This document discusses the history and evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and were enormous, while later generations saw the introduction of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and artificial intelligence. It also covers the basic components of a computer including central processing units, memory, storage devices, input/output and software categories.
The document provides an overview of basic hardware and software concepts. It describes the differences between digital and analog devices, and lists common computer hardware components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices. It also discusses operating systems, application software, microcomputer platforms, and basic computer networking concepts.
This document provides information about computer programming and computer hardware over multiple pages. It discusses:
- The five generations of computers, from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focusing on artificial intelligence.
- The main components of computer hardware, including the central processing unit, memory (RAM, ROM, hard drive), motherboard, ports, power supply, and expansion cards.
- Computer programming languages from low-level machine language and assembly language to high-level procedural, object-oriented, scripting, and non-procedural languages.
- Other topics like bits and bytes, software types (system and application), and common computer terms.
The document provides an overview of basic hardware and software concepts, including:
1) It describes digital and analog devices, and gives examples of each. Digital devices use discrete data while analog operates on continuously varying data.
2) The main components of a computer are described as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices. Examples of each type of device are provided.
3) Different types of computer platforms, operating systems, and issues of compatibility across platforms are discussed. Understanding which platform a computer uses is important for purchasing software.
The document provides an overview of basic hardware and software concepts, including:
1) It describes digital and analog devices, and gives examples of each.
2) It lists and explains common computer hardware components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices.
3) It discusses different types of storage technology, operating systems, and computer platforms.
4) It introduces basic network concepts like LANs, WANs, servers, and protocols.
The document provides an overview of hardware and software basics, describing key components of computers including digital and analog devices, computer hardware such as the CPU and memory, storage technologies, input and output devices, networks, operating systems, application software, programming languages, and instructional support technologies. It compares and contrasts different types of hardware and software and discusses tradeoffs between options like speed versus cost and capacity versus cost.
The document provides an overview of hardware and software basics, describing key components of computers including digital and analog devices, computer hardware such as the CPU and memory, storage technologies, input and output devices, networks, operating systems, application software, programming languages, and instructional support technologies. It compares and contrasts different types of hardware and software and discusses tradeoffs between options like speed vs cost and capacity vs cost.
The document provides an overview of basic hardware and software concepts. It describes the differences between digital and analog devices, and lists common computer hardware components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices. It also discusses operating systems, application software, microcomputer platforms, and basic computer networking concepts.
This document provides information about computer programming and computer hardware over multiple pages. It discusses:
- The five generations of computers, from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focusing on artificial intelligence.
- The main components of computer hardware, including the central processing unit, memory (RAM, ROM, hard drive), motherboard, ports, power supply, and expansion cards.
- Computer programming languages from low-level machine language and assembly language to high-level procedural, object-oriented, scripting, and non-procedural languages.
- Other topics like bits and bytes, software types (system and application), and common computer terms.
The document provides an overview of basic hardware and software concepts, including:
1) It describes digital and analog devices, and gives examples of each. Digital devices use discrete data while analog operates on continuously varying data.
2) The main components of a computer are described as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices. Examples of each type of device are provided.
3) Different types of computer platforms, operating systems, and issues of compatibility across platforms are discussed. Understanding which platform a computer uses is important for purchasing software.
The document provides an overview of basic hardware and software concepts, including:
1) It describes digital and analog devices, and gives examples of each.
2) It lists and explains common computer hardware components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices.
3) It discusses different types of storage technology, operating systems, and computer platforms.
4) It introduces basic network concepts like LANs, WANs, servers, and protocols.
The document provides an overview of hardware and software basics, describing key components of computers including digital and analog devices, computer hardware such as the CPU and memory, storage technologies, input and output devices, networks, operating systems, application software, programming languages, and instructional support technologies. It compares and contrasts different types of hardware and software and discusses tradeoffs between options like speed versus cost and capacity versus cost.
