This document provides information on various contraceptive methods. It discusses hormonal methods like oral contraceptives (birth control pills), injections (Depo-Provera), implants (Norplant), and the vaginal ring. It also covers barrier methods, including condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, and cervical caps. Surgical sterilization options for both females (tubal ligation) and males (vasectomy) are described. The document concludes with behavioral methods like withdrawal and fertility awareness/natural family planning. Considerations for choosing a method include effectiveness, cost, safety, comfort/ease of use, and future fertility.
Threatened abortion by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Threatened abortion is associated with bleeding and/or uterine cramping while the cervix is closed. This stage of abortion may progress to spontaneous incomplete or complete abortion. While this event may be considered a part of the quality control process in human reproduction, it is important to know the possible etiologies and when therapy might prevent pregnancy loss. The World Health Organization estimated that 15% of all clinically recognizable pregnancies and in spontaneous abortion, 50-60% of which are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Apart from the fetal factors, several maternal and probably paternal factors contribute to the causes of spontaneous abortion. The maternal factors that may be responsible for abortion include both local and systemic conditions such as infections, maternal disease states, genital tract abnormalities, endocrine factors and other miscellaneous causes (antiphospholipid antibodies, maternal-fetal histocompatibility, excessive smoking and other environmental toxicants, etc.). This review focuses on the management of threatened abortion, but it should be emphasized that the management to maintain pregnancy is reasonable only in those cases, in which the fetus is not seriously affected. It would not be beneficial to provide treatment that would permit chromosomally and anatomically abnormal embryos to survive to term. Treatment is feasible first of all in cases with maternal factors. Surgical procedures may precede pregnancy (correction of septate uterus, removal of a submucous leiomyomata) or may be performed usually in the second trimester (cervical cerclage). Maternal general diseases (diabetes, hypothyroidism) and infections should be treated accordingly. The most common entity to be treated in this category is luteal phase deficiency. Progesterone is the most important hormone for the maintenance of an early human pregnancy. Besides progesterone administration, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) also is the logical endocrine treatment of choice. In the pregnant woman hCG stimulates and optimizes hormonal production in the corpus luteum and may also influence the fetoplacental unit. The contribution of environmental, physical and chemical agents to the incidence of spontaneous abortion is controversial. They may be abortifacient even if they are not teratogenic. Exposure to environmental toxicants should be avoided. Paternal leukocyte immunotherapy has been associated with successful outcome in patients with unexplained repeated spontaneous abortion. This therapeutic approach is considered experimental, as there may be some significant risks. Associating maternal antiphospholipid antibodies with reproductive failure is a rapidly developing field. Administration of corticosteroids with low doses of aspirin has resulted in fetal salvage in women in whom antiphospholipid antibodies are present.
Threatened abortion by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Threatened abortion is associated with bleeding and/or uterine cramping while the cervix is closed. This stage of abortion may progress to spontaneous incomplete or complete abortion. While this event may be considered a part of the quality control process in human reproduction, it is important to know the possible etiologies and when therapy might prevent pregnancy loss. The World Health Organization estimated that 15% of all clinically recognizable pregnancies and in spontaneous abortion, 50-60% of which are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Apart from the fetal factors, several maternal and probably paternal factors contribute to the causes of spontaneous abortion. The maternal factors that may be responsible for abortion include both local and systemic conditions such as infections, maternal disease states, genital tract abnormalities, endocrine factors and other miscellaneous causes (antiphospholipid antibodies, maternal-fetal histocompatibility, excessive smoking and other environmental toxicants, etc.). This review focuses on the management of threatened abortion, but it should be emphasized that the management to maintain pregnancy is reasonable only in those cases, in which the fetus is not seriously affected. It would not be beneficial to provide treatment that would permit chromosomally and anatomically abnormal embryos to survive to term. Treatment is feasible first of all in cases with maternal factors. Surgical procedures may precede pregnancy (correction of septate uterus, removal of a submucous leiomyomata) or may be performed usually in the second trimester (cervical cerclage). Maternal general diseases (diabetes, hypothyroidism) and infections should be treated accordingly. The most common entity to be treated in this category is luteal phase deficiency. Progesterone is the most important hormone for the maintenance of an early human pregnancy. Besides progesterone administration, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) also is the logical endocrine treatment of choice. In the pregnant woman hCG stimulates and optimizes hormonal production in the corpus luteum and may also influence the fetoplacental unit. The contribution of environmental, physical and chemical agents to the incidence of spontaneous abortion is controversial. They may be abortifacient even if they are not teratogenic. Exposure to environmental toxicants should be avoided. Paternal leukocyte immunotherapy has been associated with successful outcome in patients with unexplained repeated spontaneous abortion. This therapeutic approach is considered experimental, as there may be some significant risks. Associating maternal antiphospholipid antibodies with reproductive failure is a rapidly developing field. Administration of corticosteroids with low doses of aspirin has resulted in fetal salvage in women in whom antiphospholipid antibodies are present.
