contraception is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
Obstetric instruments power point presentaion jagan _jaggi
Image result for obstetric instrumentswww.slideshare.net
Our gynaecology instruments include: Forceps & Clamps - For uterine and caesarian birthing, hysterectomy and other obstetrics and gynae surgery. Cervical Dilators - For stretching the cervical wall and dilating the cervical muscles. Vaginal Speculums - Used in procedures such as the pap smear.
Smart metering and energy efficiency application with CloudIndustries.euEvaldas Paliliūnas
CloudIndustries.eu platform is capable to provide the most user friendly interface for smart metering and energy efficiency solutions. Talented hardware and software developers comes with a great solutions for your problems in energy efficiency field.
Obstetric instruments power point presentaion jagan _jaggi
Image result for obstetric instrumentswww.slideshare.net
Our gynaecology instruments include: Forceps & Clamps - For uterine and caesarian birthing, hysterectomy and other obstetrics and gynae surgery. Cervical Dilators - For stretching the cervical wall and dilating the cervical muscles. Vaginal Speculums - Used in procedures such as the pap smear.
Smart metering and energy efficiency application with CloudIndustries.euEvaldas Paliliūnas
CloudIndustries.eu platform is capable to provide the most user friendly interface for smart metering and energy efficiency solutions. Talented hardware and software developers comes with a great solutions for your problems in energy efficiency field.
¿Sabes qué tienen en común el jamón y las momias? Este capítulo habla sobre la conservación de los alimentos y su evolución a lo largo de la historia. ¡Descarga aquí la Ficha Docente!
I am a intern of Green America.
My task is the creating new Green Business Networking lists that look simplicity and clarity.
I designed all of them.
The slide has a lot of function.
For example, You can click the company's logo then you can see the company's page.
And you can click the category, you can see the tied to your choice.
Last, I already wrote the company's name(but it is hard to find).
So, you can search companies which you are interested in.
DISCOVERING DIFFERENCES IN GENDER-RELATED SKELETAL MUSCLE AGING THROUGH THE M...ijbbjournal
Understanding gene function (GF) is still a significant challenge in system biology. Previously, several
machine learning and computational techniques have been used to understand GF. However, these previous
attempts have not produced a comprehensive interpretation of the relationship between genes and
differences in both age and gender. Although there are several thousand of genes, very few differentially
expressed genes play an active role in understanding the age and gender differences. The core aim of this
study is to uncover new biomarkers that can contribute towards distinguishing between male and female
according to the gene expression levels of skeletal muscle (SM) tissues. In our proposed multi-filter system
(MFS), genes are first sorted using three different ranking techniques (t-test, Wilcoxon and Receiver
Operating Characteristic (ROC)). Later, important genes are acquired using majority voting based on the
principle that combining multiple models can improve the generalization of the system. Experiments were
conducted on Micro Array gene expression dataset and results have indicated a significant increase in
classification accuracy when compared with existing system.
Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive.
family planning by Rupam Bhowmik.pptx will be help full for NORCET EXAMRupam Bhowmik
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Exercise Testing in Cardiology : Dr. Akif Baigakifab93
The testing modality and protocol should be selected in accordance with the patient’s estimated functional capacity based on age, estimated physical fitness from the patient’s history, and underlying disease
Several exercise test protocols are available for both treadmill and stationary cycle ergometers
Patients who have low estimated fitness levels or are deemed to be at higher risk because of underlying disease (e.g., recent MI, heart failure) should be tested with a less aggressive exercise protocol
Treadmill and cycle ergometers may use stepped or continuous ramp protocols
Work rate increments (stages) during stepped protocols can vary from 1 to 2.5 METs
Ramp protocols are designed with stages that are no longer than 1 minute and for the patient to attain peak effort within 8 to 12 minutes
The natriuretic peptide system works antagonistically to the RAAS and has favorable effects on the pathogenesis of heart failure
Natriuretic peptides are broken down by an enzyme called neprilysin
Neprilysin is also responsible for the breakdown of other substances, including bradykinin and angiotensin II
Sacubitril/valsartan is a combination product
Sacubitril is a pro-drug that, upon activation, acts as a neprilysin inhibitor
It works by blocking the action of neprilysin, thus preventing the breakdown of natriuretic peptides
This leads to a prolonged duration of the favorable effects of these peptides
Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 16% of total deaths globally .