The document provides an overview of hardware and software basics, describing key components of computers including digital and analog devices, computer hardware such as the CPU and memory, storage technologies, input and output devices, networks, operating systems, application software, programming languages, and instructional support technologies. It compares and contrasts different types of hardware and software and discusses tradeoffs between options like speed vs cost and capacity vs cost.
Computer systems accept digital data as input and manipulate it according to programmed instructions to produce useful output. There are five generations of computers based on the underlying technology used. Computers include input, output, processing, storage, and control units. Common components are the CPU, memory (RAM, ROM), and motherboard. Software includes system software that interfaces hardware and applications, like operating systems and compilers.
This document provides an overview of hardware and software basics. It describes the main components of a computer system including central processing units, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices and networking. It explains the differences between digital and analog systems and gives examples. It also summarizes different types of system software, application software, programming languages and how technology can support instruction.
The document discusses the inner workings of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the key hardware components of a CPU including registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and control unit. The CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions using these components. It also discusses other computer hardware like memory, buses, peripheral devices, and clocks that allow components to communicate and synchronize operations. The document provides details on how these hardware pieces work together to process instructions and move data within a computer system.
E 1-00powerpointpresentationupdate-090901115018-phpapp0112richa
This document provides an overview of basic computer concepts:
1. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data by representing information as binary digits (0s and 1s).
2. The main components of a computer system are hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs and operating instructions).
3. Common computer devices for input, output, and storage are described along with how data is represented and processed in a computer.
The document provides an overview of hardware and software basics. It defines digital and analog devices, and describes the main components of computer hardware including the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices. It also discusses operating systems, application software, programming languages, and instructional support resources. The document aims to describe the appropriate use of technology components and explain differences between analog and digital systems.
The document provides an overview of basic computer structure. It discusses the main components of a computer including the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), hard disk, motherboard, input/output devices, power supply, case, and operating system. It also briefly mentions antivirus software.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to instructions, produce output, and store information for future use. It has five basic functions: taking input, storing data and instructions, processing data, generating output, and controlling all other functions. The two main components of a computer are hardware, the physical parts, and software, which are instructions and data. A computer uses input devices to receive data, a central processing unit to process data, primary memory to temporarily store data, secondary storage like hard disks to permanently store data, and output devices to communicate the results.
The document discusses the components inside a computer system unit. It describes the central processing unit (CPU), which includes the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. The CPU fetches and decodes instructions from memory and executes them. Memory temporarily stores instructions and data and can be measured in kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes. The document also mentions other common internal components like the motherboard, ports, and buses that allow communication between components.
The document provides an introduction to computers and basic computer concepts. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data. It then describes the basic components of a computer system including input, output, and storage devices. It also explains the functions of the central processing unit and memory. Finally, it discusses the history of computers from the abacus to modern computer generations and characteristics of computers like speed, accuracy, and reliability.
The document discusses the typical components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the differences between primary and secondary memory, as well as different types of input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It also covers output devices like monitors, printers, and optical disks. The document provides details on how information is moved and stored within a computer system using components like ribbon cables and bytes.
The document discusses the typical components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the differences between primary and secondary memory, as well as different types of input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It also covers output devices like monitors, printers, and optical disks. The document provides details on how information is moved and stored within a computer system using components like ribbon cables and bytes.
This document provides a 3 month syllabus for a basic computer course covering fundamentals of computers, Windows XP overview, email and internet, viruses, application software, and practical activities. The fundamentals section covers computer components, memory, types of computers and their characteristics. The Windows XP overview section outlines the desktop, control panel, MS-DOS, and accessories. The email and internet section addresses creating email accounts, search engines, and social networking. The document also includes sections on application software like Word, PowerPoint and Excel as well as practical topics like installing Windows 7 and hardware fundamentals.
This document provides an overview of computer components and their functions. It discusses input devices like keyboards and scanners that provide data to the computer. It describes primary memory, including RAM and ROM, that temporarily stores programs and data during use. It also outlines the central processing unit or CPU that controls all computer activities, including its arithmetic, control and instruction decoding units. Output devices are also summarized, such as displays, disk drives and printers that present processed information to the user.
