on flea control for plague and food safety for yers
01 enterobacteriaceae basic-properties_____v1-_3
This document summarizes characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria. Key points include:
- They are Gram-negative rods that ferment glucose with acid production and often gas. They are cytochrome oxidase negative and reduce nitrate to nitrite.
- Common genera include Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus.
- They inhabit intestinal tracts and environmental sources. Many cause intestinal or extraintestinal infections like urinary tract infections and pneumonia.
- Tests like Gram stain, glucose fermentation, cytochrome oxidase, and nitrate reduction are used to identify these bacteria. Triple sugar iron agar and MacConkey agar help differentiate members
More Related Content
What's hot
Streptococcus
This document discusses the classification, structure, virulence factors, and important pathogens of the genus Streptococcus. It describes how streptococci are classified based on their hemolytic properties and Lancefield grouping. Key pathogens like S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae are then discussed in more detail, outlining their morphology, culture characteristics, toxins/enzymes, mechanisms of pathogenesis, associated diseases, and treatment approaches.
laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcus
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococcus, including sample collection, direct smear microscopy, culture techniques, biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity testing, and typing of Staphylococcus aureus. Appropriate samples are collected based on the site of infection and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Direct smear microscopy can identify Gram-positive cocci clusters. Culture techniques help isolate and identify Staphylococcus colonies based on morphology and biochemical reactions provide further characterization. Antibiotic sensitivity testing determines effective treatment options and typing methods like bacteriophage typing are used for epidemiological purposes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.pptx
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). It is a slow-growing acid-fast rod-shaped bacterium. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets when people with active TB cough, sneeze or spit. The bacteria are able to survive inside alveolar macrophages in the lungs without being destroyed. This can lead to the formation of lesions called tubercles and caseous necrosis, causing the symptoms of TB. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples for acid-fast bacilli, culturing of samples, and radiological examinations. Treatment requires taking a combination of antibiotics for several months.
Clostridium
There are four medically important Clostridium species: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile. C. tetani causes tetanus through toxins that block inhibitory neurotransmitters. C. botulinum causes botulism by toxins blocking acetylcholine release. C. perfringens can cause gas gangrene or food poisoning depending on entry site, and produces toxins and enzymes damaging tissues. C. difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis through toxins that damage intestinal cells when normal flora is suppressed.
Hemophilus influenzae by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document discusses Haemophilus influenzae, a gram-negative coccobacillary bacteria. It was first isolated in 1892 and thought to cause influenza. There are two main types: unencapsulated and encapsulated strains. Encapsulated type b strains cause more invasive diseases like meningitis while unencapsulated commonly cause localized infections. The document outlines the virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and prevention of H. influenzae infections. It also briefly discusses the HACEK group of bacteria which can cause endocarditis.
Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and produces a potent exotoxin. The exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis and causes severe illness. Active immunization with diphtheria toxoid vaccine provides protection. Laboratory diagnosis involves isolating C. diphtheriae from lesions and confirming toxin production. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and antibiotics like penicillin. Complications can include respiratory obstruction, paralysis, and death.
Bacillus
Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
Brucella
- Brucella is a zoonotic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis in humans and animals. The three main species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis.
- Brucella is transmitted primarily through the ingestion of contaminated animal products like unpasteurized milk or cheese. Symptoms in humans include undulant fever, sweats, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain.
- Diagnosis involves blood culture, serology tests like the SAT and ELISA. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or other antibiotics over several weeks. Controlling brucellosis in animals through vaccination
Neisseria
This document provides information on Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including their morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical properties, virulence factors, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. N. meningitidis can cause meningitis and meningococcemia, while N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, neonatal conjunctivitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Both are Gram-negative diplococci that require special culture conditions and produce oxidase. Laboratory diagnosis involves Gram stain, culture, and tests for oxidase and sugar fermentation patterns. Treatment is generally with penicillin or related antibiotics.
