This document provides an overview of surveying and surveying tools used in the process of designing removable partial dentures (RPDs). It discusses the history and development of surveying, types of surveyors, principles of surveying including survey lines and path of insertion. The document outlines the step-by-step survey process including orienting the cast, tilting, marking survey lines, measuring undercuts, identifying interferences, and tripoding the cast for future reference. Various surveying tools such as the analyzing rod, carbon marker, undercut gauges, and wax trimmers are also described.
this presentation has all the techniques in impression making in the fabrication of an RPD.
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
This presentation specifically deals with the maxillary and mandibular Major connectors used in a cast partial denture. it also mentions the uses, advantages and disadvantages of each,
Fixed partial dentures transmit forces through the abutments to the periodontium. Failures are due to poor engineering, the use of improper materials, inadequate tooth preparation, and faulty fabrication. Of particular concern to prosthodontist is the selection of teeth for abutments. They must recognize the forces developed by the oral mechanism, and resistance.
Successful selection of abutments for fixed partial dentures requires sensitive diagnostic ability. Thorough knowledge of anatomy, ceramics, the chemistry and physics of dental materials, metallurgy, Periodontics, phonetics, physiology, radiology and the mechanics of oral function is fundamental.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
‘A paralleling instrument used in construction of a prosthesis to locate and delineate the contours and relative position and abutment teeth and associated structures’
this presentation has all the techniques in impression making in the fabrication of an RPD.
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
This presentation specifically deals with the maxillary and mandibular Major connectors used in a cast partial denture. it also mentions the uses, advantages and disadvantages of each,
Fixed partial dentures transmit forces through the abutments to the periodontium. Failures are due to poor engineering, the use of improper materials, inadequate tooth preparation, and faulty fabrication. Of particular concern to prosthodontist is the selection of teeth for abutments. They must recognize the forces developed by the oral mechanism, and resistance.
Successful selection of abutments for fixed partial dentures requires sensitive diagnostic ability. Thorough knowledge of anatomy, ceramics, the chemistry and physics of dental materials, metallurgy, Periodontics, phonetics, physiology, radiology and the mechanics of oral function is fundamental.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
‘A paralleling instrument used in construction of a prosthesis to locate and delineate the contours and relative position and abutment teeth and associated structures’
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This seminar talks about the dental surveyor and it applications in relation to Removable Partial Dentures and it also talk about the principles of RPD design, difficulties and management of free end saddle. finally the altered cast impression technique or also called Applegate's technique.
Dental surveyor /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGY
HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT
TYPES & USES OF SURVEYOR
PRINCIPLES IN SURVEYING
SIGNIFICANCE OF SURVEY LINES
PARTS OF DENTAL SURVEYOR
SURVEY PROCESS
RECENT ADVANCES
CROSS REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
A partial denture will not succeed unless it is designed and
constructed in harmony with all the physiologic and mechanical
problems present in the patient’s mouth.
Surveying and designing are important steps towards
achieving a successful restoration.
A well-executed design serves as a blueprint for fabrication of
the removable partial dentures.
Lack of plan,haphazard preparation and lack of abutment
preparation are a few factors of partial denture failure.
4. TERMINOLOGIES :
SURVEY-”The
procedure of locating
or delineating the
contour and position of
the abutment teeth and
associated structures
before designing a
partial denture.”-GPT 8
SURVEYING-”An
analysis and
comparison of the
prominence of intraoral
contours associated
with the fabrication of
a prosthesis”-GPT
SURVEYOR-”An
instrument used in the
construction of a
removable partial denture
to locate and delineate the
contours and relative
positions of abutment
teeth and associated
structures.”-GPT 8
5. SURVEY LINE
• A line drawn on a tooth or teeth of a cast by means of a
surveyor for the purpose of determining the positions of the
various parts of a retainer-GPT 8
GUIDING
PLANE
• Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of abutment teeth so
oriented as to direct the path of placement/removal of a
removable partial denture
PATH OF
INSERTION
• The direction in which a prosthesis is placed upon and
removed from the abutment teeth-GPT 8
HEIGHT OF
CONTOUR
A line encircling a tooth designating its greatest
circumference at a selected position
6. HISTORY AND
DEVELOPMENT
During the first part of the twentieth century, RPD were
designed and constructed using arbitrary techniques
“eye balling”.