An educational hardware system consists of computer hardware components like the central processing unit (CPU), primary storage, secondary storage, and input/output devices. The CPU contains the processor, memory, and buses that connect all the parts. Primary storage like RAM is used for temporary data and instructions during processing while secondary storage such as hard disks store data long-term. Common computer components include the motherboard, video and sound cards, ports, and power supply inside the system unit.
This document provides an introduction to computer components and concepts. It discusses that a computer consists of an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, memory, and input/output devices. It also describes the different types of memory (RAM, ROM, virtual memory), generations of computers, and basic computer organization. The document is intended as a study guide for the IBPS PO exam and contains definitions and explanations of core computer science terms.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers accessible to a mass audience. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip, allowing computers to fit in the palm of the hand. The fifth generation, still in development, is based on artificial intelligence.
This document discusses the evolution of computers through six generations from 1945 to present. It describes the technologies used in each generation including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and parallel processing. Moore's Law about the doubling of transistors every 18 months is also mentioned. The document then covers computer components including the CPU, memory, storage, ports, and how the processor interacts with input/output devices. It defines different types of computers and provides examples. Finally, key computer architecture concepts are defined such as the central processing unit, registers, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, buses, and the Von Neumann architecture.
The document provides information about five group members working on a computer applications project. It then discusses various topics related to computers including bits, bytes, ASCII, file storage units, computer hardware components, input/output devices, storage devices, network topologies, and cable media types.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware components. It discusses the main components including input, output, storage, communication, and the system unit. The system unit contains the motherboard, processor, memory, and other chips. Memory is used to store data and instructions. Various storage media are described like hard disks, flash drives, and CDs. Adapter cards can be installed into expansion slots on the motherboard to add functionality to the computer.
Computer systems accept digital data as input and manipulate it according to programmed instructions to produce useful output. There are five generations of computers based on the underlying technology used. Computers include input, output, processing, storage, and control units. Common components are the CPU, memory (RAM, ROM), and motherboard. Software includes system software that interfaces hardware and applications, like operating systems and compilers.
This document provides an overview of hardware and software basics. It describes the main components of a computer system including central processing units, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices and networking. It explains the differences between digital and analog systems and gives examples. It also summarizes different types of system software, application software, programming languages and how technology can support instruction.
The document discusses the inner workings of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the key hardware components of a CPU including registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and control unit. The CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions using these components. It also discusses other computer hardware like memory, buses, peripheral devices, and clocks that allow components to communicate and synchronize operations. The document provides details on how these hardware pieces work together to process instructions and move data within a computer system.
E 1-00powerpointpresentationupdate-090901115018-phpapp0112richa
This document provides an overview of basic computer concepts:
1. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data by representing information as binary digits (0s and 1s).
2. The main components of a computer system are hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs and operating instructions).
3. Common computer devices for input, output, and storage are described along with how data is represented and processed in a computer.
The document provides an overview of hardware and software basics. It defines digital and analog devices, and describes the main components of computer hardware including the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices, and output devices. It also discusses operating systems, application software, programming languages, and instructional support resources. The document aims to describe the appropriate use of technology components and explain differences between analog and digital systems.
The document provides an overview of basic computer structure. It discusses the main components of a computer including the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), hard disk, motherboard, input/output devices, power supply, case, and operating system. It also briefly mentions antivirus software.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to instructions, produce output, and store information for future use. It has five basic functions: taking input, storing data and instructions, processing data, generating output, and controlling all other functions. The two main components of a computer are hardware, the physical parts, and software, which are instructions and data. A computer uses input devices to receive data, a central processing unit to process data, primary memory to temporarily store data, secondary storage like hard disks to permanently store data, and output devices to communicate the results.
The document discusses the components inside a computer system unit. It describes the central processing unit (CPU), which includes the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. The CPU fetches and decodes instructions from memory and executes them. Memory temporarily stores instructions and data and can be measured in kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes. The document also mentions other common internal components like the motherboard, ports, and buses that allow communication between components.