Salmonella typhi
This document provides an overview of Salmonella, including Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. It discusses Salmonella serotyping based on surface structures. The pathogenesis and immunity of Salmonella is described, noting how it attaches and invades the intestines. Two pathogenicity islands regulate these processes. Epidemiology sections explain the animal reservoirs and most common sources of human infections like poultry, eggs and dairy. Clinical diseases caused include gastroenteritis, septicemia, enteric fever and asymptomatic colonization. Laboratory diagnosis focuses on culturing Salmonella from blood, feces or bone marrow. Biochemical tests are used to identify isolates.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (streptococcus spp.)
This document provides an overview of Streptococcus bacteria, including characteristics, diseases caused, taxonomy, and methods for identification. Key points include:
- Streptococcus is a genus of spherical, Gram-positive bacteria that grow in chains. It includes over 50 species that are part of normal oral flora but can also cause diseases.
- Major diseases caused by different Streptococcus species include pharyngitis, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and neonatal infections.
- Identification involves examining colony morphology on blood agar plates, microscopic appearance, and biochemical tests like catalase, optochin, and bile esculin tests.
- Classification is based on carbohydrate antigens identified through Lancefield grouping
M. leprae.pptx
This document discusses leprosy, a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Key points include:
- Leprosy affects the skin and nerves and can cause deformities if left untreated. It is transmitted through droplets.
- M. leprae is an acid-fast bacillus that is intracellular and can be seen in bundles or "globi" inside cells.
- Leprosy manifestations depend on host cell-mediated immunity and range from tuberculoid leprosy with good immunity to lepromatous leprosy with poor immunity.
- Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nasal smears for acid-fast bacilli as well as le
Mycobacterium leprae - Lab diagnosis
1) Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It presents with cardinal signs such as numbness, painful nerves, and skin lesions.
2) Laboratory diagnosis involves acid-fast staining of skin and nerve biopsy specimens to identify M. leprae bacteria, as well as animal inoculation and the lepromin test.
3) The lepromin test evaluates a patient's immune response and is used to classify leprosy type and assess prognosis and resistance to the disease.
Bacillus
This document provides information on the bacteria Bacillus. It discusses two main types of Bacillus - B. anthracis, which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which can cause two types of food poisoning. For B. anthracis, it describes its morphology, culture characteristics, virulence factors including toxins, clinical manifestations of anthrax in humans and animals, and methods for laboratory diagnosis and treatment. It also provides historical context on the importance of B. anthracis. For B. cereus, it summarizes the two types of food poisoning it can cause and how they differ clinically.
Dermatophytes
Dermatophytoses, commonly known as ringworm, are fungal infections caused by dermatophytes which invade keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. There are three main genera of dermatophytes - Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. They are classified based on their morphology and site of infection. Dermatophytes are contracted through direct contact with infected skin, animals, or soil. Common clinical manifestations include tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in KOH and fungal culture. Oral antifungals like terbinaf
Superficial mycosis
1. Superficial mycoses involve infections of the skin and its appendages by fungi including Malassezia species, dermatophytes, and others.
2. Common conditions include pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur presenting as discolored patches, and tinea infections like tinea corporis caused by dermatophytes appearing as scaly rings.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves potassium hydroxide microscopy of skin and nail samples to visualize fungal elements, and culture to isolate and identify the causative agent. Topical and oral antifungal drugs are used for treatment.
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium found in soil, intestines, feces and contaminated wounds. It produces an exotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes the acute disease tetanus, resulting in painful muscle rigidity and spasms. Tetanus spores can survive for years until entering the body through a wound, where they germinate and release the toxin that is carried through the bloodstream to nerve cells.
Syphilis and VDRL Test.pptx
A brief overview of syphilis and an outlook on the frequently requested VDRL test.
An insight into other investigative modalities for the diagnosis of syphilis.
Staphylococci
This document discusses Staphylococcus, including S. aureus. It describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of S. aureus, noting it is a gram-positive coccus that grows in clusters and produces golden yellow pigment on blood agar. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through production of enzymes and toxins. Laboratory diagnosis involves gram staining, culturing, and coagulase testing of samples. Treatment often involves cephalosporins due to high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin.