The turning point in the change of partial denture construction
from guesswork based on clinical experience to scientifically
based procedure was the appearance of the dental surveyor in 1918.
Dr. A.J. Fortunati
In 1923 the J.M. Ney Corporation produced the first commercially
available, the Ney instrument.
7. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE : 1860 : Dr. J.
Richardson.
1890 : Dr
W.M.
Randall’s
technique.
1905 : Dr
Herman E.S
Chayes’
Parallelomete
r
1920 :
Robinson
surveyor by
Philadephia
Dental Clinic
club.
1923 : The
original ney
surveyor by
Weinstein &
8. 1937 : Ney surveyor
– the current model.
1929 : The original
Wills surveyor by
noble G Wills.
1937 : Wills
Surveyor-the
current model
1942 : King’s
College Surveyor.
1944 : The Roach
Surveyor.
11. WILLIAMS SURVEYOR
It has a Gimbal stage table -adjustable to
any desired tilt. Degree of inclination can
be recorded for repositioning of cast at any
time.
Superstructure of this surveyor consists of
jointed arm and spring-supported survey
rod, all components of which can be locked
in fixed position if desired.
12. THE HIGHRISER RPD SURVEYOR
A pendulum arm Block out/Survey Instrument.
Allows fluid movement.
The arm can freely swing back and forth,
rotate, or move up or down.
Arm can be locked to hold it at a set vertical height.
Spring tension is easily adjusted
Heating element attachment is designed for easy use and various size
tips are available.
13. THE SKYSCRAPER SURVEYOR
A dual pendulum Electronic Block out / Survey
instrument.
The dual arm system has several advantages :
-The heating element does not have to be removed when
surveying
-By simply rotating the column the new tool is ready for
use.
14. THE THERMA-SCULPT SURVEYOR
ATTACHMENT
The Therma-sculpt is an electronically heated arbor
that can be easily attached to Ney-Jelenko type
surveyor.
The design concept allows the technician to
perform varied wax sculpting tasks : from block
out of RPD, to attachment and implant procedures.
15. PURPOSES OF SURVEYING
Determine the most advantageous path of insertion.
Locate proximal tooth surfaces - guiding surfaces.
Locate and measure undercuts.
Identify hard or soft tissue interferences.
Determine a path of insertion consistent with esthetic requirements.
Delineate the height of contour of the abutment teeth and identify
areas of undercut
Planning restorative procedures.
Record the most ideal cast position for future reference.
Plan for the RPD design and the required mouth preparation.
16. PARTS OF A SURVEYOR :
PLATFORM
CAST HOLDER/
SURVEYING TABLE
VERTICAL ARM
HORIZONTAL
ARMMANDRE
L
SURVEYING ARM
18. ANALYSING ROD :
Used for preliminary survey of the cast.
Assessment of degree of undercuts on hard & soft tissues.
Assessment of angulation of teeth.
In distal extension cases,allows judgement of whether the
distal abutment undercuts are sufficient to indicate that a tilt
may be beneficial.
19. CARBON MARKER
Basically allows visualization of the analysing rod’s work.
Used for drawing survey lines around all teeth involved in clasp
design or that have proximal undercuts to be eliminated.
To mark the extent of bony/soft tissue undercuts for prosthetic
mouth preparation if required.
Light pressure without erosion.
20. UNDERCUT GAUGES :
Used to measure the location and horizontal depth of undercuts on
the analysed and marked teeth in three dimensions.