The document provides an introduction to computers and basic computer concepts. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data. It then describes the basic components of a computer system including input, output, and storage devices. It also explains the functions of the central processing unit and memory. Finally, it discusses the history of computers from the abacus to modern computer generations and characteristics of computers like speed, accuracy, and reliability.
The document discusses the typical components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the differences between primary and secondary memory, as well as different types of input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It also covers output devices like monitors, printers, and optical disks. The document provides details on how information is moved and stored within a computer system using components like ribbon cables and bytes.
The document discusses the typical components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the differences between primary and secondary memory, as well as different types of input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It also covers output devices like monitors, printers, and optical disks. The document provides details on how information is moved and stored within a computer system using components like ribbon cables and bytes.
This document provides a 3 month syllabus for a basic computer course covering fundamentals of computers, Windows XP overview, email and internet, viruses, application software, and practical activities. The fundamentals section covers computer components, memory, types of computers and their characteristics. The Windows XP overview section outlines the desktop, control panel, MS-DOS, and accessories. The email and internet section addresses creating email accounts, search engines, and social networking. The document also includes sections on application software like Word, PowerPoint and Excel as well as practical topics like installing Windows 7 and hardware fundamentals.
This document provides an overview of computer components and their functions. It discusses input devices like keyboards and scanners that provide data to the computer. It describes primary memory, including RAM and ROM, that temporarily stores programs and data during use. It also outlines the central processing unit or CPU that controls all computer activities, including its arithmetic, control and instruction decoding units. Output devices are also summarized, such as displays, disk drives and printers that present processed information to the user.
An educational hardware system consists of computer hardware components like the central processing unit (CPU), primary storage, secondary storage, and input/output devices. The CPU contains the processor, memory, and buses that connect all the parts. Primary storage like RAM is used for temporary data and instructions during processing while secondary storage such as hard disks store data long-term. Common computer components include the motherboard, video and sound cards, ports, and power supply inside the system unit.
This document provides an introduction to computer components and concepts. It discusses that a computer consists of an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, memory, and input/output devices. It also describes the different types of memory (RAM, ROM, virtual memory), generations of computers, and basic computer organization. The document is intended as a study guide for the IBPS PO exam and contains definitions and explanations of core computer science terms.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers accessible to a mass audience. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip, allowing computers to fit in the palm of the hand. The fifth generation, still in development, is based on artificial intelligence.
This document discusses the evolution of computers through six generations from 1945 to present. It describes the technologies used in each generation including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and parallel processing. Moore's Law about the doubling of transistors every 18 months is also mentioned. The document then covers computer components including the CPU, memory, storage, ports, and how the processor interacts with input/output devices. It defines different types of computers and provides examples. Finally, key computer architecture concepts are defined such as the central processing unit, registers, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, buses, and the Von Neumann architecture.
The document provides information about five group members working on a computer applications project. It then discusses various topics related to computers including bits, bytes, ASCII, file storage units, computer hardware components, input/output devices, storage devices, network topologies, and cable media types.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware components. It discusses the main components including input, output, storage, communication, and the system unit. The system unit contains the motherboard, processor, memory, and other chips. Memory is used to store data and instructions. Various storage media are described like hard disks, flash drives, and CDs. Adapter cards can be installed into expansion slots on the motherboard to add functionality to the computer.
3. What is a Computer?
Computer
Device capable of performing computations and making
logical decisions
Computers process data under the control of sets of
instructions called computer programs
Personal computers: economical enough for individual
Distributed computing: computing distributed over
networks
Client/server computing: sharing of information across
computer networks between file servers and clients
(personal computers)
Dale Roberts
4. First generation computers
(1940-1956)
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory.
They were often enormous and taking up entire room.
First generation computers relied on machine
language.
. They were very expensive to operate and in addition
to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of
heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of
first-generation computing devices.
6. Second generation computers
(1956-1963)
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the
second generation of computers.
• Second-generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.
• High-level programming languages were also being
developed at this time, such as early versions
of COBOL and FORTRAN.
