The document discusses computer hardware ports and connectors. It defines ports as places for physically connecting devices to a computer, usually with sockets. Connectors are the types of cables used to connect devices. Common ports discussed include USB, FireWire, Ethernet, parallel and PS/2 ports. The document also covers expansion slots, buses, cache memory, virtual memory, and auxiliary storage components like hard disks.

1. Lecture slides on:Lecture slides on:
Computer HardwareComputer Hardware
Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
Suleiman Mohammed,Suleiman Mohammed, citp(mcpn, mncs)citp(mcpn, mncs)Institute of Computing & ICT, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.Institute of Computing & ICT, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
InstructorInstructor

2. IntroductionIntroduction
 In the past connecting devices to your computer are atIn the past connecting devices to your computer are at
ease when we only use theease when we only use the keyboard, mousekeyboard, mouse, monitor and, monitor and
printersprinters but nowbut now We have to deal withWe have to deal with USBUSB,, FireWireFireWire,,
network jacksnetwork jacks and an assortment of audio and videoand an assortment of audio and video
connections. All those will be presented in this presentationconnections. All those will be presented in this presentation
Simple PC With only mouseSimple PC With only mouse New types of ConnectorsNew types of Connectors USB are theUSB are the
keyboard and printerkeyboard and printer for new devices asfor new devices as most popularmost popular
Technology grewTechnology grew

3. What are Ports?What are Ports?
 On computer, aOn computer, a portport isis
generally a specificgenerally a specific
place for beingplace for being
physically connectedphysically connected
to some other device,to some other device,
usually with a socketusually with a socket
or plug which we callor plug which we call
ConnectorsConnectors

Typical Computer Port found behind a desktop PCTypical Computer Port found behind a desktop PC

4. What are Connectors?What are Connectors?
 A connector is any connector used withinA connector is any connector used within
computers or to connect computers tocomputers or to connect computers to
networks, printers or other devices.networks, printers or other devices.
Many types of computer connectorsMany types of computer connectors

5. The PS/2 ConnectorThe PS/2 Connector
 The PS/2 connector areThe PS/2 connector are
use for connectinguse for connecting
keyboard and mousekeyboard and mouse
on the modern PCs.on the modern PCs.
The PS2 mouseThe PS2 mouse
connector and port isconnector and port is
usually green in colourusually green in colour
to distinguish it fromto distinguish it from
the PS2 keyboard,the PS2 keyboard,
which is purple.which is purple.

6. The USB PortThe USB Port
 Universal Serial Bus: aUniversal Serial Bus: a
protocol for transferringprotocol for transferring
data to and from digitaldata to and from digital
devices. Many digitaldevices. Many digital
cameras and memory cardcameras and memory card
readers connect to thereaders connect to the
USB port on a computer.USB port on a computer.

7. TheThe Firewire IEEE 1394 PortFirewire IEEE 1394 Port
 A type of cablingA type of cabling
technology fortechnology for
transferring data totransferring data to
and from digitaland from digital
devices at highdevices at high
speed. FireWire arespeed. FireWire are
typically faster thantypically faster than
those that connectthose that connect
via USB.via USB.

8. TheThe RJ45 Ethernet PortRJ45 Ethernet Port
 LAN or (Local AreaLAN or (Local Area
Network) uses a CAT5Network) uses a CAT5
cable and a RJ45cable and a RJ45
connection. The CAT 5connection. The CAT 5
cable is also calledcable is also called
the Ethernet Cable.the Ethernet Cable.
 Network connectionNetwork connection
generally uses agenerally uses a
10/100 Mbps speed.10/100 Mbps speed.
This means it has twoThis means it has two
different speeds 10different speeds 10
Mbps and 100 Mbps.Mbps and 100 Mbps.

9. DB25 Parallel PortDB25 Parallel Port
 The printer connectsThe printer connects
to your computer withto your computer with
a Parallel connector.a Parallel connector.
This connector has 25This connector has 25
pins.pins.
 Parallel means theParallel means the
device is capable ofdevice is capable of
receiving more thanreceiving more than
one bit at a time (thatone bit at a time (that
is, it receives severalis, it receives several
bits in parallel).bits in parallel).

