Uploaded byRabia Aziz
Ecosystem 2
An ecosystem is defined as a community of organisms interacting with one another and their non-living environment, comprising biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Key processes include energy flow, matter cycling, and ecological succession, with various types of ecosystems such as terrestrial and aquatic. The document also covers biogeochemical cycles, particularly the nitrogen and hydrological cycles, highlighting the importance of nitrogen fixation and the movement of water through the Earth-atmosphere system.
More Related Content
Ecosystem 2
- 1. •Ecosystem: Defined areain which a community lives with interactions taking place among the organisms between the community and its non-living physical environment. •An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between all living and non-living things
- 2. Ecosystems: Fundamental Characteristics •Structure: •Living (biotic) • Nonliving (abiotic) • Process: • Energy flow • Cycling of matter (chemicals) • Change: • Dynamic (not static) • Succession, etc.
- 3. An ecosystem consistsof two main components Abiotic or Non-living components. Biotic or Living components.
- 4. Abiotic or Non-livingcomponents. 1) Outside energy source 2) Physical factors that determine weather, climate 3) Chemicals essential for life
- 5.
- 6. Physical factors thatdetermine weather, climate Heat Wind Precipitation Topography
- 7. Heat Location Reflection Retention
- 8. Wind and Precipitation •Unevenheating •Ascending, descending air masses
- 9. Chemicals Essential forLife •Elements and compounds •Recycled between biotic and abiotic parts
- 10. The Biotic Componentsof Ecosystems Producers (autotrophs) - Photosynthesis Consumers (heterotrophs) - Aerobic respiration Decomposers
- 11. Producers (autotrophs) •The conversionof light energy to chemical energy is called “gross primary production.” •Plants use the energy captured in photosynthesis for maintenance and growth. •The energy that is accumulated in plant biomass is called “net primary production.”
- 12. Consumers • Primary, secondary,tertiary, etc. • Herbivore - plant eater • Carnivore - meat eater •Omnivore - mixed plant/animal diet
- 13. Decomposers Digest complexorganic chemicals into inorganic nutrients that are used by producers Complete the cycle of matter
- 15. 1. The Producers,the green plants, fix radiant energy(solar energy) and with the help of minerals take from their edaphic(soil where they grow) or aerial environment and build up complex organic matter. These are their food. So, with the help of solar energy they convert the chemical energy of the food to kinetic energy and finally heat energy. 2. The animals eat up plants and other animals as food. So, the energy is transferred through food to animals. 3. When plants and animals die, then decomposers(like certain bacteria and fungi) act on their dead bodies and decompose them into simple materials like carbon dioxide, water and minerals which go back to air, water bodies and soil from where they were taken.
- 16. Ecosystem Function One-way flow ofenergy Cycling of matter
- 17. Matter and EnergyFlow in Ecosystems Food chains Food webs Food chains/webs show how matter and energy move from one organism to another through an ecosystem.
- 18. Food Chains •The producers,consumers, and decomposers of each ecosystem make up a food chain. •There are many food chains in an ecosystem. •Food chains show where energy is transferred and not who eats who.
- 19. Example of aFood Chain
- 20. Food Webs All thefood chains in an area make up the food web of the area.
- 21. Natural 1.Terrestrial ecosystems (grasslands,forests, desert ecosystems) 2.Aquatic ecosystem a.Lentic (Stagnant water) like lake, ponds etc. b.Lotic (Flowing water) like river, ocean, sea, etc. Artificial 1.A crop land, garden, aquarium, park, kitchen garden.
- 22.
- 23.
- 24.
- 25. Lake & pondEcosystems
- 26. Ocean & seaEcosystems
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
- 32. Biogeochemical or nutrientcycles The movement (or cycling) of matter through a system. Matter mean: elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) or molecules (water).
- 34. Sources •Lightning •Inorganic fertilizers •Nitrogen Fixation •AnimalResidues •Crop residues •Organic fertilizers
- 35. Nitrogen is akey element for • amino acids • nucleic acids (purine, pyrimidine) •cell wall components of bacteria (NAM).
- 36.
- 37. •Plants die orbacterial cells lyse release of organic nitrogen •Organic nitrogen is converted to inorganic nitrogen (NH3) •When pH<7.5, converted rapidly to NH4 •Example: Urea NH3 + 2 CO2 Ammonification
- 38. Ammonification _____________________ - Afterall the living organisms have used the ___________________, decomposer bacteria convert the nitrogen to _______________. N H H H Ammonification organic nitrogen ammonia Bacteria Ammonia Organic Nitrogen (proteins)
- 39. Nitrification Two step reactionsthat occur together : •1st step catalyzed by Nitrosomonas 2 NH4 + + 3 O2 2 NO2 - +2 H2O+ 4 H+ •2nd step catalyzed by Nitrobacter •2 NO2 - + O2 2 NO3 -
- 40. Nitrification _______________ is theprocess that converts ammonia (NH3) into nitrites (NO2) and nitrates (NO3) which ____ plants _______ use. Note: Ammonia comes from ______ nitrogen fixation and ammonification How is it done? _____________________ N N N H H H O O O O O Nitrification most can Both Bacteria!
- 41. Denitrification •Removes a limitingnutrient from the environment •4NO3 - + C6H12O6 2N2 + 6 H20 •Inhibited by O2 •Not inhibited by ammonia •Microbial reaction •Nitrate is the terminal electron acceptor
- 42. Denitrification _______________: Process inwhich nitrogen compounds _____________________ into atmospheric nitrogen (N2 or N2O). The main process is performed by _____________________ in the soil. It can also happen by _____________ fossil fuels. N2ONO3 N2 Denitrification convert back bacteria burning
- 43. Nitrogen Fixation ___________________ isthe process in which the N2 compound in the atmosphere breaks and combines with other compounds. The nitrogen is _________ when it combines with ______________ or _______________. N N H N HH N2 Nitrogen Fixation “fixed” hydrogen oxygen Ammonia (NH3) Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
- 44. Three ways to“fix” Nitrogen Main process: Special ____________ convert the nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3), which only ________ plants can use (peas, beans). _________________ strikes convert N2 to N2O or NO3. Industrial production. ____________ manipulation turns N2 into NH3 (Fertilizer) bacteria some Lightning Chemical
- 45. Human Impact ___________________, releasestoxic nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere. ____________________________ release nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and introduce excess nitrogen into the environment. Remove nitrogen from the soil when we mine it for nitrogen rich __________________________. Discharge of ___________________________ releases excess nitrogen into the water ecosystems which disrupts the aquatic balance and kills fish. Combustion Commercial Fertilizers mineral deposits municipal sewage
- 46.
- 48. What is theHydrological Cycle? The hydrological cycle is the system which describes the distribution and movement of water between the earth and its atmosphere. The model involves the continual circulation of water between the oceans, the atmosphere, vegetation and land.
- 49. Describing the Cycle: •Evaporation Solarenergy powers the cycle. Heat energy from the sun causes evaporation from water surfaces (rivers, lakes and oceans) and….
- 50. • … transpirationfrom plants. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves. • Evapotranspiration – water loss to the atmosphere from plants and water surfaces.
- 51. Condensation The warm, moistair (containing water vapour) rises and, as it cools, condensation takes place to form clouds.
- 52. Precipitation •…precipitation occurs, either asrain or snow depending on altitude.
- 53. Run off /Overland flow • The rainwater flows, either over the ground (run off) into rivers and back to the ocean, or…
- 54. Groundwater flow •… infiltratesdownwards through the soil and rocks where it is returned to the oceans through groundwater flow.
- 55.