Atherosclerosis plays a central role, with early fatty streaks progressing to late complex atheromas
Vascular calcification, the pathogenic and process of ectopic bone production, specifically was shown to strongly correlate with degree of atherosclerosis (both calcified and noncalcified)
Vascular calcification was shown independently to predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
These associations, combined with the radio-opaque appearance of calcium hydroxyappatite on CT images, have led to extensive investigation of the quantification, or scoring, of coronary artery calcium (CAC).
CAC scoring has emerged as a widely available and powerful tool for stratifying cardiovascular risk, predicting patient outcomes, and guiding preventive therapy
A coronary bifurcation consists of a flow divider (carina) and three vessel segments:
The proximal main vessel (PMV)
The distal main vessel (DMV) and
The side branch (SB).
A bifurcation lesion is a major epicardial coronary artery stenosis next to and/or including the ostium of a significant side branch
A significant SB is a branch whose severe narrowing or acute occlusion before or during intervention can cause considerable ischemia or a new infarction area that will worsen the clinical course of a particular patient.
Other important elements to consider that are not inherent in the bifurcation classifications include:
Extent of disease on the SB (limited to the ostium or involving the vessel beyond the ostium)
Its size (over 2.5mm in reference diameter)
Bifurcation angle, and
Disease distribution
Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remains one of the
best prognostic determinants of survival in patients
with coronary artery disease (CAD)
⚫ It was originally thought that dysfunctional
myocardium after an infarction was irreversibly
damaged
⚫ However, it was later recognized that some of the
involved tissue remained viable and contractility may
be restored with revascularization
HCM is a common genetic heart disease reported in populations globally
Inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
The distribution of HCM is equal by sex, although women are diagnosed less commonly than men
The prevalence of unexplained asymptomatic hypertrophy in young adults has been reported to range from 1:200 to 1:500
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect, which has four anatomical components:
Anterior malalignment ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Aortic override over the muscular septum
Variable degrees of subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular (RV) infundibular narrowing and RV hypertrophy
Ventricular septal defects occur either as an isolated defect or as a component of a more complex lesion
It occurs in 50 percent of all children with CHD and in 20 to 30 percent as an isolated lesion
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly in children
Second most common congenital abnormality in adults, second only to bicuspid aortic valves
They are more common in premature infants and those born with low weight
VSDs are slightly more common in females (56%)
Patients with peripheral artery disease who have undergone lower-extremity revascularization are at high risk for major adverse limb and cardiovascular events
The efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban in this context are uncertain
Most common cyanotic heart defect seen in children beyond infancy, accounting for a third of all congenital heart disease (CHD) in this age group
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect, which has four anatomical components:
Anterior malalignment ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Aortic override over the muscular septum
Variable degrees of subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular (RV) infundibular narrowing and RV hypertrophy
Bentracimab (also known as PB2452) is a neutralizing recombinant human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment that binds ticagrelor and its major active circulating metabolite with high affinity and specificity
Chlorthalidone for hypertension in advanced ckdakifab93
Chlorthalidone, a thiazide-like diuretic, reduces cardiovascular morbidity, such as the incidence of stroke and heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality
However, its efficacy and safety among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease remain poorly understood
An acute illness caused by an autoimmune response to infection with group A Streptococcus, leading to a range of possible symptoms and signs affecting any or all of heart, joints, brain, skin and subcutaneous tissues
Amyloidosis is a group of protein-folding disorders in which >1 organ is infiltrated by proteinaceous deposits known as amyloid. Amyloid involvement of the heart (cardiac amyloidosis) carries the worst prognosis of any involved organ, and light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most serious form of the disease
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. - It is defined as no. of contraceptive failures per 100 women years of exposure
Pearl Index = Total no. of accidental pregnancies *100
Total months of exposure
3. Contraceptive Method Pearl Index
No method 80
Male Condoms 2-14
Female condoms 5-21
IUD 0.5 – 2.0
OCP 0.1-0.5
Centchroman (Saheli) 1.83 -2.84
4. -Married couples with wife in reproductive age i.e 15-45yrs
- In India, there are 150-180 Eligible Couples/1000 population
5. -% of Eligible Couples using one or other contraceptive methods.