10. 1010
Exploring Data CommunicationsExploring Data Communications
Computer ports andComputer ports and
connectionsconnections
Power connection
Mouse port
FireWire port
Network port
Phone line
connection
Speaker and
microphone
connections
USB ports
Monitor port
Audio
connection
Keyboard port

11. MemoryMemory
 Access timeAccess time is the amount of time itis the amount of time it
takes the processor to read fromtakes the processor to read from
memorymemory
• Measured inMeasured in nanosecondsnanoseconds
1111

12. Expansion Slots and Adapter CardsExpansion Slots and Adapter Cards
 AnAn expansion slotexpansion slot is ais a
socket on thesocket on the
motherboard that canmotherboard that can
hold an adapter cardhold an adapter card
 AnAn adapter cardadapter card
enhances functions of aenhances functions of a
component of the systemcomponent of the system
unit and/or providesunit and/or provides
connections toconnections to
peripheralsperipherals
• Sound cardSound card andand videovideo
cardcard
1212

13. Expansion Slots and Adapter CardsExpansion Slots and Adapter Cards
 WithWith Plug and PlayPlug and Play, the computer, the computer
automatically can configure adapterautomatically can configure adapter
cards and other peripherals as youcards and other peripherals as you
install theminstall them
1313

14. Expansion Slots and Adapter CardsExpansion Slots and Adapter Cards
 Removable flash memory includes:Removable flash memory includes:
• Memory cardsMemory cards, USB flash drives, and, USB flash drives, and PCPC
CardsCards//ExpressCard modulesExpressCard modules
1414

15. Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
1515

16. Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
1616

17. Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
 On a notebook computer, the ports areOn a notebook computer, the ports are
on the back, front, and/or sideson the back, front, and/or sides
1717

18. Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
1818

19. Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
 AA USB portUSB port can connect up to 127can connect up to 127
different peripherals together with adifferent peripherals together with a
single connectorsingle connector
• You can attach multiple peripherals using aYou can attach multiple peripherals using a
single USB port with asingle USB port with a USB hubUSB hub
1919

20. Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
 Other types of ports include:Other types of ports include:
2020

21. Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
A Bluetooth wireless portA Bluetooth wireless port
adapter converts a USBadapter converts a USB
port into a Bluetooth portport into a Bluetooth port
A smart phone mightA smart phone might
communicate with acommunicate with a
notebook computer usingnotebook computer using
an IrDA portan IrDA port
2121

22. Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors
 A port replicator is anA port replicator is an
external device thatexternal device that
provides connectionsprovides connections
to peripherals throughto peripherals through
ports built into theports built into the
devicedevice
 A docking station is anA docking station is an
external device thatexternal device that
attaches to a mobileattaches to a mobile
computer or devicecomputer or device
2222

23. BusesBuses
 AA busbus allows theallows the
various devices bothvarious devices both
inside and attachedinside and attached
to the system unit toto the system unit to
communicate withcommunicate with
each othereach other
• Data busData bus
• Address busAddress bus
 Word sizeWord size is theis the
number of bits thenumber of bits the
processor canprocessor can
interpret and executeinterpret and execute
at a given timeat a given time
2323

24. BusesBuses
 Expansion slots connect to expansionExpansion slots connect to expansion
busesbuses
 Common types of expansion busesCommon types of expansion buses
include:include:
2424

25. BaysBays
 AA baybay is anis an
opening inside theopening inside the
system unit insystem unit in
which you canwhich you can
install additionalinstall additional
equipmentequipment
• AA drive baydrive bay
typically holds disktypically holds disk
drivesdrives
2525

26. Cache MemoryCache Memory
 Very fast memory used to improve the speed of a computer,Very fast memory used to improve the speed of a computer,
doubling it in some casesdoubling it in some cases
 Acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and mainActs as an intermediate store between the CPU and main
memorymemory
 Stores the most frequently or recently used instructions andStores the most frequently or recently used instructions and
data for rapid retrievaldata for rapid retrieval
 Generally between 1Kb and 512KbGenerally between 1Kb and 512Kb
 Much more expensive than normal RAMMuch more expensive than normal RAM

27. Memory Cache speeds up a computer by storing data
the computer has recently used. There are 2 types :
Internal & External

28. External Cache
If the computer cannot find what
it needs in the Internal Cache, it
looks in the external cache. This
is usually located on the
Motherboard. In some CPU chips
the External cache is built in.
Internal Cache
When the computer needs
data it first looks in the
Internal cache. This is located
on the CPU chip and provides
the fastest way for the
computer to get data.

