cooling towers
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The document discusses forced draft cooling towers and their components. It describes the key parts including fans, drift eliminators, fills, nozzles, and basins. It also covers topics like packing materials, water and salt balances, windage losses, heat balances, biocides, chlorine dioxide production, and links to additional resources.
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Cooling tower
PRINCIPAL OF COOLING TOWER
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
DIFFERENT TERMS USED IN COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION
AIR PROPERTIES AND
SIZING OF COOLING TOWER HEIGHT
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FORMAT / DATASHEET
Presentation cooling tower
The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
Cooling tower
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings. The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures (as in the adjacent image) that can be up to 200 metres (660 ft) tall and 100 metres (330 ft) in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 metres (130 ft) tall and 80 metres (260 ft) long. The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants,[1] although they are also used to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants. Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.
Presentation on cooling tower
The document provides details of a cooling tower renovation project at a fertilizer plant. Key points:
- The existing cooling tower packing, drift eliminators, and nozzles needed replacement as their working life had expired after 7-10 years.
- Modifications included installing new packing, drift eliminators, dynamic Ecojet nozzles, and a vibration monitoring system.
- The project was completed on time and under budget using mostly local labor. It is expected to improve cooling tower performance and reliability.
- Lessons learned include using local labor for most tasks and marking scaffolding pipes to streamline future work. The renovation reduced circulating water temperature ranges and approach.
Cooling tower
Cooling Tower: Types and performance evaluation, Efficient system operation, Flow control strategies and energy saving opportunities, Assessment of cooling towers
Cooling towers1
There are two main types of cooling towers: natural draft and mechanical draft. Mechanical draft towers use large fans to force or suck air through circulated water and come in designs like counter flow induced draft, counter flow forced draft, and cross flow induced draft. A cooling tower consists of a frame and casing, fill material, cold water basin, drift eliminators, air inlet, nozzles, and fans. Factors like fill material, approach, flow rate, range, heat load, and wet bulb temperature affect cooling tower performance. Efficient operation involves water treatment, minimizing drift loss, optimizing fans and pumps, and evaluating opportunities for energy savings.
Cooling tower
The document is a presentation on cooling towers. It discusses the components, types, and assessment of cooling towers. There are two main types - natural draft towers that use convection and mechanical draft towers that use fans. Mechanical draft towers can be forced draft, induced draft cross flow, or induced draft counter flow. The performance of cooling towers is assessed using parameters like range, approach, and effectiveness. Higher range and lower approach indicate better performance.
cooling tower
This document discusses different types of cooling towers. It begins by explaining what a cooling tower is and its purpose. Then it describes the key factors that govern cooling tower operation. It classifies cooling towers based on air draft into atmospheric, natural draft, and mechanical draft towers. Within mechanical draft, it distinguishes between forced draft and induced draft towers, describing counterflow and crossflow designs. It provides details on the design and operation of natural draft, forced draft, induced draft counterflow, and induced draft crossflow cooling towers. Diagrams are included to illustrate a six-cell crossflow tower design and fiber-reinforced plastic fan cylinder.
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Cooling tower
PRINCIPAL OF COOLING TOWER
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
DIFFERENT TERMS USED IN COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION
AIR PROPERTIES AND
SIZING OF COOLING TOWER HEIGHT
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FORMAT / DATASHEET
Presentation cooling tower
The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
Cooling tower
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings. The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures (as in the adjacent image) that can be up to 200 metres (660 ft) tall and 100 metres (330 ft) in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 metres (130 ft) tall and 80 metres (260 ft) long. The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants,[1] although they are also used to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants. Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.
Presentation on cooling tower
The document provides details of a cooling tower renovation project at a fertilizer plant. Key points:
- The existing cooling tower packing, drift eliminators, and nozzles needed replacement as their working life had expired after 7-10 years.
- Modifications included installing new packing, drift eliminators, dynamic Ecojet nozzles, and a vibration monitoring system.
- The project was completed on time and under budget using mostly local labor. It is expected to improve cooling tower performance and reliability.