Dimorphic fungi
Dimorphic fungi can exist in both a mycelial and yeast-like state. They commonly transition between these states depending on temperature, with the mycelial form growing at 25°C and the yeast-like pathogenic form at 37°C. This document discusses two specific dimorphic fungi, Sporothrix schenckii and Histoplasma capsulatum. It defines their morphology and growth characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases they cause - sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis.
What's hot (20)
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (streptococcus spp.)
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (streptococcus spp.)
Similar to Corynebacterium diptheriae
Yersinia
Yersinia includes human pathogens Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. Y. pestis causes plague, a zoonotic disease transmitted by fleas that has caused several pandemics throughout history. Currently it remains endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, and Americas, causing thousands of cases annually. Yersiniosis is caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica through consumption of contaminated food or water, commonly presenting as self-limiting gastroenteritis. Both diseases are diagnosed through culture, biochemical tests, and serology to identify the Yersinia species. Prevention focuses on flea control for plague and food safety for yers
01 enterobacteriaceae basic-properties_____v1-_3
This document summarizes characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria. Key points include:
- They are Gram-negative rods that ferment glucose with acid production and often gas. They are cytochrome oxidase negative and reduce nitrate to nitrite.
- Common genera include Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus.
- They inhabit intestinal tracts and environmental sources. Many cause intestinal or extraintestinal infections like urinary tract infections and pneumonia.
- Tests like Gram stain, glucose fermentation, cytochrome oxidase, and nitrate reduction are used to identify these bacteria. Triple sugar iron agar and MacConkey agar help differentiate members
01 enterobacteriaceae basic-properties_____v1-_3
This document summarizes characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae family of gram-negative bacteria. Key points include:
- They are facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose with acid and gas production, are cytochrome oxidase negative, and reduce nitrate to nitrite.
- Common genera include Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Proteus.
- They inhabit intestinal tracts and can cause infections like UTIs, pneumonia, and diarrhea. Identification tests examine reactions on media like TSI, MAC, and EMB that differentiate lactose fermentation.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae presentation
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that causes diphtheria. It exists in four biovars and produces a potent toxin that inhibits protein synthesis and causes cell death. The toxin is produced when the bacterium is lysogenized by a beta phage and iron levels are low. Diphtheria presents with a sore throat and formation of a pseudomembrane. It is diagnosed by culturing the bacteria from throat swabs and testing for toxin production. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and antibiotics. Vaccination with diphtheria toxoid provides immunity.
Clostridium .pptx gram-positive bacilli , clostridium tetani, clostridium pri...
- Clostridium are gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacilli found in soil and intestines. Major pathogenic species include C. perfringens, C. tetani, C. botulinum, and C. difficile.
- C. perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning. C. tetani causes tetanus. C. botulinum causes botulism. C. difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.
- Laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens anaerobically and identifying species by colony morphology, gram stain, and biochemical tests. Toxins are detected to confirm diseases like bot
Clostridium botulinum ppt
This document summarizes research on isolating and characterizing Clostridium botulinum bacteria from cattle samples. Key points:
- C. botulinum was isolated from rumen fluid, dung, soil and poultry manure samples collected from cattle showing signs of botulism.
- Diagnostic tests like culturing, biochemical analysis and PCR were performed to identify C. botulinum. PCR initially yielded an incorrect amplicon size.
- Current work is repeating isolation and culturing of samples and will perform neurotoxin gene PCR and mouse toxicity tests for confirmation.
- Challenges included maintaining strict anaerobic conditions and removing inhibitors that can interfere with tests or
Identofocation of bacteria
This document discusses methods for identifying bacteria, including conventional culture techniques and automated methods. Conventional culture techniques involve collecting samples, staining, culturing on media, and performing biochemical tests to identify colonies based on morphology, staining characteristics, and biochemical reactions. Automated methods include using blood culture systems to rapidly detect microbial growth and identify organisms using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry or systems like Vitek-2 that can identify bacteria and perform antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Enterobacteriaceae basic properties
This document summarizes characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae family of Gram-negative bacteria. Key points include:
- They are facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose with acid and gas production. They are cytochrome oxidase negative and reduce nitrate to nitrite.
- Gram staining distinguishes thin cell walls of Gram-negative from thick walls of Gram-positive bacteria.