An intensive material on recent advances on contraception including the current contraceptive methods and a brief overview on immunocontraception and contraceptive vaccines
In ectopic pregnancy, implantation occupies at a site other than the endometrium. Ectopic pregnancies are responsible for approximately 10 percent of all maternal mortality. The prognosis for future reproduction is poor. Only one half of women having an ectopic pregnancy are eventually delivered of a liveborn infant. Various factors contribute to ectopic pregnancies, the most common being infection. Unlike intrauterine spontaneous abortions, genetic factors are not paramount in the etiology of ectopic pregnancy.
An intensive material on recent advances on contraception including the current contraceptive methods and a brief overview on immunocontraception and contraceptive vaccines
In ectopic pregnancy, implantation occupies at a site other than the endometrium. Ectopic pregnancies are responsible for approximately 10 percent of all maternal mortality. The prognosis for future reproduction is poor. Only one half of women having an ectopic pregnancy are eventually delivered of a liveborn infant. Various factors contribute to ectopic pregnancies, the most common being infection. Unlike intrauterine spontaneous abortions, genetic factors are not paramount in the etiology of ectopic pregnancy.
types of breech
how you can manage a woman with breech baby?
what is External cephalic version and who can do it ?
what is the risks of vaginal breech birth ?
In settings with limited access to health care, misoprostol is an important intervention that could reduce maternal deaths both directly and through the more cost-effective use of health services. Misoprostol is, however, a powerful drug that needs to be used with care. Evidence-based information about the safest regimens should be widely disseminated so as to prevent its inappropriate use
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Development
So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for
business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper
pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler
(Fig.2.1).0
Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision:
Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently.
Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and
initiatives.
Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency.
Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition.
2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs
2.8.1 Branding
Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example
of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years
back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics.
Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product.
By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol
or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54
Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the
market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the
existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;
Lesson plan on family planning and contraceptionPiyush Verma
In this complete study material for the all people who need to study about the family planning and also more focus on the contraceptive methods , in this all contraceptive methods are describe with the diagrammatic presentation so users enjoy the study with this.
Artificial Methods of Birth Control
Today there are many diverse methods of artificial birth control available on the worldwide market. The most commonly used method still comes in pill form.
Methods of Operation
Birth control pills have three distinct mechanisms:
1) May Suppress Ovulation: A woman ovulates when her pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, releases hormones that stimulate her ovaries to discharge an ovum (egg). The Combination Pill may interrupt the release of these pituitary hormones, preventing the ovaries from releasing an ovum. Without an ovum available for conception, a woman has been essentially rendered chemically sterile.
2) May Impede Sperm Migration: Before a woman ovulates her cervix produces mucus through which sperm migrate to meet the ovum. The mucus also provides nourishment to sustain the life of the sperm. When a woman is under the influence of progestin the mucus thickens, which impedes sperm migration.
3) May Inhibit Implantation: If the Pill fails to prevent pregnancy with one of the first two actions, the union of the ovum with the sperm (conception) will result in the creation of human life. Five to six days later this new human being will attempt to implant in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). The progestin component of the combination and mini pill causes the lining of the uterus to be thin, which makes it inhospitable to the newly conceived life. This leads to a chemically-induced miscarriage (abortion).
link: https://www.familyplanning.net/en/artificial-methods-birth-control
OSCE REVISION IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015,NEARLY COVERING COURSE CURRICULUM .Prepared by Dr Manal Behery.Professor of OB&Gyne .Faculty of medicine,Zagazig University
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Definition of Contraception
• Contraception = “Against Conception”
• The intentional prevention of pregnancy
through the use of various devices, agents,drugs,
sexual practices or surgical procedures.