- CPR of India = 45%
- To achieve Net Reproductive Rate =1 , CPR should be >60%
6. 1) Rhythm method/ Calendar method/ Safe Period
2) Basal body temperature method
3) Cervical mucus method
4) Symptothermic method
5) Coitus Interruptus/ Withdrawal method
6) Sexual abstinence
7) Lactational amenorrhoea method
7. -Programmed Sex i.e abstinence required for almost ½ month.
-Suitable only for educated people.
- Days near ovulation( Day 14) are unsafe period and sexual abstinence
should be maintained
8.
9. -Rise of body temperature occurs by 0.3-0.5C due to raised progesterone
at time of ovulation and again falls
-So sexual intercourse should be restricted to post-ovulation phase only
- Limitation : Abstinence for whole pre-ovulatory phase i.e14-15 days
10. -Also known as Billings method / Ovulation method
- Method : Wipe tissue paper inside of vagina.
- mucus characteristics at ovulation : Watery, clear,profuse,slippery = Unsafe
after ovulation : Dry, thick and tacks = safe period
12. - It is the only method which is 100% effective
-Man withdrawes Penis from Vagina just before ejaculation.
- High rate of failures
- pearl Index =18 per 100 woman years
22. -Within 10days of Menstrual cycle since during first 10 days cervix
is well dilated and chance of pregnancy is not there
- post puerperal within 48hrs of delivery or after 6weeks of delivery
23. 1) Must have atleast 1 child
2) Must be ready for frequent follow ups
3) Monogamous relationship
4) No h/o PID
24. -MC complication = Bleeding
- MC reason for removal of IUCD= Pain
3PM DEVICE (Mnemonic )
Pain
Pregnancy due to failure
Perforation
Menstural disturbances
Missed IUD
Difficult removal
Expulsion "spontaneous"
Vaginal discharge
Infection "PID“
Colics
Ectopic pregnancy
25. Causes : 1) Thread has torn
2) Cu-T expelled out
3) Cu t perforated uterus and entered abdominal cavity
4) Cu T deep in uterine cavity
IOC : X-Ray/USG
Gold standard IOC : Hysteroscopy
Cu T visible in X- ray due to presence of BaSO4 coating
Rx: Laparotomy
26.
27. Polyurethrane Condoms have a longer shelf life and can be used
with Lubricants.
Latex Condoms get damage when used with lubricants
- Pearl Index : 2-14
-An airfree space must be left before use
- 1 condom Should be used only once
- soon after ejaculation, male should withdraw penis slowly holding the
condom firmly against body to prevent it from falling inside female genital
tract
-Prevents from Sexually Transmitted diseases and HIV
- - It can lead to contact dermatitis in female
28. 1) As condom catheters in males
2) Used in Post partum hemorrhage as condom Tamponade
3) After vaginoplasty
29. -One end is open and other end is close
- made up of Polyurethrane/Latex
- Should be inserted just before intercourse and removed after 8hrs
so that spermicides can act on it
- Pearl Index : 5-21
30. -Occlusive caps shouldn’t be removed before 6-8hrs and shouldn’t be
kept for more than 24hrs
-Disadvantages : 1) doesn’t protect from STIs and HIV
2) May rarely cause Toxic Shock Syndrome
35. 1) Monophasic :have same estrogen and progesterone composition for all 21days
