This document provides a historical overview of endodontics from the 17th century to present day. Some key developments include Fauchard describing pulp removal in 1746, the introduction of gutta-percha as a filling material in 1847, and the discovery of X-rays in 1895 which allowed for better diagnosis and treatment planning. Over time, procedures have become more refined with the adoption of rubber dams, improved instruments, irrigants, and obturation techniques. Modern endodontics utilizes technologies like CBCT, electronic apex locators, microscopes, rotary files, ultrasonic irrigation, and biocompatible sealers to optimize outcomes.
Endodontic diagnosis could be a difficult task in most occasions, but with clinical assessment and careful history taking this task would be easier and clearer.
This lecture assembled by Osama Asadi, B.D.S, concentrating at the basic science of diagnosing pulpal and periapical diseases and their differential diagnosis and treatment plan. also endodontic case sheet and review-cases attached to the lecture at the end to help proper understanding of the subject.
Endodontic diagnosis could be a difficult task in most occasions, but with clinical assessment and careful history taking this task would be easier and clearer.
This lecture assembled by Osama Asadi, B.D.S, concentrating at the basic science of diagnosing pulpal and periapical diseases and their differential diagnosis and treatment plan. also endodontic case sheet and review-cases attached to the lecture at the end to help proper understanding of the subject.
In this presentation, it describes about the periapical diseases, for dental students.
very useful for endodontic purpose.
remember it does not include the pulpal diseases.
In this presentation, it describes about the periapical diseases, for dental students.
very useful for endodontic purpose.
remember it does not include the pulpal diseases.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Hi, I am Dr Komal Ghiya, pediatric dentist, I am here to upload my own presentations for educational purposes. I hope this presentation will help you in knowing more about pulpectomy in primary teeth
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The POPPY STUDY (Preconception to post-partum cardiovascular function in prim...
introduction-ENDODONTICS.pptx
1. Introduction to aim &
scope of Endodontics
Dr. SV.SATISH
Professor & HOD
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Navodaya Dental College
2. What is Endodontics ?
Root Canal Treatment (RCT)
• Is removal of vital or necrotic pulp tissue from
pulp chamber and root canal by cleaning
and shaping process
• Then the chamber and canal cavities must be
blocked by suitable sealing materials to not
become a shelter of pathogens “hermetic
seal”
8. History
• 1687 the aim of Endodontics has been to
relieve pain, maintain exposed pulp, and
preserve teeth. Often, these attempts were
successful.
9. Fauchard (1678-1761), considered the founder
of modern dentistry, who in his textbook “Le
chirurgien dentiste” precisely described the
dental pulp 3 and dispelled the legend of the
“tooth worm,” which had been considered the
cause of caries and toothaches since the time of
the Assyrians.
10. • 1725, Lazare Riviere introduced the use of oil
of cloves for its sedative properties.
• 1746, Pierre Fauchard described the removal
of pulp tissue.
• 1820, Leonard Koecker cauterized exposed
pulp with a heated instrument and protected
it with lead foil.
20. • In 1867, Bowman used gutta-percha cones as
the sole material for obturating root canals.
21. • 1867, Magitot suggested the use of an electric
current to test pulp vitality.
22. • In 1885, Lepkoski
substituted
formalin for
arsenic to “dry”
the non-vital pulp
stumps left in the
root canals after
excision of the
coronal pulp to
prevent their
decomposition.
23. • At the end of the 17th century, prosthetic
restorations, including the Richmond or Davis crown,
became increasingly popular. Since they required the
use of canal posts, they created an ever greater
need for endodontic therapy.
24. • In 1891, the German dentist Otto Walkhoff
introduced the use of camphorated
chlorophenol as a medication to sterilize root
canals.
26. • In 1895, and more precisely in
the evening of November 8 in
his laboratory in the Bavarian
city of Wurzburg, the scientist
Konrad Wilhelm von Roentgen
accidentally discovered a new
form of energy that had the
ability to penetrate solid
material. Because of their
unknown nature, he decided to
call these rays “X”.
27. • A few weeks later Otto Walkhoff, a dentist in
Brunswick, Germany, took the first dental
radiograph, making a contribution to dentistry
that almost equaled Roentgen’s to medicine.
28. • Roentgen’s discovery of the X-ray has been
ranked in importance with the discovery
and development of anesthesia by Horace
Wells and William Morton, both dentists,
and the discovery of microorganisms and
their role in disease by the likes of Pasteur
and Lister.
29.
30.
31. • In 1900, Price described periapical
radiolucencies as “blind abscesses” and
advised the use of radiography for establishing
the diagnosis of pulpless teeth.
32. • In 1908, Dr. Meyer L.
Rhein, a physician
and dentist in New
York, introduced a
technique for
determining canal
length and level of
obturation.
About the same time, G.V.Black suggested a
measurement control to determine the length of the
canal and the size of the apical foramen, so that
overfilling could be prevented.
33. • In 1904, Frank Billings directed the attention
of dentistry and medicine to the apparent
relationship between oral sepsis and bacterial
endocarditis.
• 1909, Mayrhofer published a work linking the
nature of pulpal infection with specific
microorganisms. The results indicated that
streptococ-ci were present in about 96% of
the cases studied.
34. • A wrong believe that the pulpless teeth can
cause dangerous infection to the whole body
because it has a septic foci introduced by
William Hunter, an English physician and
pathologist , and there is no benefit from
treating pulpless teeth , this believe make the
dentists to extract any pulpless teeth
• This cause a stop in developing of root canal
treatment for 40 years !
35. • Coolidge, Johnson, Reihn, Callahan, Grove,
Prinz, and others. Mainly because of their
efforts, the principle of preserving the
pulpless tooth survived, they improve their
current procedures by using aseptic
techniques, bacteriological and histological
methods, and X-rays for diagnostic purposes.
36. • It was not until the late 1940s or early 1950s
that the cumulative laboratory research and
clinical evidence was sufficient to confirm that
the devitalized tooth did not play a role in the
causation of systemic disease. Thus the
theory of focal infection fell and faith was
restored in endodontic treatment.