- Lessons learned include using local labor for most tasks and marking scaffolding pipes to streamline future work. The renovation reduced circulating water temperature ranges and approach.
Cooling tower
Cooling Tower: Types and performance evaluation, Efficient system operation, Flow control strategies and energy saving opportunities, Assessment of cooling towers
Cooling towers1
There are two main types of cooling towers: natural draft and mechanical draft. Mechanical draft towers use large fans to force or suck air through circulated water and come in designs like counter flow induced draft, counter flow forced draft, and cross flow induced draft. A cooling tower consists of a frame and casing, fill material, cold water basin, drift eliminators, air inlet, nozzles, and fans. Factors like fill material, approach, flow rate, range, heat load, and wet bulb temperature affect cooling tower performance. Efficient operation involves water treatment, minimizing drift loss, optimizing fans and pumps, and evaluating opportunities for energy savings.
Cooling tower
The document is a presentation on cooling towers. It discusses the components, types, and assessment of cooling towers. There are two main types - natural draft towers that use convection and mechanical draft towers that use fans. Mechanical draft towers can be forced draft, induced draft cross flow, or induced draft counter flow. The performance of cooling towers is assessed using parameters like range, approach, and effectiveness. Higher range and lower approach indicate better performance.
cooling tower
This document discusses different types of cooling towers. It begins by explaining what a cooling tower is and its purpose. Then it describes the key factors that govern cooling tower operation. It classifies cooling towers based on air draft into atmospheric, natural draft, and mechanical draft towers. Within mechanical draft, it distinguishes between forced draft and induced draft towers, describing counterflow and crossflow designs. It provides details on the design and operation of natural draft, forced draft, induced draft counterflow, and induced draft crossflow cooling towers. Diagrams are included to illustrate a six-cell crossflow tower design and fiber-reinforced plastic fan cylinder.
Cooling water system presentation
This document provides information about power plant cooling water systems. It discusses the types of cooling water systems, including once-through and recirculating systems. It describes the components of cooling water systems, such as cooling towers and how they function using evaporation to cool water. It also discusses problems that can occur in cooling water systems, such as scale formation and corrosion, and methods to control these issues. The document is written by Umar Farooq, a chemist, and provides technical details on cooling water chemistry.
Cooling Towers - Classifications and working
Cooling towers
working
classifications based on heat transfer method,flow generation and flow pattern
losses in cooling and performance parameters
Cooling towers
There are two main types of cooling towers: natural draft and mechanical draft. Natural draft towers use large chimneys to introduce air and are used for large water flows over 45,000 m3/hr in power stations. Mechanical draft towers use fans and have designs that are counter flow induced draft, counter flow forced draft, or cross flow induced draft. The basic components of a cooling tower include a frame and casing, fill to maximize air and water contact, a cold water basin, drift eliminators, an air inlet, louvers, nozzles, and fans.
Cooling towers
The document discusses cooling towers, including:
1. Types of cooling towers like natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow and counter flow towers.
2. Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance including range, approach, effectiveness and cooling capacity.
3. Energy efficiency opportunities like selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fill media to reduce pumping needs, and optimizing fans and motors.
Cooling Towers - An Extensive Approach
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Cooling Towers
well this was the presentation on cooling towers that i created for my own presentation. i thought to post it here if it could help any one. just let me know once if it helps any one
Cooling towers
This document provides an overview of cooling towers including:
- A brief history noting the development of condensers for steam engines in the 19th century leading to early cooling towers on rooftops or as free-standing structures.
- An explanation of the two main types of cooling towers - natural draft towers which rely on natural airflow and mechanical draft towers which use induced fans. Counter-flow and cross-flow arrangements within each type are also described.
- Key terminology used in cooling towers is defined, such as drift, blow-out, plume, draw-off, make-up, range, fill types, and common structural materials.
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- An explanation of the two main types of cooling towers - natural draft towers which rely on natural airflow and mechanical draft towers which use induced fans. Counter-flow and cross-flow arrangements within each type are also described.
