An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
Due to the complex morphology of the root canal system in primary teeth, the clinician must rely primarily on chemical cleansing and sterilization and secondarily on mechanical instrumentation during pulpectomy procedure.
And in order to increase the chance of success of the endodontic treatment, substances with antimicrobial properties are frequently used as root canal filling materials in deciduous teeth
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
Due to the complex morphology of the root canal system in primary teeth, the clinician must rely primarily on chemical cleansing and sterilization and secondarily on mechanical instrumentation during pulpectomy procedure.
And in order to increase the chance of success of the endodontic treatment, substances with antimicrobial properties are frequently used as root canal filling materials in deciduous teeth
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Endodontic emergencies include Pre-treatment emergency of which hot tooth is a commonly encountered situation.
This ppt is contains concise pickup notes on Hot tooth.
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Endodontic emergencies include Pre-treatment emergency of which hot tooth is a commonly encountered situation.
This ppt is contains concise pickup notes on Hot tooth.
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Ganoderma lucidum against Candida albicansCsikós Ilona
Ganoderma lucidum has been in use in Traditional Chinese Medicine for years. Literature supports the use of this Ganoderma lucidum as a medicinal mushroom for its antimicrobial, antiviral properties. Candida albicans is the most common oral fungus associated with oral candidial infections. More: http://www.ganodermacoffee.dxnnet.com
Common Antibiotics : Used in periodontal therapy, easy approach for therapeut...DrUshaVyasBohra
An antibiotic is an agent that either kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism.
The term antibiotic was first used in 1942 by Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.[3] This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but that are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide). It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the sulfonamides. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds.[4] These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. In accordance with this, many antibacterial compounds are classified on the basis of chemical/biosynthetic origin into natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic. Another classification system is based on biological activity; in this classification, antibacterials are divided into two broad groups according to their biological effect on microorganisms: Bactericidal agents kill bacteria, and bacteriostatic agents slow down or stall bacterial growth.Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago.[5] Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections.[6][7] More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between micro-organisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life," was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.[9][10] Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted that certain.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Defination
The general definition of intracanal
medicaments is “temporary placement
of medicaments with good
biocompatibility into root canals for the
purpose of inhibiting coronal invasion
of bacteria from the oral cavity”.
(kawashima et al, 2009)
3. HISTORY
Seribonius in 1045 AD wrote of using oils
and wine in the mouth of a patient in pain.
This was a crude attempt to achieve a
topical anesthetic effect on a tooth to be
extracted.
Dental writings through the Middle Ages
indicate the use of oil of cloves, a plant
extract containing a high percentage of
eugenol.
4. In 1800 specific medicaments were recommended
for endodontic treatment.
Beechwood creosate was mentioned in 1840
article ‘Creosate and cotton in Fang filling.’
1884 Richmond advocated “Knocking out the
pulp” by whittling down orangewood to a small
size, soaking the stick in phenol and tapping this
into exposed pulp canal.
Phenol was added to preserve and sterilize the
contents of canal and to alleviate pain.
5. IDEAL
REQUIREMENTS
It should be an effective germicide and
fungicide.
It should be non-irritating to the periapical
tissues.
It should remain stable in solution.
It should have prolonged antimicrobial effect
It should be active in the presence of blood,
serum and protein derivatives of tissues.
6. It should have low surface tension.
It should not interfere with repair of
periapical tissues.
It should not induce cell mediated immune
response.
7. FUNCTIONS
Eliminate microorganisms: The objective is to
sterilize (destroy all viable microorganisms) or
to disinfect (destroy all pathogens) in the canal
space.
Rendering contents of canal inert: This
represents the attempt usually by chemical
means to “mummify”, fix or neutralize tissue or
debris left intentionally or unintentionally in the
pulp space.
Prevention or control of post treatment pain
8. Enhancing Anesthesia: By reducing the
sensitivity of the inflamed tissue which can
be difficult to anesthetize pulp.
Control of persistent periapical abscess : In
cases of continually “weeping” canal or
significant pain or swelling medicaments
have been suggested as a means of
controlling this difficult situation.
