A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings. The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures (as in the adjacent image) that can be up to 200 metres (660 ft) tall and 100 metres (330 ft) in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 metres (130 ft) tall and 80 metres (260 ft) long. The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants,[1] although they are also used to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants. Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.
PRINCIPAL OF COOLING TOWER
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
DIFFERENT TERMS USED IN COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION
AIR PROPERTIES AND
SIZING OF COOLING TOWER HEIGHT
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FORMAT / DATASHEET
PRINCIPAL OF COOLING TOWER
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
DIFFERENT TERMS USED IN COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION
AIR PROPERTIES AND
SIZING OF COOLING TOWER HEIGHT
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FORMAT / DATASHEET
To design any air-conditioning unit, estimation of heating or cooling load is very important. It helps us in design different devices most importantly the humidifier (in case of winter) or de-humidifier (in case of summer).
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
well this was the presentation on cooling towers that i created for my own presentation. i thought to post it here if it could help any one. just let me know once if it helps any one
Your complete guide to cooling tower inspections so that you may have a deeper understanding of why inspections are so important. This step by step guide will reveal the process of what happens when a cooling tower inspection is completed, and what to expect afterwards.
To design any air-conditioning unit, estimation of heating or cooling load is very important. It helps us in design different devices most importantly the humidifier (in case of winter) or de-humidifier (in case of summer).
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
well this was the presentation on cooling towers that i created for my own presentation. i thought to post it here if it could help any one. just let me know once if it helps any one
Your complete guide to cooling tower inspections so that you may have a deeper understanding of why inspections are so important. This step by step guide will reveal the process of what happens when a cooling tower inspection is completed, and what to expect afterwards.
This PowerPoint contains information about a water system that can be used to recycle grey water; it also explains the terms as like Water Supply, Sanitation, Water Hygiene and Waste Management...
Grey water treatment is removal of unwanted suspended material from the greywater collected and disinfecting the same to make it useful for toilet flushing or irrigation or discharging to sewer lines according to the local laws applicable.
أساسيات ومبدأ عمل أبراج التبريد
Fundamentals of Cooling Tower, Types, Applications, Performance, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation & Service Maintenance
Cooling Tower: Types and performance evaluation, Efficient system operation, Flow control strategies and energy saving opportunities, Assessment of cooling towers
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground
Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down
The grouted nails increases shear strength of overall soil mass.
A chilled beam is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room. Heating works in much the same fashion, similar to a steam radiator. There are two types of chilled beams. Some passive types rely solely on convection whilst there is a "Radiant"/convective passive type which cools through a combination of radiant exchange (40%) and convection (60%) which can provide higher thermal comfort levels, while the active type (also called an "induction diffuser") uses ducts to push ("induce") air toward the unit (increasing its heating and cooling capacity).
The chilled beam is distinguishable from the chilled ceiling. The chilled ceiling uses water flowing through pipes like a chilled beam does; however, the pipes in a chilled ceiling lie behind metal ceiling plates, and the heated and cooled plates are the cause of convection and not the pipe unit itself. Chilled beams are about 85 percent more effective at convection than chilled ceilings.
Earned value management is a project management technique for measuring project performance and progress. It has the ability to combine measurements of the project management triangle:
Scope
Schedule, and
Costs
In a single integrated system, Earned Value Management is able to provide accurate forecasts of project performance problems, which is an important contribution for project management.
Early EVM research showed that the areas of planning and control are significantly impacted by its use; and similarly, using the methodology improves both scope definition as well as the analysis of overall project performance. More recent research studies have shown that the principles of EVM are positive predictors of project success.[1] Popularity of EVM has grown in recent years beyond government contracting, in which sector its importance continues to rise[2] (e.g., recent new DFARS rules[3]), in part because EVM can also surface in and help substantiate contract disputes.[4]
Essential features of any EVM implementation include
a project plan that identifies work to be accomplished,
a valuation of planned work, called Planned Value (PV) or Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS), and
pre-defined “earning rules” (also called metrics) to quantify the accomplishment of work, called Earned Value (EV) or Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP).
EVM implementations for large or complex projects include many more features, such as indicators and forecasts of cost performance (over budget or under budget) and schedule performance (behind schedule or ahead of schedule). However, the most basic requirement of an EVM system is that it quantifies progress using PV and EV
“When it pours, it’s porous.”
Porous asphalt pavements offer developers and planners a new tool in their toolbox for managing storm water. These pavements, used mostly for parking lots, allow water to drain through the pavement surface into a stone recharge bed and infiltrate into the soils below the pavement. Such pavements have been proving their worth since the mid-1970s, and recent changes in storm water regulations have prompted many consulting engineers and public works officials to seek information about them
TRANSPARENT CONCRETE is a concrete based building material with light-transmissive properties due to embedded light optical elements — usually optical fibers. Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the other. Therefore the fibers have to go through the whole object. This results into a certain light pattern on the other surface, depending on the fiber structure. Shadows cast onto one side appear as silhouettes through the material.
Piezoelectric Transducer for Assessing And Monitoring Civil InfrastructuresAshif AR
Piezoelectric materials being used for the structural health monitoring of structures, is a fast developing field and has vital applications in bridge structures, nuclear plants etc..