2) Biphasic : 1st 10 days : One dose
Next 11 days: other dosage
3) Triphasic : Dosage changes every 7 days for 21 days and the repeats in
next cycle
36. 1) Start from Day 1-5 of menstrual cycle
If started after Day 5 = backup contraceptive should be used for 7days
2) After MTP/abortion : Can begin immediately
If started after 7days = backup contraceptive to be used for 7days
Note: 1st 21 tablets are OCPs….Last 7 are Iron Folic acid tablets…..7days
OCP free period should be maintained to allow for withdrawal bleeding
37. If missed 1 or 2 pills = Take pill as soon as remembered
If missed >3pills = Take pills as usual but use condoms as well for 7days
-If missed 3 or more of these 7 pills
= Use pills as such
Through IFA tablets and start
fresh from next week
If any of these IFAs are missed
Throw missed pills and
use as such
38. Ethinyl Estradiol = 30micrograms
Levonorgestrel = 0.15mg
Available at Rs.3/- in market
Ethinyl Estradiol = 30micrograms
Levonorgestrel = 0.15mg
Available at Govt. health facilities free of cost
43. 1. T = Thyroid autoimmune disorders
2. H = Hirsutism
3. E = Endometrial carcinoma
4. C = Colorectal cancer
5. O = Ovarian cancer
6. B = Benign Breast diseases ( fibroadenosis )
7. R = Rheumatoid arthritis
8. A = Anemia and Acne
9. S = Salpingitis ( PID )
10. U = Uterine cancer
11. F = Fibroids ( exception is submucous variety )
12. O = Ovarian cysts
13. P = Pelvic inflammatory disease
14. O = Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
15. E = Ectopic pregnancy
16. M = Mittelschmerz , Menorrhagia , Dysmenorrhea , Premenstrual Tension , Polymenorrhea .
48. 1) DMPA ( Depot medroxy Progesterone Acetate ) 150mg i.m once in 3 months
2) NETO (Norethindrone enanthate ) 200mg i.m once in every 2months
SIDE EFFECTS
1) Irregular bleeding
2) Weight gain
3) Prolonged infertility
49. Subdermal Implants Include :
NORPLANT 1 NORPLANT 2 IMPLANON
- It has 6rods
containing 36mg
Levonorgestrel
each
- 2rods with 75mg
LNG each
- Single rod
containing 3-keto-
desogestrel
- Replaced every
5years
-MC being used
nowadays
- Replaced every
3yrs
- Acts by
thickening of
cervical mucus
Acts by thickening
of cervical mucus
- Acts by inhibiting
ovulation
50.
51. 1) Yuzpee method : 2pills with estrogen 50mcg each
followed by 2pills 12hrs later
Or
4pills with estrogen 30mcg each
followed by 4pills 12 hrs later
2) Levonorgestrel 0.75mg within 72 hrs followed 12 hrs
later by another dose
3) IUCD : within 5days of coitus
4) Mifepristone 600mg stat within 72hrs of coitus
5) High dose estrogen
6) Centchroman 2tablets (60mg) twice in 24hrs within 24hrs of
intercourse
52. Note : It doesn’t terminate an early pregnancy
53. -It is a permanent sterilisation method.
- Micro-inserts are placed in fallopian tube = it causes foreign body
reaction @ fallopian tube and thus causes scarring around micro-insert
over 3months and thus leads to blockage in fallopian tube
54. Nova T 380 is an intrauterine device made of polyethylene
and wound with copper wire with a silver core.
59. Barrier Method
Since HPV is an important risk factor.
HPV is a STD and STDs are prevented by barrier methods.
60. Mini-pills > Lactational amenorrhoea
This is a controversial question. Different buks have given different answers.
So no need to worry- controversial question doesn’t repeat
61. MINI PILLS
Since OCPs and IUDs contain estrogen which causes thromboembolism
And sickle cell anemia is a hypercoagulable condition due to sticky RBCs
62. Since if we use IUCD there can be irregular bleeding and we wont be
able to know whether the bleeding is due to contraceptives or due to
Trophoblastic tumors which may delay diagnosis and treatment
OCPs
68. -Woman should be married
- Couple should have atleast 1 child >1yr of age
- Female should be of sound mind.
- Female between 22-49yrs
- No past history of sterilisation of spouse
69. 1) Vaginal
2) Per Abdomen : M- Madlener
U - Uchida
P – Pomeroy / Parkland
I - Irwing
K – Kroener’s method
1) Fallope ring = MC used
2) Clips
76. -24hrs after normal delivery
- during c-section
- Interval sterilisation: 6wks after delivery
- Laparoscopic sterilisation is done with 1st trimester MTP or as interval
sterilisation
77. -Done at junction of proximal and middle third of tube.
- MC site = Isthmo-ampullary
- MC site for reversibility = Isthmo-isthmic type
78. -Isthmo-isthmic type has best chance of reversibility
- laparoscopic clips : Best chance of reversibilty among methods
- other methods with good chance of reversibility : Pomeroy
Uchida
Falope Ring
79.
80. -should be married
- Couple should have atleast 1 child >1yr of age
- male should be of sound mind.
- Age <60yrs
- No past history of sterilisation of spouse
84. 1) Patient need 30ejaculations/3 months before he can be declare sterile
2) Couples should use barrier method for 3months
3) Patient should undergo semen analysis monthly for 3months till there
are no sperms in semen
4) Once the patient is declared aspermic , no other contraceptive is required
5) Avoid bath for 24hrs
6) Testis bandage should be used for 15 days, keep site dry.
7) Stitch removal after 5days