The document discusses several topics related to computer components and information representation: - It describes how all information must be converted to binary to be stored and processed by computers, and how characters, images, and other data types are represented digitally. - It explains different character encoding standards like ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode that allow computers to represent text-based information from different languages and regions. - It provides an overview of the primary components of a computer system, including input devices like keyboards and mice, the central processing unit, memory, and output devices like printers and computer screens.

1. TOPICS
• Information Representation
• Characters and Images
• Fundamentals of Digital Computer Design

2. Information Representation
• All information must be rendered into binary in
order to be stored on a computer.
• Besides numbers, almost all applications must
store characters and string information.
• Images are pervasive in today’s internet world
and must be rendered in binary to be handled by
internet browsers.

3. Character Representation
• ASCII – PC workstations
• EBCDIC – IBM Mainframes
• Unicode – International Character sets

4. ASCII
• ASCII
• Expanded name
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• Area covered
7-bit coded character set for information interchange
• Characteristics/description
Specifies coding of space and a set of 94 characters
(letters, digits and punctuation or mathematical symbols)
suitable for the interchange of basic English language
documents. Forms the basis for most computer code sets

5. ASCII

6. EBCDIC
• EBCDIC
• Expanded name
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
• Proprietary specification developed by IBM
• Characteristics/description
A set of national character sets for interchange of
documents between IBM mainframes. Most
EBCDIC character sets do not contain all of the
characters defined in the ASCII code

7. EBCDIC
• EBCDIC
• Usage
Not much used outside of IBM and similar
mainframe environments. When transmitting
EBCDIC files between systems care needs to be
taken to ensure that the systems are set up for the
relevant national code set.

8. EBCDIC

9. UNICODE
Unicode can represent all of the world's characters
in modern computer use, including technical
symbols and special characters used in publishing.
Because each Unicode code value is 16 bits wide,
it is possible to have separate values for up to
65,536 characters. Unicode-enabled functions are
often referred to as "wide-character" functions.

10. UNICODE
Note that the implementation of Unicode in 16-bit
values is referred to as UTF-16. For compatibility
with 8- and 7-bit environments, UTF-8 and UTF7 are two transformations of 16-bit Unicode
values. For more information, see The Unicode
Standard, Version 2.0.

11. Knowing
Your
Computer

12. Devices that comprise a
computer system
Monitor
(output)
Speaker
(output)
System unit
(processor,
memory…)
Printer
(output)
Scanner
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Storage
devices
(CD-RW,
Floppy, Hard
disk, zip,…)

13. What does a Computer Do?
• Computers can perform four general
operations, which comprise the information
processing cycle.
• Input
• Process
• Output
• Storage

14. What are the Primary
Components?

15. What are the Primary
Components?
• Input devices.
• Central Processing Unit (containing the
control unit and the arithmetic/logic
unit).
• Memory.
• Output devices.
• Storage devices.

16. What are the Primary
Components?
Input devices.
• Keyboard.
• Mouse

17. What are the Primary
Components?
Keyboard.
• The most commonly used input device is the
keyboard on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys. A
keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

18. What are the Primary
Components?
Keyboard.

19. What are the Primary
Components?
Mouse
• Is a pointing device which is used to control
the movement of a mouse pointer on the
screen to make selections from the screen. A
mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of
the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism
that detects movement of the mouse.

20. What are the Primary
Components?
Mouse

21. What are the Primary
Components?
The Central Processing Unit
• The central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to
occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the
computer, performs the logical and arithmetic
processing operations, and causes the input
and output operations to occur. It is
considered the “brain” of the computer.

22. What are the Primary
Components?
The Central Processing Unit

23. What are the Primary
Components?
Memory
• Memory also called Random Access Memory
or RAM (temporary memory) is the main
memory of the computer. It consists of
electronic components that store data
including numbers, letters of the alphabet,
graphics and sound. Any information stored
in RAM is lost when the computer is turned
off.

24. What are the Primary
Components?
Memory
• Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that
is etched on a chip that has start-up directions
for your computer. It is permanent memory.

25. What are the Primary
Components?
Memory

26. What are the Primary
Components?
Memory

27. What are the Primary
Components?
Look inside your computer
RAM BANK
CPU

28. What are the Primary
Components?
Out Put Devices
• Output devices make the information
resulting from the processing available for
use. The two output devices more commonly
used are the printer and the computer screen.
• The printer produces a hard copy of your
output, and the computer screen produces a
soft copy of your output.

29. What are the Primary
Components?
Out Put Devices

30. What are the Primary
Components?
Out Put Devices