13. The commonest organisms of the mouth,
streptococci are also the most frequently found
in root canals.
Among the streptococci is a small resistant
group of enterococci.
14. E. Faecalis
E.Faecalis is a gram +ve cocci present in
root canals.
It has the ability to survive the harsh
environment including alkaline pH, salt
concentrations.
It resists bile salts, detergents, heavy metals,
ethanol.
It can survive temp upto 60 UC.
15. Mechanism of action
Bind the dentin and invades the dentinal tubules.
Alters the host response and suppresses the action of
lymphocytes.
It can colonize the root canal without competing with
any other microorganism.
It forms a biofilm and renders it resistant to
phagocytosis , antibodies and antimicrobial agents
such as calcium hydroxide by maintaing the pH
haemostasis.
17. Trauma: The tooth under treatment should be
disoccluded if necessary.
Devitalized tissue: If present in the root canal
or periapical tissue will interfere with repair or
disinfection.
18. Dead spaces : for maximum effect the
medicament should be in contact with the
microorganisms in the root canal.
Accumulation of exudate : Exudate should be
allowed to drain or be removed as it accumulates.
22. Chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a broad spectrum
antimicrobial agent. The property is due to its
cationic bisbiguanide molecular structure.
It is bacteriostatic at lower concentrations and
bactericidal at higher concentrations.
Chlorhexidine gluconate gel is widely used in
dentistry as an intracanal medicament.
24. Chlorhexidine can be applied in varies forms.
1. Mouthwash (0.12% and 0.2%),
2. Gels (1%)- medicament
3. Varnishes (1%, 10%, 20%, and 35%)
0.12% and 0.2% Chlorhexidine solutions showed a
significant decrease in streptococcus mutans after 24
hours.
Kulkarni VV et al 2003
26. Studies show that Chlorhexidine is more effective
in elimination of E. faecalis inside dentinal tubules.
Chlorhexidine both alone and along with calcium
hydroxide showed more antibacterial efficacy
against E faecalis than calcium hydroxide alone.
Nidhi sinha et al, 2013
27. Formocresol
Developed by BUCKLEY in
1906.
Contents : 19% formaldehyde
35% cresol
46% H2O and glycerine.
Combination- formalin and cresol in the
proportion of 1:2.
28. Formocresol combines the protein -
coagulating effect of phenolic compounds
with the alkylating effect of formaldehyde.
The bactericidal effect of formocresol is
good at levels as low as 2%.
29. Formocresol is a non- specific bacterial
medicament most effective against aerobic and
anaerobic organisms found in root canals.
Causes widespread destruction of living tissue
followed by a persistent inflammatory reaction.
Studies have reported that formocresol treated
tissue produced a cell mediated immune response.
30. Mechanism of action
ZONE OF FIXATION
Causes the coagulation necrosis of the tissue at the
amputation site because of protein denaturation by the
poisons.
Inactivates the oxidative enzymes.
Causing tissue fixation and renders the root canal inert
and resistant to enzymatic breakdown.
ZONE OF POOR CELLULAR NECROSIS
Farther away where the concentration of formocresol
is less.
31. ZONE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Apical to zone of cellular necrosis.
It blends into normal tissue.
32. Calcium hydroxide
Hermann introduced Ca(OH)2 paste as an ICM in
1920 .
Calcium hydroxide paste for intracanal use is a thick
suspension of Ca(OH)2 powder in sterile water or
saline or glycerine.
33. Used to obtain;
1. Microbial control,
2. Dissolve organic remnants,
3. Heal periapical inflammation,
4. Inhibit inflammatory root resorption,
5. Stimulate hard tissue formation and
6. Serve as a temporary obturating material between
appointments.
37. Three histologic zones under calcium hydroxide in 4-9
days:
1. Coagulation necrosis.
2. Deep staining areas with varied osteodentin.
3. Relatively normal pulp tissue, slightly hyperemic,
underlying an odontoblastic layer.
Fuks AB et al. Vital pulp therapy with new materials for primary teeth: new
directions and treatment perspectives. Pediatr Dent. 2008 May-Jun; 30(3):
211-9.