- Common genera include Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella, and Proteus.
- They are found in intestines and cause infections like UTIs, pneumonia, wound/blood infections. Diagnostic tests include TSI, MAC, EMB, and
Biochemical Identification of bacteria 2023 sk.ppt
This document discusses various methods for identifying bacteria, including colony morphology, gram staining, biochemical tests, and newer automated identification methods. It focuses on biochemical tests such as catalase, coagulase, oxidase, indole, urease, triple sugar iron agar, citrate utilization, and API strips. These tests examine bacterial properties like enzyme production, carbohydrate fermentation, metabolism, and inhibitor susceptibility to characterize bacteria and differentiate between species. Newer methods including MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and genomic sequencing are also mentioned for bacterial identification.
PHYSIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS-2012.ppt
This document discusses various methods for laboratory diagnosis and cultivation of bacteria, as well as identification. It describes microscopic examination, culture methods, and tests to determine sensitivity to antibiotics. Various culture techniques are outlined, including streak, lawn, stab and liquid cultures. Identification involves examining morphology, staining reactions, motility, metabolism, biochemical reactions, antigenic analysis and pathogenicity. Bacterial metabolism and the basic requirements for culture media are also summarized. Finally, different sterilization methods like autoclaving, boiling and dry heat are compared.
14- Coliforms final 2016(1).ppt
This document provides information on Enterobacteriaceae and two common genera - Escherichia coli and Klebsiella. It describes their general characteristics, morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical reactions and diseases caused. For E. coli, urinary tract infection is a common disease. Identification involves examining colony morphology on MacConkey agar and performing biochemical tests like IMVC. Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause pneumonia and is identified by its mucoid pink colonies and IMVC results of --++.
C.haemolyticum
Bacillary haemoglobinuria -An acute, infectious, toxic disease that primarily affects young cattle on pasture
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by several viruses. The document discusses hepatitis A, B, and C. It provides details on the viruses' morphology, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention methods. Hepatitis A is transmitted through the fecal-oral route or contaminated food/water. Hepatitis B and C are primarily transmitted parenterally through blood or sexual contact. Vaccines exist to prevent hepatitis A and B, while hepatitis C has no vaccine and often leads to chronic liver disease.
Leprosy, its pathogenesis and microbiology
This slide mainly concerned with the Microbiology and Pathological aspect of Leprosy and its descriptive analysis....hopefully helpful for purpose of examinations and learning purposes
CONTENTS TO BE COVERED ARE AS FOLLOWS :
CAUSITIVE ORGANISM
CULTIVATION
TECHNIQUES OF DEMONSTRATION
INCIDENCES
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
IMMUNOLOGY OF LEPROSY
RIDLEY and JOPLING’s CLASSIFICATION
REACTIONAL LEPROSY
LEPROMIN TEST
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
TREATMENT AND DOSAGE
...................................................................................................
REFRENCES
HARSH MOHAN TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY- 6TH EDITION
ROBBIN’S AND CONTRAN PATHOLOGIC BASES OF DISEASE- 9TH EDITION
DR.CP BAVEJA MICROBIOLOGY FOR DENTAL STUDENTS – 6TH EDITION
PRESCOTT’S PRINCIPLE OF MICROBIOLOGY
SOME RELATED IMAGES FROM GOOGLE IMAGES
...............................................................................................
THANK YOU
staphylococcus streptococcus revision notes microbiology
This document discusses various characteristics of gram positive cocci including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Micrococcus. Key details provided include their morphology, biochemical properties identified by Hugh-Leifson's oxidative-fermentative test, and selective growth media. Specific information is given about Staphylococcus including characteristics, virulence factors like coagulase and enterotoxins, and infections caused like toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning. Mechanisms of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus including beta-lactamase production and altered penicillin-binding proteins are summarized.
Urinary tract infections
This document provides information on urinary tract infections (UTIs), including their definition, anatomical structures involved, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, specimen collection and transport, laboratory diagnosis and interpretation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, treatment, and references. UTIs are caused by microbial invasion of the genitourinary tract and are extremely common. Proper collection and testing of urine specimens is required for accurate laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of results to determine treatment.
