Bacteriophase
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Bacteriophage infect bacteria and have either a lytic or lysogenic life cycle. They have unique morphologies depending on the bacterial host, such as T-even phage that infect E. coli having a contractile sheath. Bacteriophage are significant for epidemiological typing of bacterial strains, determining toxin production in certain bacteria, being used as genetic engineering cloning vectors, and modifying the antigenic properties of bacteria like Salmonella.
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Rhino virus notes
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
Genome of fungal pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii (Athelia rolfsii): causative age...
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This document contains 81 multiple choice questions related to viruses and viral diseases. The questions cover topics like the definition of viruses, their shapes and sizes, important discoveries in virology, and examples of specific plant, animal and human viral diseases. Some key scientists mentioned include Mayer, Jenner, Beijerinck, and Hershey & Chase. The questions are intended to test knowledge of basic virology concepts and history.
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Medical Mycology notes
Introduction to medical mycology, basic concepts about superficial and deep mycoses taxonomy , classification & general characteristics of Various medically important fungi, Names of fungi & diseases caused by them; superficial mycoses, candida, dermatophytes, opportunistic fungi, subcutaneous mycoses.
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Polio virus notes
Polio is caused by the poliovirus.
The vast majority of polio infections present no symptoms.
Polio has been eradicated in every country of the world except for Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Pregnant women are more susceptible to polio.
Around half of the people who have had polio go on to develop post-polio syndrome.
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Rhino virus notes
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Medical Mycology notes
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Polio virus notes
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The vast majority of polio infections present no symptoms.
Polio has been eradicated in every country of the world except for Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Pregnant women are more susceptible to polio.
Around half of the people who have had polio go on to develop post-polio syndrome.
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Arbo virus notes
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A n ti H I V Using Nanorobots
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Arbovirus is an informal name used to refer to any viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. The word arbovirus is an acronym (arthropod-borne virus). The word tibovirus (tick-borne virus) is sometimes used to more specifically describe viruses transmitted by ticks, a superorder within the arthropods.
Ppt for seminar
This document summarizes detection methods for tospoviruses. It discusses several methods including symptomology, transmission studies, physical properties analysis, electron microscopy, serological techniques like ELISA and dot blot, nucleic acid-based methods like hybridization and PCR. ELISA and PCR methods are widely used now for accurate diagnosis due to their sensitivity, specificity and ability to detect viruses in mixed infections. Electron microscopy can be used to observe viral particles while transmission studies provide information on host range. Together these methods help identify and characterize tospoviruses.
From sequence to phenotype: Functional genomics of the oomycete Phytophthora
Sophien Kamoun's talk at the 2002 Gordon Research Conference "Cellular and Molecular Mycology", June 16-21, Holderness School, New Hampshire, USA. https://www.grc.org/cellular-and-molecular-mycology-conference/2002/
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This document discusses the nature and properties of viruses. It defines viruses as obligate intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid genomes enclosed in protein capsids. Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes, and they require host cells to replicate as they lack their own metabolic machinery. The document outlines the virus replication cycle and explains how viruses enter cells, express their genes, replicate their genomes, and assemble new virus particles. It also discusses why viruses are important to study due to their ability to cause diseases in humans, animals and plants.
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This document provides an overview of several important plant viruses, including their classification, symptoms, disease cycle, epidemiology, and management. It discusses viruses that infect cotton (cotton leaf curl virus), banana (banana bunchy top virus), potato (potato leaf roll virus), tobacco (tobacco mosaic virus), sugarcane (sugarcane mosaic virus), and citrus (citrus tristeza virus). The document emphasizes the significant impacts these viruses can have on crop yield and quality, and outlines approaches for controlling the diseases, such as using resistant varieties, controlling insect vectors, and practicing good sanitation.
Viruses1
This document provides an overview of viruses, including their history, properties, structure, classification, and life cycle. It discusses how viruses were first discovered in the late 19th century through early 20th century through studies of diseases like tobacco mosaic disease and yellow fever. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that vary in size from 20-300nm and consist of nucleic acids surrounded by proteins. They are classified based on factors like genome type and structure. The document also examines the structure of different virus components and looks at the replication cycles of both bacterial and animal viruses. It concludes with brief discussions of viroids and prions.
Valentina benitez bedoya, retrovirus
This document discusses two research articles about retroviruses and HIV. The first article describes a discovery about HIV's capsid, which regulates nucleotide entry and does not get cleared by the immune system as previously thought. Scientists are developing drugs to block the capsid pores, which could lead to more effective HIV treatment. The second article finds that HIV-related retroviruses date back 60 million years based on remnants found in a lemur genome. Understanding the evolution of these ancient viruses may provide insights to improve HIV treatment. The document concludes that both studies advance knowledge of how HIV works and evades detection to help develop new treatment approaches.
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1. Intestinal nematodes are classified based on where they lay eggs or larvae. Major genera discussed are Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius, Strongyloides, and Ancylostoma/Necator.
2. The life cycles of these nematodes involve eggs and larvae, with some having direct or indirect life cycles between human and/or insect hosts.
3. Clinical effects range from asymptomatic infection to malnutrition, anemia, intestinal obstruction, and hyperinfection syndromes depending on worm burden and specific nematode.