• These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory.
8. Third generation computers
(1964-1971)
The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on siliconchips, called semiconductors.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with
an operating system.
Allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time.
10. Fourth generation computers
(1971-present)
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip.
The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer.
From the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controls—on a single chip.
. Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.
12. Fifth generation computers
(present and beyond)
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence.
Are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition.
The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
15. Input Devices
Input Devices: devices
that input information
into the computer such
as a keyboard, mouse,
scanner, and digital
camera.
16. Output Devices
Output: devices that
output information
from the computer such
as a printer and
monitor.
17. Central Processing Unit
CPU (Central Processing Unit) also called the
Microprocessor or “The Brain” of the Computer.
Processor speed: The speed at which a
microprocessor executes instructions. This is usually
measured in megahertz (MHz).
Brands of Processors include:
Pentium
Celeron
MAC
AMD
Cyrix
18. Central Processing Unit
Computer chip: also called the
microprocessor may contain an
entire processing unit.
Computer chips contain millions
of transistors. They are small
pieces of semi-conducting
material (silicon).
An integrated circuit is embedded
in the silicon. Computers are made
of many chips on a circuit board.
19. Data Storage Devices
The hard-drive is a mechanical
storage device typically located
internally.
Fast recording and recovery of
data
Large storage capacity
Magnetic
Primary storage device for data
and programs
Speed is measured in R.P.M.’s
20. Data Storage Devices (cont’d)
CD-ROM (compact disk read
only memory)
Approximately 600 to 700
megabyte of storage
An optical device read by
a diode laser
21. Data Storage Devices (cont’d)
Floppy diskette is magnetic
storage device for small
amounts of data (1.44MB).
FLASH drive is a compact
and portable electronic
storage device.
USB (plug and play)
supported
22. Computer Memory
Computer memory is binary (0 or 1) (on or off).
The byte is the standard unit of measurement.
A byte is composed of 8 bits (binary digits).
Typical units of measurement:
1 KB (kilobyte) = 1000 bytes
1 MB (megabyte) =1000 kilobytes or 1 million bytes
1 GB (gigabyte) =1000 megabytes or 1 billion bytes
23. Computer Memory
RAM (random access memory)
stores data that is processing.
This type of memory is erased
when the computer is turned
off.
ROM (read only memory)
contains special instructions for
the computer to operate.
Cache memory increases the
speed of the processor by
recording and anticipating
instructions.
24. Resolution
Screen resolution is measured in pixel per
inch (ppi), and printer resolution is
measured in dots per inch (dpi).
Computer screen resolution is approximately
72 ppi.
Width x Height (Pixels) Video Display
640 x 480 Low Resolution
800 x 600 Medium Resolution
1600 x 1200 High Resolution
26. Software
Program
a sequence of instructions to accomplish a result
a computer processes information under the direction of
a program
Data
information to be processed by a program
Example
Data: for each employee, the employee number, hours
worked & hourly pay rate
Program: instructions on how to process the data to
produce pay cheques, payroll register, etc.
