Cooling towers use significant amounts of water for processes like air conditioning and refrigeration. They are one of the largest water users in places like hospitals, hotels, and office buildings. Cooling towers work by evaporating a small portion of water to lower the temperature of the remaining water in an efficient closed-loop system. There are two main types of cooling tower designs, and water is lost primarily through evaporation, bleed-off of concentrated water, and minor drift. Increasing the concentration ratio by reducing bleed-off through improved monitoring, treatment, and alternative water sources can significantly conserve water use.
This slide is about some new green cooling system (refrigeration system) and green refrigerant. For the Ozone layer depletion and green house effect, it is high time to find new refrigerant and refrigeration system.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
Selection and Design of Condensers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CHOICE OF COOLANT
5 LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Distillation Column Condensers
5.2 Other Process Condensers
6 CONTROL
6.1 Distillation Columns
6.2 Water Cooled Condensers
6.3 Refrigerant Condensers
7 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
7.1 Heat Transfer Resistances
7.2 Pressure Drop
7.3 Handling of Inerts
7.4 Vapor Inlet Design
7.5 Drainage of Condensate
8 SUMMARY OF TYPES AVAILABLE
8.1 Direct Contact Condensers
8.2 Shell and Tube Exchangers
8.3 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
8.4 Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers
8.5 Internal Condensers
8.6 Plate Heat Exchangers
8.7 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers
8.8 Other Compact Designs
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 DIRECT CONTACT CONDENSER WITH INDIRECT COOLER FOR RECYCLED CONDENSATE
2 SPRAY CONDENSER
3 TRAY TYPE CONDENSER
4 THREE PASS TUBE SIDE CONDENSER WITH INTERPASS LUTING FOR CONDENSATE DRAINAGE
5 CROSS FLOW CONDENSER WITH SINGLE PASS COOLANT
Steam distribution system, utilization and designAzmir Latif Beg
n any steam plant or any process plant effectiveness of steam distribution system is dependent upon the project specific conditions like location and layout of the process plant and its steam consuming equipment like heat exchangers, decorators etc. Steam distribution circuit is one of the major link between the steam production point and the point of end use i.e. process plant. Primary steam generating source are co-generation plant and Steam generators. However it not the source of steam generation but the effective and efficient steam distribution system that decides right quality (pressure and temperature) and quantity of steam to reach to the process through it. Thus designing of steam distribution is to be given due importance along with installation and subsequently maintenance during operation.
This slide is about some new green cooling system (refrigeration system) and green refrigerant. For the Ozone layer depletion and green house effect, it is high time to find new refrigerant and refrigeration system.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
Selection and Design of Condensers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CHOICE OF COOLANT
5 LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Distillation Column Condensers
5.2 Other Process Condensers
6 CONTROL
6.1 Distillation Columns
6.2 Water Cooled Condensers
6.3 Refrigerant Condensers
7 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
7.1 Heat Transfer Resistances
7.2 Pressure Drop
7.3 Handling of Inerts
7.4 Vapor Inlet Design
7.5 Drainage of Condensate
8 SUMMARY OF TYPES AVAILABLE
8.1 Direct Contact Condensers
8.2 Shell and Tube Exchangers
8.3 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
8.4 Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers
8.5 Internal Condensers
8.6 Plate Heat Exchangers
8.7 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers
8.8 Other Compact Designs
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 DIRECT CONTACT CONDENSER WITH INDIRECT COOLER FOR RECYCLED CONDENSATE
2 SPRAY CONDENSER
3 TRAY TYPE CONDENSER
4 THREE PASS TUBE SIDE CONDENSER WITH INTERPASS LUTING FOR CONDENSATE DRAINAGE
5 CROSS FLOW CONDENSER WITH SINGLE PASS COOLANT
Steam distribution system, utilization and designAzmir Latif Beg
n any steam plant or any process plant effectiveness of steam distribution system is dependent upon the project specific conditions like location and layout of the process plant and its steam consuming equipment like heat exchangers, decorators etc. Steam distribution circuit is one of the major link between the steam production point and the point of end use i.e. process plant. Primary steam generating source are co-generation plant and Steam generators. However it not the source of steam generation but the effective and efficient steam distribution system that decides right quality (pressure and temperature) and quantity of steam to reach to the process through it. Thus designing of steam distribution is to be given due importance along with installation and subsequently maintenance during operation.