5. Top five factors to consider when selecting a
method of fertility control.
•Cost
•Effectiveness of protections from STDs
•Safety and side effects
•Comfort and ease of use
•Reversibility and future fertility
6. The only 100% effective way to
prevent pregnancy and STD
is to be sexually
Abstinent
or to Postpone
sexual involvement.
7. Four Types of Birth Control
• Hormonal Methods
• Barrier methods!
• Surgical Methods
• Behavioral Methods
8.
9. Hormonal Methods
• Oral Contraceptives
(Birth Control Pill)
• Injections (Depo-Provera)
• Implants (Norplant I & II)
• Vaginal ring
10. Oral contraceptive pills (OCP)
• Oral contraceptive made
from synthetic
hormones
• 97%-99% effective
• Combined pill or mini-pill
11. Birth Control Pills
• Women must have a pap smear to get a prescription for
• birth control pills
• Pills DO NOT prevent STD’s
12. Combined pill
• Contains estrogen and progestin
• 21-day or 28-day form
• Monophasic or multiphasic (fewer
side effects)
13. Mini-pill
• Contains only progestin
• Used continuously 28 days
• Effect: thickens the cervical
mucus and makes the lining
of the uterus less receptive
to implantation
• Indicated because of
medical reasons and women
breatsfeeding
14. How does the pill work?
• Stops ovulation
• Thins uterine lining
• Thickens cervical mucus
17. Con’s
• ↑ Risk of CV disease
• ↑ Risk of breast cancer
• ↑ Risk of cervical cancer
• ↑ Risk of thromboembolic
episodes
• ↑ Risk of liver adenoma
• Lipid metabolism disorders
• Nausea
• Depression
• Post-pill amenorrhea
• Weight gain
• Breast tenderness
18. Taking the Pill
• Once a day at the same time everyday
• Use condoms for first month
• Use condoms when on antibiotics
• Use condoms for 1 week if you miss a pill or take
one late
• The pill offers no protection from STD’s
19. Injection or "shot"—
• Women get shots of the
hormone progestin in the
buttocks or arm every
three months from their
doctor.
• It is 97–99% effective at
preventing pregnancy.
21. How does the shot work?
• The same way as the Pill!
• Stops ovulation
• Stops menstrual cycles!!
• Thickens cervical mucus
22. SIDE EFFECTS
• Extremely irregular menstrual bleeding and
spotting for 3-6 months!
• NO PERIOD after 3-6 months
• Weight change
• Breast tenderness
• Mood change
*not every woman has side-effects!
23. Contraceptive patch
• Transdermal delivery system
• Effect: same as OCP
• Application: stuck on skin every week
• Side effects: same as OCP, greater risk (con)
• Pro: better compliance
25. IMPLANTS
• Physically inserted in simple 15 minute outpatient
procedure
• Plastic capsules the size of paper matchsticks inserted
under the skin in the arm
• 99.5% effectiveness rate
27. Contraceptive implants
• Slow release of a progestin
over a period of three years
• Effect: prevents the release of
the egg from the ovary
(ovulation); promotes thick
cervical mucus
• Application: inserted in the
upper arm under local
anesthesia
• Side effects: irregular
bleeding
• Pro: fertility rapidly returns
28. Implanon
• Contains 68 mg etonogestrel
• Single rod implanted subdermally on day 1-5 of
cycle
• Last for 3 years.
• Works by thickening cervical mucus and also
inhibits ovulation
• Extremely effective in pregnancy prevention >
99%
• Irregular bleeding common side effect
29. What if….
…the condom broke or
slipped off...
…you forgot your
regular birth control...
…you were forced to
have sex...
Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
30. Emergency Contraception (ECP)
• Must be taken within 72 hours of the act of
unprotected intercourse or failure of contraception
method
• Must receive ECP from a physician
• 75 – 84% effective in reducing pregnancy
31. How EC ACT?
• Floods the ovaries with high amount of hormone
and prevents ovulation
• Alters the environment of the uterus, making it
disruptive to the egg and sperm
• Two sets of pills taken exactly 12 hours apart
35. Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing)
• 95-99% Effective A new ring is inserted into the vagina each
month
• Does not require a "fitting" by a health care provider,
• does not require spermicide, can make periods more regular and
less painful,
• no pill to take daily, ability to become pregnant returns quickly
when use is stopped.
