This document discusses complex amalgam restorations, which replace missing tooth structure from fractures, caries, or existing restorations. They require additional retention methods like pins or slots. Pin-retained and slot-retained amalgam restorations are described in detail, including tooth preparation techniques, pin selection and placement, and potential problems. Amalgam foundations are also briefly covered. The document provides information on indications, advantages, disadvantages, and clinical techniques for complex amalgam restorations.
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
Retentive features of a cavity
Indications and contraindication
Advantages and disadvantages
Types of pins
Cemented pins
Friction locked pins
Self threaded pins –(TMS)
Thread mate system
Regular , minim, manikin, minuta
Standard, self shearing, two in one, link series, link plus
Factors involved
Mechanical aspect
Anatomical aspect
Mechano-anatomical principles
Mechanical aspects of Pin-Retained restoration
Pins and tooth structure
Stressing capabilities of pins
Retention of pins in dentin
Microcracking and crazing
Pins and restorative materials
Effect of pins on strength of restorative materials
Retention of pins to restorative material
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
Retentive features of a cavity
Indications and contraindication
Advantages and disadvantages
Types of pins
Cemented pins
Friction locked pins
Self threaded pins –(TMS)
Thread mate system
Regular , minim, manikin, minuta
Standard, self shearing, two in one, link series, link plus
Factors involved
Mechanical aspect
Anatomical aspect
Mechano-anatomical principles
Mechanical aspects of Pin-Retained restoration
Pins and tooth structure
Stressing capabilities of pins
Retention of pins in dentin
Microcracking and crazing
Pins and restorative materials
Effect of pins on strength of restorative materials
Retention of pins to restorative material
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
this contains the steps for the class 1 cavity preparation for amalgam in detail. also contains the difference between composite and amalgam cavity preparation.
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
this contains the steps for the class 1 cavity preparation for amalgam in detail. also contains the difference between composite and amalgam cavity preparation.
DR. SWARNEET KAKPURE (DEPT OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS)
THE TOPIC PRESENTED IN SEMINAR COVERS ALMOST ALL THE ASPECTS OF COMPLEX AMALGAM RESTORATIONS INCLUDING PIN RETAINED,SLOT RETAINED AMALGAM RESTORATIONS,CEMENTED,FRICTION LOCKED & SELF THREADING PINS, TMS SYSTEM,AMALGAM FOUNDATIONS ALONG WITH TECHNIQUES OF INSERTION AND MATRIX PLACEMENT.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. DEFINITION
• Restorations that are used to replace
• any missing structure of teeth that have fractured,
• have severe caries involvement,
• or have existing restorative material.
• These restorations usually involve the replacement of one or more
missing cusps
• and require additional means of retention e.g. Pins, Slots, Locks
3. QUALITY OF AMALGAM
• Easy to use
• High compressive strength
• Wear resistance
• Long term performance
4. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
• Conservation of Tooth Structure
• Appointment Time
• Resistance and Retention Forms(comparatively cusp coverage increase
fracture resistance. RFRF can be enhance by pins & slots)
• Economical
Disadvantages:
• Tooth Anatomy (difficult to achieve in large restoration)
• Resistance Form( not as effective as extra coronal restoration, more
difficult to develop)
5. CONTRAINDICATION & INDICATION
Contraindication:
• In significant occlusal problems
• Can not restored with direct restorations because of anatomical or
functional consideration
• Esthetic area
Indication:
• When large amounts of tooth structure are missing
• One or more cusps need capping
• Definitive final restorations
• Foundations
• Control restorations in teeth having questionable pulpal or periodontal
prognosis
6. Continued….
• Control restorations in teeth with acute or severe caries
• Resistance and Retention Forms
• Status and Prognosis of the Tooth
• Role of the Tooth in Overall Treatment Plan
• Occlusion
• Economical
• Age and Health of Patient
7. CLINICAL TECHNIQUE
There are three types of complex amalgam restoration:
1. Pin-Retained Amalgam Restorations
2. Slot-Retained Amalgam Restorations
3. Amalgam Foundations
8.
9. Pin-Retained Amalgam Restorations
• Defined as any restoration requiring the placement of one or more
pins in dentin to provide adequate resistance and retention forms
• Have significantly greater retention compared with boxes or bonding
systems
INITIAL TOOTH PREPARATION:
• Outline form and initial depth, Primary resistance form ,Primary
retention form ,Convenience form
• In extensive caries , reduction of one or more of the cusps for
capping may be indicated
• When the facial or lingual extension exceeds two-thirds the distance
from a primary groove toward the cusp tip
10. Continued…….
• Depth cuts should be made on the remaining occlusal surface of each
cusp to be capped
• Depth cuts should be a minimum of 2 mm for functional cusps and
1.5 mm for nonfunctional cusps
• For less height cusps , depths cuts are less
• Goal is to ensure that the final restoration has restored cusps with a
minimal thickness
• When reducing only one of two facial or lingual cusps, the cusp
reduction should be extended just past the facial or lingual groove,
creating a vertical wall against the adjacent unreduced cusp
11.