29. Space on a hard disk
used to temporarily store
data and swap it in and
out of RAM as needed.
Virtual memory

30. Motherboard
This is the main circuit board that all of the other
internal components connect to.
The CPU and memory are usually on the
motherboard. Other systems may be found directly
on the motherboard or connected to it through a
secondary connection.
For example, a sound card can be built into the
motherboard or connected through PCI (Peripheral
Component Interface).

32. Auxiliary StorageAuxiliary Storage
 Hard disksHard disks
-- all standalone PCs have in-built hard diskall standalone PCs have in-built hard disk
- typical capacity for Pentium PC is >= 40 Gb- typical capacity for Pentium PC is >= 40 Gb
- used for storing software including the operating system,- used for storing software including the operating system,
other systems software, application programs and dataother systems software, application programs and data
 Floppy disksFloppy disks
- thin sheet of mylar plastic in hard 3½” casing- thin sheet of mylar plastic in hard 3½” casing
- capacity 1.44Mb- capacity 1.44Mb
 CD-ROMCD-ROM
- holds about 700Mb- holds about 700Mb
 Zip disksZip disks
- hold up to 250Mb- hold up to 250Mb

33. Power supply
An electrical transformer regulates the electricity used by
the computer.
Hard disk
This is large-capacity permanent storage used to hold
information such as programs and documents.
Operating system
This is the basic software that allows the user to interface
with the computer.

34. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Controller
This is the primary interface for the hard drive, CD-
ROM and floppy disk drive.
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus
The most common way to connect additional
components to the computer, PCI uses a series of
slots on the motherboard that PCI cards plug into.
SCSI
Pronounced "scuzzy," the small computer system
interface is a method of adding additional devices, such
as hard drives or scanners, to the computer.

35. Graphics card - This translates image data from the
computer into a format that can be displayed by the
monitor.
Sound card
This is used by the computer to record and play audio
by converting analog sound into digital information
and back again.
AGP
Accelerated Graphics Port is a very high-speed
connection used by the graphics card to interface
with the computer.

36. Parallel Port
Serial PortsUSB Ports

37. SERIAL PORT
Considered to be one of the most basic external
connections to a computer, the serial port has been an
integral part of most computers for more than 20 years.
Although many of the newer systems have done away
with the serial port completely in favor of USB
connections, most modems still use the serial port, as
do some printers, PDAs and digital cameras. Few
computers have more than two serial ports.

38. If you have a printer connected to your computer, there is
a good chance that it uses the parallel port. While USB is
becoming increasingly popular, the parallel port is still a
commonly used interface for printers. Parallel ports can be
used to connect a host of popular computer peripherals:
• Printers
• Scanners
• CD burners
• External hard drives
• Iomega Zip removable drives
• Network adapters
• Tape backup drives
Parallel Ports

39. The goal of USB is to end all of these headaches. The Universal
Serial Bus gives you a single, standardized, easy-to-use way to
connect up to 127 devices to a computer.
Just about every peripheral made now comes in a USB version. A
sample list of USB devices that you can buy today includes:
Printers Scanners Mice Joysticks Flight yokes
Digital cameras Webcams Scientific data acquisition devices
Modems Speakers Telephones Video phones
Storage devices such as Zip drives Network connections
Connecting a USB device to a computer is simple -- you find the
USB connector on the back of your machine and plug the USB
connector into it.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports

40. The rectangular socket is a typical USB socket
on the back of a PC.
A typical USB connector,
called an "A" connection
A typical "B" connection

41. Input and output devicesInput and output devices
 Input devicesInput devices
-- KeyboardKeyboard
- mouse- mouse
- barcode readers- barcode readers
- Scanners- Scanners
 Output devicesOutput devices
- printer- printer
- plotter- plotter
- VDU- VDU
Can you name some others?Can you name some others?

