The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components, functions, and operation. It describes how the CPU reads and executes program instructions, performs calculations, and controls devices. It discusses the CPU's main components like registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and their functions. It explains how the CPU fetches, decodes, executes instructions, and returns results in a four phase process using clock pulses and memory units like RAM, ROM, and cache.

2. CPU

5. Brief History CPU history starts in 1971, when Intel, for the first time combined multiple transistors to form a Central Processing Unit (Microprocessor) named Intel 4044 . After the 8 years first Personal Computer was introduced. Today there are several different manufactures of computer processors. However Intel and AMD are the leaders in the PC market.

10. Clock Pulses The CPU is driven by one or more repetitive clock circuits that send a stream (series) of pulses throughout the CPU’s circuitry, The CPU uses these clock pulses to synchronize its operations. Clock pulses are measured in Hertz, or number of pulses per second. For instance, a 2-gigahertz (2-GHz) processor has 2 billion clock pulses passing through it per second. Clock pulses are called the speed of a processor.

12. MATH CO-PROCESSORS Math coprocessors were additional chips. This additional coprocessors allow the hardware for floating-point math. Math coprocessors will speed your computer's overall processing when utilizing software applications.

14. HOW CPU WORKING

18. Cache Memory Cache memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a computer’s CPU, or located next to it on a separate chip. The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs, improving overall system speed. A cache is a temporary storage area where frequently accessed data can be stored for rapid access.

25. CPU Operation Execute : After decode steps, the execute step is performed. During this step, various portions of the CPU are connected so they can perform the desired operation. Result : The final step is returns (writeback) the results of the executed step will be kept in memory registers and then extends to output devices for display

27. Pentium & MMX Technology In October 1996 Intel released the Pentium MMX with the same basic micro architecture combined with MMX instructions, larger caches, and some other enhancements, Pentium MMX has New design, adding some enhancements and new capabilities over "classic" Pentium in the same chip. Difference between the Pentium with MMX and the Pentium Classic is the inclusion of the MMX instruction set extension.

28. Pentium & MMX Technology Running software or multimedia that is designed for MMX on a Pentium MMX will result in a significant increase in performance over the regular Pentium. Running non-MMX software on the MMX chip results in an improvement of about 20% over a regular Pentium of the same clock speed and enhancements in cache memory.