12. FINAL TOOTH PREPARATION:
• Removal of any remaining infected carious dentin or old restorative
material
• If a liner or base is used it should not extend closer than 1 mm to a
slot or a pin
• Pins placed into prepared pinholes , provide auxiliary resistance and
retention forms
• Coves and retention locks should be prepared when possible
• Locks and coves should be prepared before preparing the pinholes
• If required Slots prepared along the gingival floor, axial to the DEJ
13. TYPES OF PINS
1. Self-threading pin (frequently used)( most retentive)
2. Friction-locked ( rear)
3. Cemented pins (rear)
Diameter of the prepared pinhole is 0.0015 to 0.004 inch smaller
than the diameter of the pin
General guideline for pinhole depth is 2 mm
Thread Mate System (TMS) most widely used
Due to (1) versatility, (2) wide range of pin sizes, (3) color-coding
system, and (4) greater retentiveness
Pins are available in gold-plated stainless steel or in titanium
14.
15.
16.
17. FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTION OF THE PIN IN
DENTIN AND AMALGAM
1. Type: Selfthreading pin is the most retentive
2. Surface Characteristics: Number and depth of threads on the pin
influence its retention
3. Orientation, Number, and Diameter: Placing pins in a non-parallel
manner increases their retention
• Avoid bending, bends may interfere with adequate condensation of
amalgam around the pin
• Pins should be bent only to provide for an adequate amount of
amalgam (approximately 1 mm) between the pin and the external
surface of the finished restoration
18. Continued……
• increasing the number of pins increases their retention in dentin and
amalgam
• As the number of pins increases, (1) crazing of dentin and the
potential for fracture increase, (2) amount of available dentin
between the pins decreases, and (3) strength of the amalgam
restoration decreases
• Diameter of the pin increases, retention in dentin and amalgam
generally increases
4. Extension into Dentin and Amalgam :Extension into dentin and
amalgam should be approximately 1.5 to 2 mm to preserve the
strength of dentin and amalgam
19. PIN PLACEMENT FACTORS AND TECHNIQUES
• Pin Size : Two determining factors for selecting the appropriate-sized
pin are the amount of dentin available to retention desired
• Number of Pins : Factors to consider (1) the amount of missing tooth
structure, (2) the amount of dentin available to receive the pins
safely, (3) the amount of retention required, and (4) the size of the
pins.
As a rule, one pin per missing axial line angle should be used
Pins not required if only 2 to 3 mm of the occlusogingival height of a
cusp has been removed
20. Continued……
• Location : Factors aid in determining the pinhole locations (1)
knowledge of normal pulp anatomy and external tooth contours, (2) a
current radiograph of the tooth, (3) a periodontal probe, (4) the
patient’s age
Pinholes should be located near the line angles of the tooth, pinhole
should be positioned no closer than 0.5 to 1 mm to the DEJ or no
closer than 1 to 1.5 mm to the external surface of the tooth
First prepare a recess in the vertical wall with the No. 245 bur to
permit proper pinhole preparation and to provide a minimum of 0.5
mm clearance around the circumference of the pin
Pinholes should be prepared on a flat surface
The minimal inter-pin distance is 3 mm for the Minikin pin and 5 mm
for the Minim pin
21.
22. Continued……
No.1/ 4 round bur is first used to prepare a pilot hole (dimple)
approximately one half the diameter of the bur at each location , for
accurate placement of drill
• Pinhole Preparation : Kodex drill (a twist drill) should be used
It is color coded so that it can be matched easily with the
appropriate pin size
Drill is placed in the gingival crevice beside the location for the
pinhole and positioned such that it lies flat against the external
surface of the tooth; without changing the angulation obtained from
the crevice position, the handpiece is moved occlusally and the drill
placed in the previously prepared pilot hole
23.