Hiv
This document summarizes retroviruses including HIV and HTLV. It discusses (1) the types of retroviruses including HIV which causes AIDS, (2) the morphology and structure of HIV, (3) HIV genes and antigens, (4) HIV pathogenesis including transmission and replication, (5) disease progression and stages of HIV infection, (6) epidemiology of HIV in India, (7) immune response to HIV, (8) laboratory diagnosis of HIV, and (9) treatment strategies for HIV.
Sore Throat. ppt
Sore throat is characterized by redness and swelling of the mucosa and throat and enlarged lymph nodes. It can be caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pyogenes or viruses like Epstein-Barr. Symptoms include pain on swallowing, fever, and congested tonsils. Laboratory diagnosis involves collecting a throat swab for microscopy, culture, and antibiotic sensitivity testing to identify the causative organism. While most sore throats are viral and will resolve on their own, bacterial infections like Strep require antibiotic treatment to prevent complications. COVID-19 can also cause sore throat but usually with additional symptoms like fever, loss of taste/smell, and breathing difficulties.
Corynebacterium (1)
The document discusses two genera of bacteria: Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium. [1] Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria and is diagnosed through culture and toxin testing. [2] Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and is an acid-fast bacterium diagnosed through acid-fast staining, culture, and biochemical tests like niacin production and catalase activity. [3] Treatment for both involves antibiotics while prevention involves vaccines.
Corynebacterium (1)
The document discusses two genera of bacteria: Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium. [1] Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria and is diagnosed through culture and toxin testing. [2] Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and is an acid-fast bacterium diagnosed through acid-fast staining, culture, and biochemical tests like niacin production and catalase activity. [3] Treatment for both involves antibiotics while prevention involves vaccines.
Similar to Corynebacterium diptheriae (20)
Clostridium .pptx gram-positive bacilli , clostridium tetani, clostridium pri...
Clostridium .pptx gram-positive bacilli , clostridium tetani, clostridium pri...
Biochemical Identification of bacteria 2023 sk.ppt
Biochemical Identification of bacteria 2023 sk.ppt
staphylococcus streptococcus revision notes microbiology
staphylococcus streptococcus revision notes microbiology
More from AMIT KUMAR
Fever of unknown origin
This document discusses fever of unknown origin (FUO). It defines FUO and provides a new classification system put forth by Durack and Street. The classification system includes classic FUO, nosocomial FUO, neutropenic FUO, and FUO associated with HIV infection. Several case studies are presented and various potential causes of FUO are listed, including infections, neoplasms, non-infectious inflammatory diseases, and miscellaneous causes. Laboratory diagnosis of FUO involves specimen collection guided by clinical history and examination, followed by microscopy, culture, serology, molecular tests, and other analyses to identify potential pathogens or underlying conditions.
Hand hyagine and needle stick injury
This document discusses needlestick injuries (NSIs) among healthcare workers, including causes, risks, prevention, and management. It notes that NSIs can transmit bloodborne diseases like HIV, HCV, and HBV. The most common sharp objects involved in injuries are hollow bore needles, and activities like suturing and passing sharp instruments are high risk. Risk of infection depends on factors like viral load and timely first aid. Prevention emphasizes standard precautions, immunizations, safe disposal and no recapping of needles. Post-exposure management involves first aid, testing, possible prophylaxis, follow up testing, and counseling. Proper hand hygiene is also critical to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
Skin and soft tissue infections
This document discusses various types of skin and soft tissue infections, including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. It covers primary infections like impetigo caused by streptococci or staphylococci and secondary infections like cellulitis. Deeper infections involving fascia and muscles are also outlined, such as necrotizing fasciitis caused by streptococci or clostridia. The diagnostic process involves specimen collection, microscopy, and bacterial culture and identification. Proper treatment depends on the identified pathogen and may involve antibiotics, surgery, or both.
Intestinal nematodes
This document summarizes intestinal nematodes (roundworms). It describes their classification, morphology, life cycles, and pathogenic effects. Key points include:
1. Intestinal nematodes are classified based on where they lay eggs or larvae. Major genera discussed are Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius, Strongyloides, and Ancylostoma/Necator.