Stewert – o.o1”,0.015”,0.02”
McCracken-0.01”,0.02”,0.03”
Same shank,only the size of the tip/bead varies (except Neys)
21. WAX TRIMMERS :
Used to trim off excessive wax while surveying the wax
patterns.
To prevent overcontoured blockout of unfavourable undercuts.
To demarcate the exact planned clasp arm location to be
duplicated.
To create a gap/self cleansing area using a 25 trimmer.
22. COMPARISON OF NEY’S & JELENKO
SURVEYOR
1. Horizontal arm is fixed
2. Vertical arm is retained
by friction
3. Shaft remains in any
vertical position until again
it is moved
4. Cast table is moved
around surveyor platform
1.Horizontal arm is movable
2. Vertical arm is spring
mounted
3. Vertical arm when released
returns to its original position,
it should be held against
spring tension
4. Cast table is fixed to the
24. SIGNIFICANCES OF SURVEY
LINES :
Any rigid,nonflexible
part of the prosthesis
must be designed to lie
above the survey
line,and only flexible
parts may be designed
to go below it.
It helps to locate areas
of undesirable tooth
undercuts that must be
avoided or eliminated.
25. HIGH SURVEY LINE: From occlusal
1/3rd in NZ to occlusal 1/3rd in FZ
MEDIUM SURVEY LINE: From occlusal
1/3rd in NZ to middle 1/3rd in FZ.
LOW SURVEY LINE: From cervical
1/3rd in NZ to cervical 1/3rd in FZ
DIAGONAL SURVEY LINE: From
occlusal 1/3rd in NZ to gingival 1/3rd in
FZ
26. NEY’S CLASSIFICATION
26
Class I:
Survey line runs
diagonally across
the tooth surface.
The type of clasp
indicated is
occlusally
approaching cast
clasp with terminal
third engaging the
undercut.
Class II:
Survey line also
runs diagonally
across the tooth
surface but as a
mirror image of
Class I line. Here a
gingivally
approaching clasp
arm is suggested.
Class III:
Survey line is
parallel to the
occlusal surface
and lies just below
it
27. HEIGHT OF CONTOUR:
First termed by KENNEDY.
Represents the greatest bulge of diameter of a crown when
viewed from a specific angle or changes as the vertical position of
the tooth changes.
Tipping or tilting the cast will cause the height of contour to
move accordingly.
28. DE VAN 1935
SUPRA BULGE :
Surface of the
tooth that is
occlusal to the
height of contour
INFRA BULGE :
Surface gingival to
the height of contour
30. RETENTIVE UNDERCUTS :
When surveying diagnostic casts for rpd,retentive undercuts must be
present on abutment teeth when the cast displays a horizontal tilt.
This is necessary because dislodging forces are always directed
perpendicular to the occlusal plane.
31. IDENTIFYING THE MOST FAVOURABLE TILT :
Tilting is changing the position of the cast,which thus changes the
long axis
of each tooth on the cast relative to the horizontal plane.
Change in the tilt then changes the position of survey line and
location and
extent of the undercut.
32. The basic position or tilt of the cast on surveyor should be the
horizontal tilt.
In the horizontal tilt,occlusal surfaces of the teeth are at or near parallel
to the horizontal plane.
33. The anterior tilt increases the mesial undercut on the teeth.
In the posterior tilt,the occlusal plane is lower in the posterior region.
The posterior tilt will increase the distal undercut and decrease the
mesial undercut.
34. INTERFERENCES
In the maxillary arch –
palatal torus
exostoses and undercuts on the buccal surfaces of the
maxillary arch
facial tipping of posterior teeth
anterior soft tissue undercuts
35. In the mandibular arch –
mandibular tori
lingual tipping of the posterior teeth
bony prominences often encountered at the facial surfaces
of mandibular canines and premolars.