Trematodes
This document summarizes key information about trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, lifecycles, pathogenic species and the diseases they cause. Trematodes have oral and ventral suckers, and are hermaphroditic except for schistosomes. Their complex lifecycles involve snail and fish/crab intermediate hosts. Major pathogenic genera include Schistosoma, Fasciola, Clonorchis and Paragonimus. Schistosomiasis causes urogenital and hepatosplenic disease. Fascioliasis results in liver damage. Clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis can lead to cholangiocarcinoma and pulmonary complications respectively
Hiv
This document summarizes retroviruses including HIV and HTLV. It discusses (1) the types of retroviruses including HIV which causes AIDS, (2) the morphology and structure of HIV, (3) HIV genes and antigens, (4) HIV pathogenesis including transmission and replication, (5) disease progression and stages of HIV infection, (6) epidemiology of HIV in India, (7) immune response to HIV, (8) laboratory diagnosis of HIV, and (9) treatment strategies for HIV.
Picornaviruses
Picornaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses with positive-sense RNA genomes. They include important human pathogens like poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and rhinoviruses. Poliovirus can cause paralytic poliomyelitis and affects the central nervous system. It is spherical and resistant to heat, formaldehyde, and ether. The polio vaccine provides herd immunity and mucosal immunity against poliovirus infection. Coxsackieviruses are grouped into two types and can cause aseptic meningitis, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and myocarditis. Rhinovir
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by several viruses. The document discusses hepatitis A, B, and C. It provides details on the viruses' morphology, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention methods. Hepatitis A is transmitted through the fecal-oral route or contaminated food/water. Hepatitis B and C are primarily transmitted parenterally through blood or sexual contact. Vaccines exist to prevent hepatitis A and B, while hepatitis C has no vaccine and often leads to chronic liver disease.
Yersinia
Yersinia includes human pathogens Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. Y. pestis causes plague, a zoonotic disease transmitted by fleas that has caused several pandemics throughout history. Currently it remains endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, and Americas, causing thousands of cases annually. Yersiniosis is caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica through consumption of contaminated food or water, commonly presenting as self-limiting gastroenteritis. Both diseases are diagnosed through culture, biochemical tests, and serology to identify the Yersinia species. Prevention focuses on flea control for plague and food safety for yers
Mycoplasma and actinomycetes
This document provides information on mycoplasma and actinomycetes. It discusses that mycoplasma are the smallest free-living microbes that lack cell walls and can cause respiratory infections like atypical pneumonia. Actinomyces are soil bacteria that can cause cervicofacial actinomycosis in humans through dental infections. Nocardia are acid-fast soil bacteria that can cause pulmonary or disseminated nocardiosis through inhalation or skin inoculation. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, staining, biochemical testing and PCR for mycoplasma and actinomycetes. Treatment involves macrolides or other antibiotics.
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacillus that causes diphtheria. It produces a potent exotoxin that can lead to respiratory complications by causing necrosis of epithelial cells and formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat. The toxin inhibits protein synthesis and can cause systemic effects if it enters the bloodstream. Diphtheria is prevented through vaccination with diphtheria toxoid vaccines as part of the DPT series, which provides active immunity without risk of disease from vaccination.
Rflp
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis detects variations in DNA fragment length to distinguish individuals. It involves incubating DNA with restriction endonucleases that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. Differences in the resulting fragment patterns between individuals arise from variations in restriction enzyme recognition sites. RFLP analysis can be used for genetic fingerprinting, paternity testing, and studying diversity. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) are PCR-based methods that detect polymorphisms without prior DNA sequence knowledge and are faster than RFLP analysis.
Identofocation of bacteria
This document discusses methods for identifying bacteria, including conventional culture techniques and automated methods. Conventional culture techniques involve collecting samples, staining, culturing on media, and performing biochemical tests to identify colonies based on morphology, staining characteristics, and biochemical reactions. Automated methods include using blood culture systems to rapidly detect microbial growth and identify organisms using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry or systems like Vitek-2 that can identify bacteria and perform antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Culture media and methods
This document discusses various types of culture media used for growing bacteria. It provides details on the common constituents of culture media such as peptone, meat extract, and agar. It also describes different types of media including basal media, enriched media, differential media, and transport media. Various culture methods are outlined like streak plating, lawn culture, stab culture, and pour plating which allow isolating bacteria or assessing properties like motility.
Complement system
The complement system consists of 9 components (C1-C9) that are activated through three pathways: the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. The classical pathway is antibody-dependent and involves the activation of C1, C4, C2, C3, and C5-C9. The lectin pathway is also antibody-independent and involves mannose-binding lectin. The alternative pathway is antibody-independent and involves the direct activation of C3. Complement activation leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and causes cell lysis, and the anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a which amplify inflammation.
Mycobacteriun tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a slow-growing bacterium that causes tuberculosis. It has a waxy outer layer containing lipids like mycolic acids that make it acid-fast and resistant to drying. It can survive inside human macrophages. Diagnosis involves acid-fast staining of sputum smears under the microscope and culturing the bacteria in both solid and liquid media. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics, metabolism, cell wall structure, and laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis.
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