Cooling Tower: Types and performance evaluation, Efficient system operation, Flow control strategies and energy saving opportunities, Assessment of cooling towers
PRINCIPAL OF COOLING TOWER
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
DIFFERENT TERMS USED IN COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION
AIR PROPERTIES AND
SIZING OF COOLING TOWER HEIGHT
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FORMAT / DATASHEET
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
Fouling, in technical language, it is the general term of unwanted material which is accumulating on surfaces, such as inside pipes, machines or heat exchanger.
NEW FRONTIERS SEMINAR: Closing The Loop: Conserving Resources Through Sustain...NEW FRONTIERS
The presentations given at NEW FRONTIERS launch seminar titled 'Closing The Loop', curated by Dr. Mike Pitts of Chemistry Innovation, featuring presentations by Dr. Pitts, Ian Holmes of Environmental Sustainability KTN and Roger Morton of Axion Recycling. The seminar was sponsored by the Royal Society of Chemistry and held at the University of Manchester on 7th July 2010.
Cooling Tower: Types and performance evaluation, Efficient system operation, Flow control strategies and energy saving opportunities, Assessment of cooling towers
PRINCIPAL OF COOLING TOWER
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
DIFFERENT TERMS USED IN COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION
AIR PROPERTIES AND
SIZING OF COOLING TOWER HEIGHT
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FORMAT / DATASHEET
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
Fouling, in technical language, it is the general term of unwanted material which is accumulating on surfaces, such as inside pipes, machines or heat exchanger.
NEW FRONTIERS SEMINAR: Closing The Loop: Conserving Resources Through Sustain...NEW FRONTIERS
The presentations given at NEW FRONTIERS launch seminar titled 'Closing The Loop', curated by Dr. Mike Pitts of Chemistry Innovation, featuring presentations by Dr. Pitts, Ian Holmes of Environmental Sustainability KTN and Roger Morton of Axion Recycling. The seminar was sponsored by the Royal Society of Chemistry and held at the University of Manchester on 7th July 2010.
The file contains all details of the Feedwater used and the treatment applied on it before using in the Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Energy efficiency in Refrigeration Systemseecfncci
HVAC and refrigeration systems consume a lot of electricity in Nepalese Industries. Therefore, improving the efficiency of these systems can lead to huge cost savings. This presentation was held in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ/NEEP Programme.
Cooling Towers in Process Industries are part of Utilities design. As the name suggests their primary purpose is to provide cooling requirements to industrial hot water from unit operations & unit processes. Examples include chillers and air conditioners. The principle of operation is to circulate hot water through a tower and allow heat dissipation to the ambient. Cooling towers can operate by natural draft or forced draft methods wherein fans are used to increase heat transfer.
Thermal Power Plant Boiler Efficiency ImprovementAnkur Gaikwad
Boiler is one of the central equipment used in power generation & chemical process industries. Consequently, improving boiler efficiency is instrumental in bringing down costs substantially with a few simple measures. Some of these measures are discussed in this presentation
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Water Conservation - Cooling Tower Management Overview
1. Cooling Tower Workshop Water Efficiency for Cooling Towers Brent M. White “ Going Green Can Keep You Out of then Red” June 7, 2007 Hyatt Regency Tampa
26. Thank You! Any Questions? For more info: [email_address]
Editor's Notes
Introduce Self
Cooling Towers Use Significant amounts of water depending on their applications. (as much as 60% of a facilities total water use) Used as refrigeration systems such as at the St. Pete Times Forum to produce ice for skating Used in Air Conditioning source in large facilities Also used in process cooling as in circuit board manufacturing.
Cooling Towers use 95 percent less water than a single-pass cooling systems that discards water after a single use. Towers are one of the largest users in hospitals, hotels, industrial plants, office buildings and schools.
Cooling towers use evaporation to lower the temperature of incoming water and delivers it to part of a buildings operation, a specific piece of equipment or a specific process. This practice is most efficient when the maximum about of water surface area is exposed to the maximum flow of air.
Basically, there are two types of tower designs depending on the direction of air flow in relation to the direction the incoming water falls. Counterflow: Air moves vertically upwards towards the fall of water. Crossflow: Air moves perpendicularly across the fall of water.
Each type of tower has advantages and disadvantages to its design. These should be considered when choosing what type of tower to use in its operations.
Basic design specifics will determine which type of tower to use in a facility. Crossflow: When pump head, piping and operating costs needs to be minimized and ease of maintenance is a concern. Counterflow: When footprint, icing and increased pumping to mitigate pressure changes (like in a multi-story building using booster pumps) are of concern.