30. Hardware Devices
Processing Device (Arithmetic/logic/repetition)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
286, 386, 486, Pentium, K5, K6
Has three basic parts
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
executes all the arithmetic and logic instructions
Control Unit
decodes instructions and determines which is next to be
executed
Buses/Registers
Buses are paths for information entering/exiting the CPU
Registers are memory for processing information
31. The Central Processing Unit
The CPU continuously follows the fetch-
decode-execute cycle:
fetch
Retrieve an instruction from main memory
decode
Determine what the
instruction is
execute
Carry out the
instruction
32. Hardware Devices
Storage
Two types
Primary and secondary
Primary Storage (main memory)
On board memory (located on the motherboard)
Very fast, but expensive
Two types
RAM – Random Access Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory
33. Hardware Devices
RAM - Random Access Memory
Read/write capability
Contents lost when computer is turned off (volatile)
A program must be in RAM for it to execute
128 to 256MB for a typical desktop computer
34. Hardware Devices
ROM - Read Only Memory
Read but not write capability
Permanent (non volatile)
Stores the preliminary instructions to be executed when
the computer is turned on, for example
To check RAM
To check communications with peripheral devices
Bootstrap loader program
35. Hardware Devices
Address
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
Large values are
stored in consecutive
memory locations
10011010
Each memory cell stores a
set number of bits (usually 8
bits, or one byte)
Content
Main memory is
divided into
many memory
locations (or
cells)
Each memory cell has a
numeric address, which
uniquely identifies it
36. Hardware Devices
Secondary Storage (secondary memory)
External devices (not on the motherboard); either
inside or outside the computer
Store programs and data permanently
Slower, but cheaper
RAM - nanoseconds, Drive - milliseconds
Different sizes/styles
Floppy Disk - 1.4MB (portable)
Zip Drive - 100-750MB (portable)
CD - 650MB (portable)
Jaz Drive – 1-2GB (portable) discontinued
Hard Disk Drive >=20GB (not portable)
Tape - 50GB (portable, very slow)
Flash drives (portable)
37. Hardware Devices
Other devices
Port
For connecting peripheral devices
USB, Parallel and serial ports
Modem (internal or external)
For communicating over telephone lines
38.
39. Software
A computer program is a series of instructions
each instruction is expressed in a format consistent with
a predefined set of rules
a computer processes data under the direction of the
instructions in a program
there are instructions to input, process, store and output
data
the user of a program (as distinct from its creator) has
no need to be aware of the details of its construction
the user is only interested in the services that the
program is able to provide
40. Software
Programming Languages
1st generation
machine language
instructions coded using combinations of 0’s & 1’s
2nd generation
assembly languages (low-level symbolic languages)
instructions coded using letters & numbers
one assembly language instruction is translated into one
machine language instruction
41. Software
Programming Languages
3rd generation
high-level symbolic languages
one instruction generates multiple machine language
instructions
4th generation programming languages
non-procedural languages
code “what” not “how”
42. Software
HIGH LEVEL ASSEMBLY MACHINE
z = x + y MOV AL, X 0010 1001 0001
MOV AH, Y 0010 1100 0010
ADD AL, AH 0100 0001 0010
MOV Z, AL 0010 0010 1011
43. Software categories
Operating System
controls all machine activities
provides the user interface to the computer
manages resources such as the CPU and memory
Windows XP, Unix, Linux, Mac OS
Application program
generic term for any other kind of software
word processors, games, . . .
Most operating systems and application programs have a
graphical user interface (GUI)
44. Software
Operating Systems
The most important software on a computer
always running to perform the following tasks
create and manage files
run programs
control information going to/from the peripherals
Eg: MS-DOS
create and manage files - several programs
run programs - COMMAND.COM
peripherals - IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS
46. An electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can
accept data (input), manipulate the data according
to specified rules (process), produce information
(output) from the processing, and store the results
for future use.
47. What does a computer do?
Input
Process
Output
Storage
Processor
Control Unit/Arithmetic Logic
Unit
Memory
Storage Devices
Input
Device
s
Output
Devices
48. Input Devices
Any hardware component that allows you
to enter data, programs, commands, and
user responses into a computer
Input Device
Examples
Keyboard
Mouse
49. Output Devices
Output devices make the information resulting from
processing available for use
Output Device Examples
Printers
Impact
Nonimpact
Photo
Display Devices
CRT
LCD
50. Storage Devices
Removable
Floppy disk, or diskette
Compact Disc CD-R, CD-RW, CD-
ROM
DVDs – DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-
RW, DVD-RAM
Zip disk
Flash disk/USB drive
Tape
Non-Removable
Hard disk
51. System Unit
The motherboard, or system board, is the main circuit
board of the system unit
The processor, also called the central processing unit
(CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions
that operate a computer
The control unit interprets the instructions
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs the logical and
arithmetic processes
Memory, also called random access memory, or RAM,
consists of electronic components that store data,
instructions, and information, as needed by the
processor