24. Continued……
Drill tip in its proper position and with the handpiece rotating at very
low speed (300–500 revolutions per minute [rpm]), pressure is
applied to the drill. The pinhole is prepared, in one or two
movements, until the depthlimiting portion of the drill is reached
• Pin Design : Several designs are available: standard, self-shearing,
two-in-one, Link Series, and Link Plus
Link Plus pins are self-shearing and are available as single and two-in-
one pins contained in color-coded plastic sleeves
This design has a sharper thread, a shoulder stop at 2 mm, and a
tapered tip to fit the bottom of the Pinhole
It also provides a 2.7-mm length of pin to extend out of dentin,
which usually needs to be shortened
When the pin approaches the bottom of the pinhole, the head of the
pin shears off, leaving a length of pin extending from dentin
25.
26. Continued…..
• Pin Insertion : Two instruments available: (1) conventional latch-type
contra-angle handpieces (2) TMS hand wrenches
Latchtype handpiece is recommended for the insertion of the Link
Series and the Link Plus pins
Wrench is recommended for the insertion of standard pins
In latch-type handpiece pin is inserted into the handpiece and
positioned over the pinhole, handpiece is activated at low speed until
the plastic sleeve shears from the pin
Standard design pin is placed in the appropriate wrench and slowly
threaded clockwise into the pinhole until a definite resistance is felt
when the pin reaches the bottom of the hole
Pin should be rotated one-quarter to one half-turn counterclockwise
to reduce the dentinal stress created by the end of the pin
27.
28. Continued……
Length of pin greater than 2 mm should be removed No. ¼ , No. ½ ,
or No. 169L bur, at high speed and oriented perpendicular to the pin
After placement, the pin should be tight, immobile, and not easily
withdrawn
Occasionally, bending a pin may be necessary to allow for
condensation of amalgam occlusogingivally, TMS bending tool placed
on the pin where the pin is to be bent, and with firm controlled
pressure, the bending tool should be rotated until the desired amount
of bend is achieved
29.
30. POSSIBLE PROBLEMS WITH PINS
• Failure of Pin-Retained Restorations : it occur at five location (1)
within the restoration (restoration fracture), (2) at the interface
between the pin and the restorative material (pin– restoration
separation), (3) within the pin (pin fracture), (4) at the interface
between the pin and dentin, and (5) within dentin (dentin fracture)
• Broken Drills and Broken Pins : Twist drill breaks if it is stressed
laterally or allowed to stop rotating before it is removed from the
pinhole, removal is difficult
Treatment for broken drills and broken pins is to choose an
alternative location, at least 1.5 mm remote from the broken item,
and prepare another pinhole
31.
32. Continued……
• Loose Pins : Occur in Self-threading pins, pin should be removed from
the tooth and the pinhole re-prepared with the next largest size drill
or Preparing another pinhole of the same size 1.5 mm from the
original pinhole also is acceptable
• Penetration into the Pulp and Perforation of the External Tooth
Surface : In an asymptomatic tooth, a pulpal penetration is treated by
applying calcium hydroxide liner over the opening of the pinhole, and
another hole is prepared 1.5 to 2 mm away
If the pin were left in the pulp, endodontic treatment recommended
Perforation of the external surface of the tooth can occur occlusal or
apical to the gingival attachment
33. Continued…..
Three options for perforations that occur occlusal to the gingival
attachment: (1) The pin can be cut off flush with the tooth surface
and no further treatment rendered; (2) the pin can be cut off flush
with the tooth surface and the preparation for an indirect restoration
extended gingivally beyond the perforation; or (3) the pin can be
removed, if still present, and the external aspect of the pinhole
enlarged slightly and restored with amalgam
Two options for perforations that occur apical to the gingival
attachment: (1) Reflect the tissue surgically, remove the necessary
bone, enlarge the pinhole slightly, and restore with amalgam, or (2)
perform a crown-extension procedure
34. Tooth Preparation for Slot-Retained
Amalgam Restorations
• Slot-Retained Amalgam Restorations : Slot is a horizontal retention
groove in dentin
can be used in conjunction with pin retention or as an alternative to
it
Slots are particularly indicated in short clinical crowns and in cusps
that have been reduced 2 to 3 mm for amalgam
Slots are less likely to create microfractures in dentin ,Shorter slots
provide as much resistance to horizontal force as do longer slots
No. 330 bur is used to place a slot in the gingival floor 0.5 mm axial of
the DEJ
slot is 1 mm in depth and 1 mm or more in length, depending on the
distance between the vertical walls
35. Continued.....
• Tooth Preparation for Amalgam Foundations : The retention for a
foundation must be sufficiently deep axially so that the final
preparation for the subsequent indirect restoration does not
compromise the resistance and retention forms of the foundation
• Restorative Technique:
Desensitizer Placement
Matrix Placement
Insertion
Contouring
Finishing of Amalgam