Soft tissue undercuts
37. ESTHETICS:
To obtain optimum esthetics,the metal,usually in the form of clasp arm,
must be concealed without compromising necessary support and
stability of the prostheses.
The artificial teeth must be placed in the most natural position possible.
Avoiding unnecessary display of the metal,the tilt of the survey table
should be such that the survey line on the teeth that are visible be as
close to the gingival margin.
The ideal position of the clasp for the retentive purpose is gingival
third of the tooth.
38. GUIDING PLANES :
Guiding planes are formed from the proximal tooth surfaces of the
teeth and are contacted by the minor connectors or other rigid
components of the partial denture.
These planes guide the prostheses for removal and placement.
The guiding planes are in intimate contact with the minor
connectors,help to stabilize against the lateral forces.
40. STEP BY STEP PROCEDURES IN SURVEYING A
DIAGNOSTIC CAST
Orientation of cast
Cast tilting
Visual analysis using analysing rod
Marking of survey lines /soft tissue undercuts using carbon markers
Undercut gauges used to measure amount of available retention
Interferences
Wax Trimmers
Tripoding of casts
41. ORIENTATION OF CAST
Casts oriented such that the anterior part is always toward the
vertical member of surveyor and away from the operator
Position for description is fixed for either cast.
Can be attached to the holding table via:
o Soft plasticine or wax
o Locking screws engaging the sides of model
o Magnetised iron cast into base of model
42. CAST TILTING
Tilting is changing the position of the cast, which thus
changes the long axis of each tooth relative to the horizontal
plane.
Alters the contour, positions, location & depth of undercut
relative to the new plane.
Allows:
The most advantageous path of insertion
Increase in desirable and decrease in undesirable undercuts
Distribution of available undercuts to produce more uniform
retention throughout the available teeth & tissues
Establishes parallelism & improvises upon esthetics.
43. Dislodging forces primarily to occlusal plane.
Hence, HORIZONTAL or 0.
TILT most common(Not>10˚).
Other tilts:
o Anterior
o Posterior
o Lateral
44. VISUAL ANALYSIS USING
ANALYSING ROD
Primarily responsible for “eyeballing” of the cast.
Once orientation & tilt is established, allows for a general tangential
analysis of undercuts, tooth angulations, etc.
Also aids the establishment of relative parallelism of various planar
surfaces.
45. MARKING OF SURVEY LINES /SOFT TISSUE
UNDERCUTS USING CARBON MARKERS
Analysis by the analysing rod is visualised via the carbon marker.
5H pencil graphites secured with metal reinforcement sheath
46. UNDERCUT GAUGES USED TO MEASURE
AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE RETENTION
These gauges are used to identify the specific amount
and location of desired retentive undercut on the surface
of the abutment tooth.
The undercut is best viewed against light passing
through a triangle bounded by surfaces of abutment
tooth, surveyor blade ,apex being the point of contact at
the height of convexity and base of triangle being the
gingival tissues.
46
47. Undercut utilisation
o 0.01 → cast retainers
o 0.02 → wrought wire retention
o 0.03 → rarely used
If no retentive undercuts are present, they must be created by:
o Gold Crowns
o Retentive Restorations
o Creating an undercut by tooth modification
48. WAX TRIMMERS
Once unfavorable undercuts are blocked, to prevent overcontouring,
wax trimmers are used.
In case of distal extension cases, to create a gap/self cleansing area
under the saddle, a 25
.
trimmer is used in conjunction.
Wax patterns for casting can also be carved accordingly.
49. PRESERVING THE TILT THROUGH
TRIPODING :
Once tilt has been selected for given rpd design, this tilt should be
preserved,so that it can be re-established accurately to the surveying
table.
This procedure is termed as “ TRIPODING”.This helps in returning
the cast to the surveyor for future reference.
50.
51. Methods for tripoding a cast :
METHOD 1 :
By placing widely spaced dots on the tissue surface of the cast using
the tip of the carbon marker, with the vertical arm of the surveyor in a
locked position.