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The document summarizes principles of cooling system dynamics and cooling tower design and operation. The main points are:
1) Cooling towers reject waste heat from industrial processes by evaporating a portion of circulating water to lower its temperature. Key factors that determine a tower's thermal performance include ambient conditions, water flow rates, and design of fill materials and distribution systems.
2) A sample "hot weather" cooling tower operation problem is presented to illustrate calculations of wet bulb temperature, evaporation rates, temperature drops, and the effects of varying water flow rates and makeup water quantities on performance.
3) Proper design and maintenance are important to maximize heat transfer between air and water in the tower and achieve the desired approach
Cooling Tower Makeup Water Estimation
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1. Placing a full glass bottle of water in the freezer would cause it to break because water expands as it freezes and the sealed bottle provides no room for expansion.
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3. If two cylinders made of materials A and B conduct heat at the same rate when subjected to the same temperature difference, and the diameter of A is twice the diameter of B, then the thermal conductivity of A is one fourth that of B.
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This document provides an overview of cooling towers. It begins with introductions and definitions, explaining that cooling towers reject heat from condenser water to the ambient air. It then discusses cooling tower fundamentals, components, performance factors like approach and effectiveness. It outlines the heat transfer process. It describes the two main types of cooling towers: natural draft and mechanical draft. Finally, it lists several parameters for assessing cooling tower performance, such as range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration.
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cooling towers
- 1. Cooling tower s Operation and water management
- 2. Forced Draft Cooling Towers
- 3. Forced Draft Cooling Towers
- 4. Forced Draft Cooling Towers
- 9. Natural Draft Cooling Towers
- 16. 1. Fan 2. Drift eliminator 3. Warm water 4. Water distribution 5. Water sprinkling nozzle 6. Fill packing 7. Air inlet 8. Water pool 9. Cooled water
- 19. Cooling Tower Mass Balances
- 20. Water and Salt Balances A water balance around the entire system is: M=E+D+W Since the evaporated water (E) has no salts, a chloride balance around the system is: M (XM) = D (XC) + W (XC) = XC (D + W) and, therefore: XC/XM = Cycles of concentration = M/(D + W) = M/(M – E) = 1 + [E ÷ (D + W)]
- 21. Windage Losses Windage losses (W), in the absence of manufacturer's data, may be assumed to be: W = 0.3 to 1.0 percent of C for a natural draft cooling tower without windage drift eliminators W = 0.1 to 0.3 percent of C for an induced draft cooling tower without windage drift eliminators W = about 0.01 percent of C (or less) if the cooling tower has windage drift eliminators
- 22. Heat Balance From a simplified heat balance around the cooling tower: E HV = C · ΔT · cp Hv = Latent heat of water evaporation = 2260 kJ/kg Δ T = Temperature difference top to bottom Cp = Specific heat of water = 4.184 kJkg-1C-1
- 23. Biocides - The Ct Concept In disinfection, the ability to inactivate microorganisms is a function of both disinfectant concentration and time. Fractional removal = Cntm This is generally simplified to Fractional removal = Ct Ct values have been determined for 99.99% virus and 99.9% Giardia removal
- 25. http://www.cti.org/downloads/legion_2000.pdf http://www.pnl.gov/fta/6_ozone.htm
- 27. Chlorine Dioxide Production ClO2 made from Sodium Chlorite: Acidification of Chlorite 5 ClO2- + 4 H+ --> 4 ClO2 + 2 H2O + Cl- Oxidation of Chlorite by Chlorine 2 NaClO2 + Cl2 --> 2 NaCl + 2 ClO2 Oxidation of Chlorite by Persulfate 2 NaClO2 + Na2S2O8 --> 2 ClO2 + 2 Na2SO4 From Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Chlorite NaOCl + 2 NaClO2 + 2 HCl --> 2 ClO2 + 3 NaCl + H2O Electrochemical oxidation of chlorite ClO2- --> ClO2 + e- Dry chlorine/chlorite (laboratory method) NaClO2 + 1/2 Cl2 --> ClO2 + NaCl (solid)