Minimizing water loss is possible by understanding the basic operating principles of cooling towers. Water is lost three ways: Evaporation, Bleed off Drift caused by wind
Evaporation in a cooling tower is caused when air comes in contact with the falling water releasing the latent heat in the form of water vapor. The amount of evaporation depends on the: - length of time the cooling water is in contact with the air; - the beginning temperature of the air and water; and the surrounding wind and humidity. This occurs at about the rate of 1 percent for every 10 degrees of temperature drop.
A tower will evaporate a total of 1 to 3 percent of the total volume of the circulating water. This works out to about 2.4 gallons per minute for every 100 tons of cooling. For a 1,000 ton tower this can work out to be as much as 34,500 gallons per day.
Bleed off, or blowdown is triggered by dissolved and/or suspended solids left in the cooling tower after evaporation reaching a pre-determined limit. These materials are left concentrated in the basin, or recirculating water inside the tower. High concentrations can cause scale buildup, corrosion or biofouling. This is measures in conductivity (microsiemans) or Total Dissolved Solids (ppm TDS)
Bleed off, or blowdown involves releasing a small amount of the basin water which contains a high concentration of TDS through a bleed off valve into the sanitary sewer. This is usually controlled in an automated process by a conductivity meter. A “batch method” releases a constant fixed amount of basin water to reduce TDS. This is the primary area for saving water.
Drift occurs when water drops are carried off by airflow during the initial stage when air and water meet inside the tower. Rates of drift are low, usually ranging between 0.05 and 0.2 percent of the airflow rate. Drift really isn’t critical to the efficiency of the cooling tower thus isn’t controlled. Other types of losses include valve leaks and drawdown.
As mentioned, efficiency of tower operations is related to blowdown, which is determined by the water quality inside the tower. Determines how much water is blowndown and how much is used to makeup that lost water. This can be defined by the concentration ration of makeup tower water conductivity vs basin tower water conductivity
To control these rates of bleed-off and make-up water use, you must apply the right amounts of treatment chemicals and involving other treatment methods as needed. Monitoring levels of 4 contaminants is needed: -Scale -Corrosion -Biological fouling -Foreign matter
Explain cooling tower schematic including bleed-off, drift, evaporation, make-up and the concentration ratio
To determine the concentration ratio for sub metered towers (metered at makeup and blowdown valves): Divide makeup water volume by blowdown water volume. This gives you a concentration ratio, otherwise known as cycles of concentration or how many cooling cycles a tower will use water before discharging it to the wastewater stream.
To determine this on an unmetered tower, divide the conductivity of the basin water by the conductivity of the makeup water. It’s a good idea to submeter all towers for accurate measurement of water use. Some utilities will even offer wastewater credits for water lost to evaporation, or water going through the main domestic supply meter, but not being introduced to the wastewater stream.
To calculate evaporation: again, for every 100 tons of cooling, multiply by 2.4 gpm. Extend that out to 24 hrs for a per day figure. To calculate bleed-off volume, divide the evaporation figure by the concentration ration minus 1. To calculate the makeup volume, add the evaporation volume to the bleed off volume.
Explain how the chart works in determining how much water can be saved. I.e.: Going from 2 cycles of concentration to 4 will save 33% of the water used. Technologies now exist that enable a tower to be ran at 90+ cycles without scaling or damage to the tower.
This graph shows the relationship between cycles of concentration and the volume of water used by the cooling tower.
To manually calculate the volume of water saved by changing the concentration ratio, use the following equation.
In summary, reducing bleed-off is the primary opportunity to saving water in a cooling tower. This can be done 3 ways: Improving system monitoring Upgrading cooling water treatment Using alternative sources of makeup water. Measures to do so include: Installing submeters to monitor water use Increasing cycles of concentration Operating bleed-off continuously Installing conductivity controls Make efficiency a priority with service providers.
Secondary measures include: Ozonation – reduces chemical use Sulfuric/Ascorbic Acid – may require a corrosion inhibitor. Calcium sulfate is more soluble than calcium carbonate Sidestream filtration – using filters to lower make-up water conductivity Installing tower covers – blocks sunlight and slows down biological growth inside the tower.
Other efficiency measures include: Using recycling and reuse from other sources that may have a better makeup conductivity level Magnets and electrostatic field generators that are reported to remove scale Install a water softener to the make-up feed to reduce conductivity level. (Better for smaller towers)
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