52. METHOD 2
Scour 2 sides and the dorsal
aspect of the base of the cast with
a sharp instrument/ marking
pencil held against the surveyor
blade.
Marks don’t interfere with the
design
Easy duplication
May get smudged upon
handling
53. METHOD 3
A hole about 10 mm in diameter and
10 mm deep is prepared in the
lingual land area of the mandibular
cast with a large acrylic finishing bur.
The pin is locked in the vertical
spindle and lowered to the bottom of
the hole.
The vertical spindle with the pin is
then locked in this position and the
hole is filled with dental plaster.
Once the plaster is set, vertical
spindle is released from cemented
pin.
54. METHOD 4
An instrument reproduces the tilt
of a cast on a surveyor using
protractor
Flat metal strip 5mm wide and
3cm long, one end of which bend
upward at 90˚
Metal rod is attached to the end of
the flat part of the strip which
serves to fit the instrument to the
surveyor
J Prosthet Dent 1965;34(3)465-471
55. A hole is tapped and threaded in
the middle of the bent part of
metal strip through which a
protractor is screwed
The protractor can rotate around
the metal rod, acting as a pointer.
After determining the path of
insertion, the protractor
instrument is mounted on the
surveyor in place of analyzing rod
3 divergent points are marked,
with readings recorded at each tilt
56. METHOD 5
Make a hole in the tongue space
on mandibular cast 4-6mm in
diameter
Hole should create undercut but
should not perforate the base of
the cast
Following normal surveying
procedures, a parallel shanked
straight handpiece bur is
suspended.
J Prosthet Dent 1981;41(3):352-354
57. • With the bur in place, fill the
hole with autopolymerizing
acrylic resin
For reorientation, reposition the
bur in autopolymerizing resin
for a parallel tripod record.
58. METHOD 6
Wax deposited on side of
cast at 3 widely separated
points
Analyzing rod used to create
imprints of wax
This can be transferred by
duplication
59. METHOD 7
Make a universal tray on a
cast after adapting 2 thickness
of baseplate wax over the
teeth.
Make a platform with a
cylinder over the tray and
insert analyzing rod into
cylinder.
Move the tray to and fro
vertically during setting of
the material to make a smooth
vertical perforation in
cylinder.
60. Tray loaded with elastic
impression material, the cylinder
is attached to the rod and locked
After establishing tilt, an
impression is made
Reorientation can later be done
by placing the impression on
cast and the tilt at which the
stylus can enter the cylinder
locks the prior position
61. SURVEYING THE MASTER CAST :
Surveyed as a new cast
Prepared proximal guiding plane surfaces will indicate the correct
anteroposterior tilt
Any remaining interferences after mouth preparation must be
eliminated with block out.
Survey lines marked
63. Orthodontic wire can be used as a
horizontal "feeler gauge“ in combination
with the vertical analyzing wire to
estimate the adequacy of the retentive
undercut.
Dimensions of the wire allow for finer
measurements.
64. CONTOURING OF WAX PATTERNS
Surveyor blade – used as wax carver
Proposed path of placement maintained throughout preparation of
cast restorations for abutment teeth.
Surfaces of restorations that provide reciprocation for clasp arms
have to be contoured to permit their location well below occlusal
surfaces and on non retentive areas
65. BLOCK OUT
After the establishment of path of insertion and the location of
undercut areas on the master cast, the areas that shall be crossed by
the rigid parts of the denture must be blocked out.
Roach carver or No.7 spatula used to adapt the blocking wax.