42. Power SupplyPower Supply
4242

43. 4343
Learning about NetworksLearning about Networks
Network configurationNetwork configuration
Workstation
Workstation
Your local workstation
Server Printer

44. 4444
Learning about NetworksLearning about Networks
 LANLAN ((local area networklocal area network))
• computers and peripherals located close to eachcomputers and peripherals located close to each
otherother
 WANWAN ((wide area networkwide area network))
• more than one LAN connected together
• the Internet is the largest example of a WAN
 WLANWLAN ((wireless local area networkwireless local area network))
• computers and peripherals that use high-frequency
radio waves instead of wires to communicate and
connect in a network
• Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) describes WLANs
connected using a standard radio frequency
established by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

45. 4545
Learning about NetworksLearning about Networks
 PANPAN ((personal area networkpersonal area network)—)—a network that
allows two or more devices located close to each
other to communicate or to connect a device to
the Internet
• infrared technologyinfrared technology——uses infrared light waves to
beam data from one device to another
• BluetoothBluetooth——uses short range radio waves to connect a
device wirelessly to another device or to the Internet
 WiMAXWiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access)
• allows computers to connect over many miles to a LAN
• a WiMAX tower sends signals to a WiMAX receiver built
or plugged into a computer

46. 4646
Learning about NetworksLearning about Networks
Using modems to send andUsing modems to send and
receive datareceive data
Sending site
Digital
signal
Modem
Analog
signal
Modem
Digital
signal
Receiving site

47. 4747
Learning about SecurityLearning about Security
ThreatsThreats
 Security
•refers to the steps a computer
owner takes to prevent
unauthorized use of or damage
to the computer

48. 4848
Learning about SecurityLearning about Security
ThreatsThreats Malware
• describes any program that is intended to
cause harm or convey information to others
without the owner’s permission
 Viruses
• harmful programs that instruct your computer
to perform destructive activities, such as
erasing a disk drive
• Antivirus software (virus protection
software) searches executable files for the
sequences of characters that may cause harm
and disinfects the files by erasing or disabling
those commands

49. 4949
Learning about Security ThreatsLearning about Security Threats
 Spyware
• programs contained with other programs that track a
computer user’s Internet usage and send this data back
to the company or person that created it
• usually installed without the computer user’s permission
or knowledge
• Anti-spyware software detects spyware and deletes
them
 Adware
• software installed with another program usually with the
user’s permission
• generates advertising revenue for the program’s creator
by displaying targeted ads to the program’s user

50. 5050
Learning about Security ThreatsLearning about Security Threats
 Firewall
• prevents other computers on the
Internet from accessing a computer
and prevents programs on a computer
from accessing the Internet without
the computer user’s permission
• can be either hardware or software
• router
 a device that controls traffic between network
components
 usually has a built-in firewall.
• software firewalls track all incoming
and outgoing traffic

51. 5151
Learning about Security ThreatsLearning about Security Threats
 Spoofed site
• a Web site set up to look like another Web site,
but which does not belong to the organization
portrayed in the site
• the URL (address on the Web) looks similar to a
URL from the legitimate site
• usually set up to try to convince customers of the
real site to enter personal information
 Phishing
• the practice of sending e-mails to customers or
potential customers of a legitimate Web site
asking them to click a link in the e-mail
• the link leads to a spoofed site
 Pharming
• when a criminal breaks into a DNS server (a
computer responsible for directing Internet traffic)
and redirect any attempts to access a particular
Web site to the criminal’s spoofed site

52. 5252
Protecting Information withProtecting Information with
PasswordsPasswords
 Logging inLogging in
• signing in with a user name andsigning in with a user name and
passwordpassword
 Strong passwordStrong password
• at least eight charactersat least eight characters
• consists of upper- and lowercase lettersconsists of upper- and lowercase letters
and numbersand numbers
• does not include common personaldoes not include common personal
informationinformation

53. End of PresentationEnd of Presentation
Thank youThank you