2. The life cycles of these nematodes involve eggs and larvae, with some having direct or indirect life cycles between human and/or insect hosts.
3. Clinical effects range from asymptomatic infection to malnutrition, anemia, intestinal obstruction, and hyperinfection syndromes depending on worm burden and specific nematode.
Trematodes
This document summarizes key information about trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, lifecycles, pathogenic species and the diseases they cause. Trematodes have oral and ventral suckers, and are hermaphroditic except for schistosomes. Their complex lifecycles involve snail and fish/crab intermediate hosts. Major pathogenic genera include Schistosoma, Fasciola, Clonorchis and Paragonimus. Schistosomiasis causes urogenital and hepatosplenic disease. Fascioliasis results in liver damage. Clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis can lead to cholangiocarcinoma and pulmonary complications respectively
Picornaviruses
Picornaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses with positive-sense RNA genomes. They include important human pathogens like poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and rhinoviruses. Poliovirus can cause paralytic poliomyelitis and affects the central nervous system. It is spherical and resistant to heat, formaldehyde, and ether. The polio vaccine provides herd immunity and mucosal immunity against poliovirus infection. Coxsackieviruses are grouped into two types and can cause aseptic meningitis, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and myocarditis. Rhinovir
Mycoplasma and actinomycetes
This document provides information on mycoplasma and actinomycetes. It discusses that mycoplasma are the smallest free-living microbes that lack cell walls and can cause respiratory infections like atypical pneumonia. Actinomyces are soil bacteria that can cause cervicofacial actinomycosis in humans through dental infections. Nocardia are acid-fast soil bacteria that can cause pulmonary or disseminated nocardiosis through inhalation or skin inoculation. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, staining, biochemical testing and PCR for mycoplasma and actinomycetes. Treatment involves macrolides or other antibiotics.
Rflp
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis detects variations in DNA fragment length to distinguish individuals. It involves incubating DNA with restriction endonucleases that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. Differences in the resulting fragment patterns between individuals arise from variations in restriction enzyme recognition sites. RFLP analysis can be used for genetic fingerprinting, paternity testing, and studying diversity. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) are PCR-based methods that detect polymorphisms without prior DNA sequence knowledge and are faster than RFLP analysis.
Culture media and methods
This document discusses various types of culture media used for growing bacteria. It provides details on the common constituents of culture media such as peptone, meat extract, and agar. It also describes different types of media including basal media, enriched media, differential media, and transport media. Various culture methods are outlined like streak plating, lawn culture, stab culture, and pour plating which allow isolating bacteria or assessing properties like motility.
Complement system
The complement system consists of 9 components (C1-C9) that are activated through three pathways: the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. The classical pathway is antibody-dependent and involves the activation of C1, C4, C2, C3, and C5-C9. The lectin pathway is also antibody-independent and involves mannose-binding lectin. The alternative pathway is antibody-independent and involves the direct activation of C3. Complement activation leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and causes cell lysis, and the anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a which amplify inflammation.
Mycobacteriun tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a slow-growing bacterium that causes tuberculosis. It has a waxy outer layer containing lipids like mycolic acids that make it acid-fast and resistant to drying. It can survive inside human macrophages. Diagnosis involves acid-fast staining of sputum smears under the microscope and culturing the bacteria in both solid and liquid media. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics, metabolism, cell wall structure, and laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis.
Bacteriophase
Bacteriophage infect bacteria and have either a lytic or lysogenic life cycle. They have unique morphologies depending on the bacterial host, such as T-even phage that infect E. coli having a contractile sheath. Bacteriophage are significant for epidemiological typing of bacterial strains, determining toxin production in certain bacteria, being used as genetic engineering cloning vectors, and modifying the antigenic properties of bacteria like Salmonella.
More from AMIT KUMAR (12)
Recently uploaded
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest VersionDoes Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
we have mentioned the best 10 ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups. You can check all these products and choose the best one for yourself.