Four types:
o Parallel Blockout
o Shaped Blockout/Ledge Blockout
o Arbitrary Blockout
o Relief
66. Parallel Blockout:
Performed:
o On interproximal surfaces to be used as guiding
planes(0/2/6˚ taper)
o Beneath all minor connectors
o On tissue undercuts to be crossed by rigid connectors
o Beneath bar clasp arms to gingival crevices
Materials Used:
o Hard baseplate wax
o Hard inlay wax
o Oil based modelling clay
Thickness-Only undercut remaining gingival to contact of
surveyor
blade with tooth surface
67. Shaped/Ledge Blockout:
Performed:
o On buccal & lingual surfaces to locate plastic or wax
patterns for clasp arms
Material:
o Hard Baseplate Wax
Thickness: Ledges for location of reciprocal clasp arms to follow
height or convexity so that they may be placed as cervical as
possible without becoming retentive
68. Arbitrary Blockout:
Performed:
o On all gingival crevices
o On gross tissue undercuts below areas involved in
framework design
o On tissue undercuts distal to cast framework
o Labial & buccal tooth undercuts not involved in denture
design
Material:
o Oil Based Modelling Clay
o Hard Baseplate Wax
Thickness:Enough to just eliminate gingival
crevice, levelled arbitrarily with a wax spatula
69. Relief
Provided:
o Beneath lingual bar connectors or the bar portion of
linguoplates
o On areas in which the major connector will contact thin
tissue
o Beneath framework extensions onto ridge areas for
attachment of resin bases
Material:
o Adhesive wax
o Hard Baseplate Wax
Thickness:
o 32 gauge wax(universally)
o 20 gauge wax for resin base attachment relief
70. PLACEMENT OF INTERNAL REST SEATS
Large box shaped metallic extensions that function as intracoronal
extensions.
Carved in wax patterns and refined further with hand piece after
casting.
71. MACHINING OF CAST
RESTORATIONS :
Rotary instruments can be attached to the surveyor via a handpiece
holder for trimming/machining of restorations.
Surveying arm can then be rotated around the restoration to trim
excess crown material.
72. SURVEYING CERAMIC VENEER CROWNS
Ceramic veneer crowns is used to restore abutment on which an extra-
coronal rest is placed
Surveyor is used to contour wax pattern except labial or buccal
surfaces for
esthetic reasons
Repositioning on surveyor, reshaping with stones may be required
before final Glazing of veneer crowns
73. PLACEMENT OF INTRA CORONAL RETAINERS
Surveyor is used to
To select a path of placement in relation to the long axes of abutment
teeth
To cut on diagnostic cast to estimate proximity to pulp
To carve wax patterns, to place internal attachment in wax patterns or
to cut recesses in casting
To place keyway portion of attachment in casting
74. PLACEMENT OF INTERNAL REST SEATS
Surveyor used as a drill press
Internal rest seats carved in wax pattern, defined in casting or
entirely cut in cast restoration
It provides positive occlusal support and horizontal
stabilization
Internal rests may be of Retentive, Non-retentive or Semi-
retentive
forms
76. Programs were written for this
technique using mathematic software
(MatLab:The Math Works, Inc, Natick,
Mass)
The program identified all downward
facing surface triangles on scan as –ve
& upward facing as +ve, the junction
being the survey line.
77. Tilting the cast allows for
accurate re-record of the new
survey line.
20˚ tilt
This can then be reproduced onto
the digitally scanned tooth
structure.
78.
79.
80. CONCLUSION
Preservation of abutment teeth and supporting structures of the oral
cavity depends on accurate and knowledgeable survey and design.
To plan, survey, and design a removable partial denture which will
provide proper retention, support, stabilization, and esthetics, is
essential for the success of the removable partial denture.
81. REFERENCES
Stewart’s clinical REMOVABLE PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICS
– 4th Edition and 2nd edition
McCracken’s Removable partial prosthodontics
– 11th Edition
An Atlas Of Removable Partial Denture Design – Stratton
Dental Laboratory procedures for Removable Partial Denture
- Rudd and Morrow
Editor's Notes
A prostheses made on the basis of educated guesses.Before invention of dental surveyors dentists evaluate facial contours & undercuts by visual survey of dental casts