36. Hormonal
• Pill
– Daily
– Emergency
(not recommended as
a regular form of birth
control)
42. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
43. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
44. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
Ring Once a month
45. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
Ring Once a month
Injection Every 3 months*
Implant (Implanon®) Every 3 years*
46. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
Ring Once a month
Injection Every 3 months*
Implant Every 3 years*
IUD Every 5 years*
47. How Often Do You Take It?
Method Frequency
Pills Every day
Patch Once a week
Ring Once a month
Injection Every 3 months*
Implant Every 3 years*
IUD Every 5 years*
48. BARRIER METHOD
• Prevents pregnancy blocks the egg and
sperm from meeting
•
• Barrier methods have higher failure
rates than hormonal methods due to
design and human error
49. BARRIER METHODS
• Spermicides
• Male Condom
• Female Condom
• Diaphragm
• Cervical Cap
50. SPERMICIDES
• Chemicals kill sperm in the vagina
• Different forms:
-Jelly -Film
-Foam -Suppository
• Some work instantly, others require pre-insertion
• Only 76% effective (used alone), should be used in combination with
another method i.e., condoms
51. Foam
• 80-85% effective
• Works immediately
• Effective for an hour
• Over the counter
• No douching for 6 hours after
intercourse
• 20% have burning (reaction)
52. Film
• 80-85% effective
• Works 10 min after
insertion
• Effective for an hour
• Over the counter
• No douching for 6 hours
after intercourse
• 20% have burning
(reaction)
53. MALE CONDOM
• Most common and effective barrier method when used properly
• Latex and Polyurethane should only be used in the prevention of
pregnancy and spread of STD’s (including HIV)
54. MALE CONDOM
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 97%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 88%
• Latex and polyurethane condoms are
available
• Combining condoms with spermicides
raises effectiveness levels to 99%
55. Female Condom
• 95% effective
• Protects against some STDs
• Noisy
• Use extra lubrication
57. DIAPRAGHM
• Perfect Effectiveness Rate = 94%
• Typical Effectiveness Rate = 80%
• Latex barrier placed inside vagina during
intercourse
• Fitted by physician
• Spermicidal jelly before insertion
• Inserted up to 18 hours before intercourse and can
be left in for a total of 24 hours
58. DIAPHRAGM
The diaphragm is a flexible rubber cup that is filled with
spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to
intercourse. The device is left in place several hours
after intercourse. The diaphragm is a prescribed device
fitted by a health care professional and is more
expensive than other barrier methods, such as condoms
60. CERVICAL CAP
• Latex barrier inserted in vagina before intercourse
• “Caps” around cervix with suction
• Fill with spermicidal jelly prior to use
• Can be left in body for up to a total of 48 hours
• Must be left in place six hours after sexual
intercourse
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 91%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 80%
61. Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is a flexible rubber cup-like device that is filled with
spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to intercourse. The
device is left in place several hours after intercourse. The cap is a
prescribed device fitted by a health care professional and can be more
expensive than other barrier methods, such as condoms.
62. Sponge
The sponge is inserted by the woman into the vagina and covers the
cervix blocking sperm from entering the cervix. The sponge also
contains a spermicide that kills sperm. It is available without a
prescription
64. Intrauterine Devices (IUD)
• T-shaped object placed in the
uterus to prevent pregnancy
• Must be on period during
insertion
• A Natural childbirth required to
use IUD
• Extremely effective without using
hormones > 97 %
• Must be in monogamous
relationship
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. What are the most cu ( IUD ) used today ?
Today two types of cu IUD are used mostly Multiload
(left) and cupper T (right) :
70. Levonorgestrel Intrauterine system
• The LNG IUS is made of flexible plastic
• The LNG IUS contains a progestin hormone
called levonorgestrel which has been used
in birth control pills since the 1970s
• The safety of levonorgestrel has been
proven by clinical use also in sub-dermal
implants and intrauterine systems since
decades
71. Mirena: Theoretical Mechanism
of Action
• Cervical mucus
thickened
• Sperm motility and
function inhibited
• Endometrial effects
• Ovulation inhibited
(in some cycles)
Jonsson B et al. Contraception 1991;43:447-458.