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• COOLING TOWER SYSTEM
• ASSESSMENT OF COOLING TOWER
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
2
3. INTRODUCTION
• Semi-enclosed device for evaporative cooling of water by contact with air
• Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large
hyperboloid structures
3
4. Classification by use
By use
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
• Industrial cooling towers
By build
• Package type
• Field erected type
4
6. COOLING TOWER - BASICS
• Wooden, steel or concrete structure
and corrugated surfaces or baffles
or perforated
• Trays are provided inside the tower for
uniform distribution and better atomization
of water in the tower.
• The hot water coming out from the condenser is fed to the tower on the top
and allowed to tickle in form of thin drops.
• The air flows from bottom of the tower or perpendicular to the direction of
water flow and then exhausts to the atmosphere after effective cooling.
• To prevent the escape of water particles with air, draft eliminators are
provided at the top of the tower.
6
7. COOLING TOWER SYSTEM
• The water pumped from the tower basin is the
cooling water routed through the process coolers
and condensers in an industrial facility.
• The cool water absorbs heat from the hot process
streams which need to be cooled or condensed
and the absorbed heat warms the circulating
water (C).
• The warm water returns to the top of the cooling
tower and trickles downward over the fill material
inside the tower.
• It comes in contact with ambient air rising up
through the tower either by natural draft or by
forced draft using large fans in the tower.
Where,
C = Circulating cooling water
E = Evaporated water
W = Windage or Drift loss
M = Make-up water
D = Draw-off or Blow down water
7
8. COOLING TOWER SYSTEM…....
• Contact causes a small amount of the water to be lost as
wind age (W) and some of the water (E) to evaporate.
• The heat required to evaporate the water is derived from
the water itself, which cools the water back to the original
basin water temperature and the water is then ready to
recirculate.
• The evaporated water leaves its dissolved salts behind in
the bulk of the water which has not been evaporated, thus
raising the salt concentration in the circulating cooling
water.
• To prevent the salt concentration of the water from
becoming too high, a portion of the water is drawn off (D)
for disposal.
• Fresh make-up water (M) is supplied to the tower basin to
compensate for the loss of evaporated water, the wind age
loss water and the draw-off water.
Where,
C = Circulating cooling water
E = Evaporated water
W = Windage or Drift loss
M = Make-up water
D = Draw-off or Blow down water
8
9. ASSESSMENT OF COOLING TOWER
RANGE
• This is the difference between the cooling tower water
inlet and outlet temperature.
• A high CT Range means that the cooling tower has been
able to reduce the water temperature effectively, and is
thus performing well
APPROACH
• This is the difference between the cooling tower outlet
cold water temperature and ambient wet bulb
temperature. Although, both range and approach should
be monitored, the `Approach’ is a better indicator of
cooling tower performance.
EFFECTIVENESS
• This is the ratio between the range and the ideal range (in
percentage), i.e. difference between cooling water inlet
temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature, or in
other words it is
= Range / (Range + Approach).
Range and Approach of cooling tower
9
10. Structural stability
• Being very large structures, cooling towers are susceptible to wind damage, and several
spectacular failures have occurred in the past.
• At Ferry bridge power station on 1 November 1965, the station was the site of a major
structural failure, when three of the cooling towers collapsed owing to vibrations in 85 mph
(137 km/h) winds.
• Although the structures had been built to withstand higher wind speeds, the shape of the
cooling towers caused westerly winds to be funnelled into the towers themselves, creating
a vortex.
• Three out of the original eight cooling towers were destroyed, and the remaining five were
severely damaged.
• The towers were later rebuilt and all eight cooling towers were strengthened to tolerate
adverse weather conditions.
• Building codes were changed to include improved structural support, and wind tunnel tests
were introduced to check tower structures and configuration. 10
11. CONCLUSION
• The design of cooling tower is closely related to tower Characteristic and
different types of losses generated in cooling tower.
• Even though losses are generated in the cooling tower, the cooling is
achieved due to heat transfer between air and water.
• In ideal condition, the heat loss by water must be equal to heat gain by air.
• But in actual practice it is not possible because of some type of losses.
• Cooling tower performance increases with increase in air flow rate and
characteristic decreases with increase in water to air mass ratio.
11
12. REFERENCES
1. Kai Wang, Feng - zhong Sun, Yuan-bin Zhao, Ming Gao, Lei Ruan,
Experimental research of the guiding channels effect on the thermal
performance of wet cooling towers subjected to crosswinds – Air guiding
effect on cooling tower, Applied Thermal Engineering 30 (2010) 533–538.
2. Z. Zhai, S. Fu, Improving cooling efficiency of drycooling towers under
cross-wind conditions by using wind-break methods, Applied Thermal
Engineering 26 (2006) 1008–1017.
3. Jameel - Ur - Rehman Khan, Bilal Ahmed Qureshi, Saiyed M. Zubair, A
comprehensive design and performance evaluation study of counter flow
wet cooling towers, Internal Journal of Refrigeration 27 (2004) 914-923.
4. Wikipedia(Images)
12