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Recently uploaded (20)
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Corynebacterium diptheriae
- 1. Corynebacterium • General properties: a) Gram positive bacilli b) Non capsulated c) Non sporing d) Non motile e) Club shaped f) Diphtheria g) C.ultricans and pseudotuberculosis Dr Amit kumar amitkumarshahi90@gmail.com
- 2. Corynebacterium diptheriae • A) club shaped • B) gpb C) Chinese letter or culiform • D) Metachromatic granules • a/c polar bodies or babes ernst bodies
- 3. • Polymetaphosphate • Loeffler’s methylene blue stain : bluish purple • Granules :
- 4. History
- 5. Virulence factor • Diptheria toxin B A INHIBIT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY ADP EF2 INHIBIT TRANSLATION HELIP ENTERY: A BIND RECEPTOR ENTER INTO ENDOSOME (ENDOCYTOSIS) TRYPSIN ENZYME A B
- 7. FACTORS REGULATION TOXIN PRODUCTION • 1) PHASE CODE: beta corynephage (tox gene) • 2) iron concentration : high iron (inhibit toxin) • 3) DT repressor gene : uptake of iron
- 8. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestation • Pathogenesis exotoxin • Toxemia never bacteraemia • Toxin : respiratory and systemic manifestation (except cutaneous : bacilli) • Types of diptheria: respiratory , cutaneous , systemic •
- 10. • Respiratory diphtheria : • Tonsil and larynx (faucial) (inflammatory) necrosis of epithelial cells mucosal ulcer (pseudomembrane ) air obstruction: asphyxia (tracheostomy) bulk neck 3-4 days Extension : pseudomembrane Severe case: tonsillar swelling neck edema
- 12. Cutaneous diptheria • m/c sites : extremeties • Ulcerative with necrosis (rarely pseudomembrane) • Organism itself not by toxin • Nontoxin starins : responsible • Vaccination : not protected
- 13. Systemic diptheria • Polynephritis and myocarditis • Others: pneumonia , renal failure , encephalitis , cerebral infraction and pulmonary embolism • Neurological manifestation : toxin mediated noninflammatory demyelination • Cranial nerve involvement • Peripheral neuropathy • Ciliary paralysis • Myocarditis: arrhythamias and dialated cardiomyopathy
- 15. • 1) Specimen: throat swab , portion of pseudomembrane , skin • 2) direct microscopy : • A) gram stain: • b) Albert stain : A B
- 16. 3) CULTURE • BLOOD AGAR : SMALL CIRCULAR , WHITE , HEMOLYTIC • Loeffler’s serum slope: small , circular , glistering and white with yellow tinge
- 17. • hoyle;’s potassium tellurite agar : Black colour colony
- 18. 4) Biochemical identification • 1) Hiss’s serum sugar media: • glucose and maltose : all biotype • starch: gravis • Acid but no gas • 2) pyrazinamidase test : • Ngative : C.diptheriae , c.ultricans and c.pseudotuberculosis • 3) urease test • Negative : C.diptheriae • Positive :c.ultricans and c.pseudotuberculosis
- 19. 5) Toxin demonstration In vivo: animal inoculation Invitro :Elek’s gel precipttation
- 20. 6) Epidemiology • Source of infection : • carrier (95%) than case(5%) • Transmission : aerosol or contact (rarely) • Age : children (1-5 years)
- 21. 7) Prophylaxis DPT VACCINE : Active immunization Donot effect On cutaneous diptheria Elimination of carrier state
- 22. • Type of vaccine • Single vaccine : diptheria toxoid (alam or formal precipitad vaccine) • Combined vaccine : DPT (PERTUSSIS act as adjuvant) • Type of DPT vaccine • Plain formal toxoid : formalin • Absorbed: alum (aluminium hydroxide) act as adjuvant
- 23. • Administration : • Schedule: 5 doses (6 , 10 ,14 and 2 booster doses at 16-24 months) • Site :intramuscular • Dose :0.5 ml
- 24. • Td : contain TT and adult dose of diphtheria Recommended after 7 years • Tdap: adult tetanus- diphtheria - acellular pertussis safely use for adult.devoid neurological complication • Adverse reactions: fever , local reactions Killed pertussis is encephalitogenic (dont for after 6 years) Contraindications Hypersensitivity to previous dose Neurological dissorde