Nilsson CG et al. Fertil Steril 1984;41:52-55.
Videla-Rivero L et al. Contraception 1987;36:217-226.
72. LNG IUS ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS
Ovulation
Ovulation
Menstruation
Days of the menstrual cycle Days of the menstrual cycle
73. Who can and cannot use the IUD
Most women can safely
use the IUD
But usually cannot use IUD if :
• May be
pregnant
• Gave birth
recently
(more than 2
days ago)
• Unusual
vaginal
bleeding
recently
• At high risk for
STIs
• Infection or
problem in
female organs
74. IUD Contraindications
• Pregnancy or past ectopic history
• Undiagnosed irregular bleeding
• Current or suspected pelvic or vaginal infection
• HIV or immunosuppressive therapy
• Distorted scarred uterine cavities
• Small uterus 5.5cm
75. Possible side-effects
If you choose this method, you may have some side-effects.
They are not usually signs of illness.
After insertion:
• Some cramps
for several
days
• Some spotting
for a few weeks
Other common side-effects:
• Longer and
heavier periods
• Bleeding or
spotting between
periods
• More cramps or
pain during
periods
May get less after a few
How would you feel months
about these side-effects?
76. What will happen when
Steps:
you get your IUD
Pelvic examination
Cleaning the vagina and cervix
Placing IUD in the womb
through the cervix
• May hurt at insertion
• Please tell us if it hurts
• Rest as long as you like
afterwards
• May have cramps for several
days after insertion
Afterwards:
you can check
your IUD from
time to time
Are you ready to
choose this method?
What questions do
you have?
77. What to remember
• Your kind of IUD:
• When to have IUD taken out:
• Bleeding changes and
cramps are common. Come
back if they bother you.
• Come back for a check-up in 3 to
6 weeks or after next menstrual
period
See a nurse or doctor if:
• Missed a
menstrual
period, or
think you
may be
pregnant
• Could have an
STI or
HIV/AIDS
• IUD strings
seem to
have
changed
length or are
missing
•Bad
pain in
lower
abdomen
Anything else I can
repeat or explain?
Any other questions?
79. TUBAL LIGATION
• Surgical procedure performed on a woman
• Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized, prevents eggs from reaching sperm
• Failure rates vary by procedure, from 0.8%-3.7%
• May experience heavier periods
Surgical sterilization which
permanently prevents the
transport of the egg to the uterus
by means of sealing the fallopian
tubes is called tubal ligation,
commonly called "having one's
tubes tied." This operation can be
performed laparoscopically or in
conjunction with a Cesarean
section, after the baby is delivered.
Tubal ligation is considered
permanent, but surgical reversal
can be performed in some cases
81. vasectomy
• Ligation of Vas Deferens tube
• Faster and easier recovery than a tubal ligation
• Failure rate = 0.1%, more effective than
female sterilization
82. During a vasectomy (“cutting the vas”) a urologist cuts
and ligates (ties off) the ductus deferens. Sperm are still
produced but cannot exit the body. Sperm eventually
deteriorate and are phagocytized. A man is sterile, but
because testosterone is still produced he retains his sex
drive and secondary sex characteristics.
83. METHODS BASED ON
INFORMATION
• Withdrawal
• Natural Family Planning
• Fertility Awareness Method
• Abstinence
84. Behavioral Methods
• Withdrawal: removing the penis from the vagina
just before ejaculation
• Abstinence or outercourse(kissing, hugging, touching)
• Fertility awareness
– Cervical mucus method
– Body temperature method
– Calendar method
85. WITHDRAWAL
• Removal of penis from the vagina before ejaculation occurs
• NOT a sufficient method of birth control by itself
• Effectiveness rate is 80% (very unpredictable in teens, wide variation)
• 1 of 5 women practicing withdrawal become pregnant
• Very difficult for a male to ‘control’
86. Natural Family Planning &
Fertility Awareness Method
• Women take a class on the menstrual cycle to
calculate more fertile times
• NFP abstains from sex during the calculated fertile
time
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 91%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 75%
• No 100% safe day-irregular periods