Witherspoon DE. Vital pulp therapy with new materials: new directions and
treatment perspectives- permanent teeth.
38. Its antimicrobial action is related to its high pH,
which results in the inactivation of bacterial
membrane enzymes.
Mahmoud Reza Hamidi et al. 2012
39. Studies done to test the antibacterial efficacy of
calcium hydroxide show that calcium hydroxide is
ineffective against E. Faecalis. It resists calcium
hydroxide for about 10 days. Calcium hydroxide
shows limited action against facultative anaerobes
and Candida species but is effective against
obligate anaerobes.
Hemanshi kumar. An in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of Curcuma longa,
Tachyspermum ammi, chlorhexidine gluconate, and calcium hydroxide on Enterococcus
faecalis. Journal of conservative dentistry. Year : 2013 Volume : 16 Issue : 2 Page : 144-
147
40. Antibiotics
Used Alone and in combination with other drugs.
Antibiotics are indicated in a small minority of
cases when root canal infection persists despite
other antiseptics.
Example; Ledermix paste or polyantibiotic paste
(PBSC) are used.
41. PBSC paste/ grossmans paste (1951)
Contains :
Potassium penicillin G (10,00,000 units)
Bacitracin (10,000 units)
Streptomycin paste (1gm)
Sodium caprylate / Nystatin (1gm)
PBSC contained penicillin to target gram-positive organisms,
bacitracin for penicillin-resistant strains, streptomycin for
gram-negative organisms, and caprylate sodium to target
yeasts.
42. Ineffective against anaerobes.
In 1975 – banned due to allergic reactions due to
penicillin.
Now Nystatin replaces sodium caprylate as the
antifungal agent .i.e. PBSN.
43. CORTICOSTERIODS- ANTIBIOTICS
COMBINATIONS
Highly effective in the treatment of over instrumentation.
Placed in the inflamed tissue by a paper point or reamer.
The steroid constituent reduces the periapical
inflammation and gives instant relief of pain.
The antibiotic constituents are present so that no over
growth of micro organisms occurs.
44. Ledermix paste
Ledermix is a glucocorticosteroid antibiotic
compound. Ledermix paste was developed by
Schroeder and Triadan in 1960 and was released
for sale in Europe by Lederle Pharmaceuticals in
1962.
The primary interest of Schroeder and Triadan in
the development of Ledermix paste was based on
the use of corticosteroid to control pain and
inflammation.
47. A 50:50 mixture of Ledermix paste and calcium
hydroxide has been advocated as an intracanal
dressing in cases of -
1. Pulpless infected root canals,
2. Pulp necrosis and infection with incomplete root
formation (apexification),
3. Perforations,
4. Inflammatory root resorption,
5. Inflammatory periapical bone resorption
6. Large periapical radiolucent lesions.
48. Corticosteroid based preparations have shown to cause
an increased degree of inflammatory response,
maximum being at 28 days.
After 7 days of experiment, all tested substance had
low levels of inflammatory cells.
Therefore, corticosteroid-based medications can be
used for periods no longer than 7 days.
Ramos E et al 2012
49. Septomixine Forte
Septomixine Forte (Septodont, Saint- Maur, France)
contains two antibiotics: —
Neomycin and Polymixin B sulphate.
Neither of these can be considered as suitable for use
against the commonly reported endodontic bacteria
because of their inappropriate spectra of activity.
Abbott PV, Hume WR, Pearman JM, Antibiotics and endodontics. Aust Dent J 35:50-60,
1990.
50. Neomycin is bactericidal against gram-negative bacilli
but it is ineffective against bacteroides and related
species, as well as against fungi.
Polymyxin B sulphate is ineffective against gram
positive bacteria, as shown by Tang et al., who
demonstrated that a routine one-week application of
Septomixine Forte was not effective in inhibiting
residual intracanal bacterial growth between
appointments.
51. TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC PASTE
Triple antibiotic paste is a combination of three
antibiotics namely minocycline (100mg),
ciprofloxacin (200mg) , metronidazole (500mg) and
propyelene glycol, saline as carrier. (Sato et al 1996)
Triple antibiotic powder, either mixed with normal
saline or 2% chlorhexidine, produced the largest zone
of inhibition against E. faecalis.
53. Concentrations used
1:1:1 - Hoshino et al ,1996
1:3:3- Takushige T et al, 2004
Hoshino E, Kurihara-Ando N, Sato I, Uematsu H, Sato M, Kota K, et al. In
vitro antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria from infected root dentin to a
mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline. Int Endod J.
1996;29:125–30
Takushige T, Cruz EV, Moral AA, Hoshino E. Endodontic treatment of
primary teeth using a combination of antibacterial drugs. Int Endod J.
2004;37:132–8
54. Takushige et al. (2004) evaluated the efficacy of
poly-antibiotic paste consisted of ciprofloxacin,
metronidazole, and minocycline, on the clinical
outcome of so-called “Lesion Sterilization and
Tissue Repair,” LSTR, therapy in primary teeth
with periradicular lesions.
55. Results showed that in all cases, clinical symptoms
such as gingival swelling, sinus tracts, induced dull
pain, spontaneous dull pain, and pain on biting
disappeared after treatment, although in four cases
clinical signs and symptoms were finally resolved
only after retreatment using the same procedures.
Thus, gingival abscesses and fistulae, if present,
disappeared after a few days.
57. Natural and herbal products have been used in
medicine and dentistry since time unknown. Use of
plant products in medicine is known as phytomedicine
or phytotherapy.
Since chemical and synthetic products are expensive
and cause cytotoxic reactions and are not very efficient
in elimination of bacteria, herbal products are used.
Sharad Kamat et al
58. Propolis
Propolis is prepared from resin collected by bees from
trees of poplars, conifers and flowers of genera clusia .
The pharmacologically active constituents in propolis
are flavonoids, phenolics and aromatics.
Propolis is a good antimicrobial and anti-
inflammatory agent, which can serve as a better
intracanal irrigant and intracanal medicament.
59. Propolis can be used as short-term intracanal
medication in cases of pulp and periapical
inflammatory processes.
Fabiane Bortoluci da Silva et al.
60. Curcumin
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is extensively used as a
spice, food preservative and coloring material in India,
China and South East Asia.
It has been used in traditional medicine for the
treatment of numerous diseases.
61. Curcumin which is the main yellow bioactive
component of turmeric has been shown to have a wide
spectrum of biological actions, including
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti- oxidant
activities.
62. Method of preparation
The dried rhizomes of turmeric were grounded to fine
powder under hygienic conditions to form a turmeric
powder.
This turmeric powder, distilled water, and radiolucent
material were mixed on a glass slab with the help of
stainless steel spatula, and mixing ratio of turmeric
powder, distilled water, and radiolucent material was
1:3:3.
Rajiv N Purohit et al 2017.
63. A study showed that curcumin was able to demonstrate
complete eradication of E. faecalis.
Another study showed that there was a gradual
decrease in the anti bacterial activity of curcumin at 3
and 7 days which may be due to the buffering ability
of dentin. Curcumin does not affect the micro hardness
of root dentin and is a potential intracanal medicament.
AR Prabhakar et al. 2013
64. Pulpotomy treatment using turmeric powder in
primary teeth has shown good clinical and
radiographic success.
Purohit R et al, 2017
65. Arctium Lappa
This plant is popular all over the world for its
therapeutic applications. It is found to have
antimicrobial action against microorganisms causing
endodontic infections.
It is a potential intracanal medicament.
66. Nissin
Nissin is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide,
produced by Streptococcus lactis sub species lactis.
It has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of
bacteria and their spores.
Studies show that it is effective in elimination of E
faecalis from root canal and is more effective than
calcium hydroxide.
Hemadri M et al.2011
67. Conclusion
Endodontic treatment are essentially debridement
procedures to disrupt and remove the microbial
ecosystem that is associated with the disease process.
It is important that clinicians understand the close
relationship between the presence of microorganisms
and endodontic disease processes to develop an
effective rationale for treatment.